00:00Well, well, we've been miscalling Uranus all this time.
00:04Actually, astronomers say we should be pronouncing it like Uranus, not Uranus.
00:09I can't say a different stress changes much, though.
00:12However, things could've been different.
00:15Initially, Uranus was supposed to have the majestic king-like name of George because
00:20astronomers wanted to name it after King George III.
00:23In the end, they changed their minds, and now, well, it's the punchline of every joke.
00:29If you take the total cost of launching a mission and divide it by the weight of the
00:33cargo, you'll see some pretty mind-blowing figures.
00:36According to specialists, back in 2016, it used to cost $10,000 to send just one pound
00:42of cargo into space.
00:44But now, prices have gone through the roof.
00:46Cygnus spacecraft's cargo costs over $43,000 per pound, while SpaceX's new carriers come
00:53in at around $27,000 per pound.
00:56Remember how hard it is to pay $5 for water at airports?
01:00Now, a bottle of water in space would cost somewhere between $9,000 and $43,000.
01:07And that's only to have it delivered in space.
01:11As for water in space, well, it used to be considered a super rare thing.
01:15But in reality, there's water ice all over our solar system, so you don't have to buy
01:20those overpriced 43k water bottles.
01:23It's hanging out there in comets, asteroids, and even in hard-to-see craters on Mercury
01:28and the Moon.
01:29We're not sure if there's enough water in these places to support colonies of people,
01:34though.
01:35Mars also has ice at its poles, hiding under the surface dust and frost.
01:40Even smaller celestial bodies, like Saturn's moon Enceladus and dwarf planet Ceres, have
01:45ice.
01:46NASA scientists think there might be a chance of finding life on Jupiter's moon Europa.
01:51There might be liquid water beneath its icy shell.
01:54Europa, even though it's a lot smaller than Earth, might have an ocean deep enough to
01:59hold twice as much water as all the oceans on our planet combined.
02:03In 2009, scientists exploring a massive cloud of dust and gas in the center of our galaxy
02:10stumbled upon a fascinating surprise.
02:13They found ethyl formate within the cloud.
02:15This chemical is responsible for the delightful flavor of raspberries and has a rum-like scent.
02:22Furthermore, another nearby region is brimming with ethyl alcohol, the same type found in
02:26many beverages.
02:27In fact, there is enough alcohol in this region to provide every person on Earth with 300,000
02:34pints of beer every day for the next billion years.
02:39Believe it or not, we do have a black hole on Earth.
02:42The thing is, creating an in-lab black hole was a sort of indispensable thing to do.
02:48Creating black holes in real space remains a distant dream, so it was only possible to
02:52create one to experiment with in a lab.
02:55A group of scientists in the Netherlands wanted to explore the mysterious Hawking radiation
03:00theory proposed by the iconic Stephen Hawking.
03:03Using atoms to mimic an event horizon, they orchestrated electrons, causing a surge in
03:09temperature that resembled flat spacetime.
03:12As particles moved through quantum fluctuations, a ring of infrared radiation appeared around
03:17the lab-grown black hole, mirroring Hawking's idea.
03:21So if you totally understood what I just said, could you please explain it to me?
03:27It may sound insane, but you can totally be allergic to the Moon.
03:32Long story short, it was the final Apollo mission, and they brought back more rock samples
03:37than ever before.
03:38Plus, they had the first and only pro-scientist on the Moon, Jack Schmidt.
03:44He was a geologist, and his rock samples helped scientists learn more about the Moon's
03:48magnetic field and volcanic history.
03:51During the expeditions, it became evident that Jack Schmidt was allergic to Moon dust.
03:56The gritty, sticky powder clung to his suit and his skin, causing irritation in his sinuses,
04:02nose, eyes, and throat for a couple of hours after he took his helmet off.
04:08Meanwhile, neutron stars are extremely dense, being, basically, just a bunch of neutrons
04:13squished into a super-small space.
04:16If you had just a teaspoonful of this stuff, it would weigh more than the entire human
04:21population combined.
04:23And to match the density of a neutron star, we'd all have to squeeze into the space the
04:27size of a sugar cube.
04:29No thanks.
04:32When it comes to outer space, we tend to think that Earth and the Moon are pretty close together.
04:37But in reality, you can actually squeeze all the other planets of our Solar System between
04:42Earth and the Moon.
04:43The average distance between them is about 240,000 miles.
04:47If you added up the diameters of the seven planets, you'd still have some room to spare
04:52– about 5,000 miles.
04:56In 2011, scientists made a groundbreaking discovery of a massive reservoir of water
05:01in space.
05:02This water, equivalent to 140 trillion times all the water in Earth's oceans, could provide
05:08each person on our planet with a planet's worth of water 20,000 times over.
05:13This reservoir was located near a massive black hole drawing in matter and emitting
05:18energy, known as a quasar.
05:20The water was formed by energy waves colliding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together, and it
05:25was found around 12 billion light-years away.
05:29So when the Curiosity Mars rover snapped its very first sunset picture in 2015, scientists
05:35were practically doing backflips from excitement.
05:38Turns out, sunsets on the Red Planet are anything but red – they're actually a stunning shade
05:44of blue.
05:46According to NASA, the reason behind this phenomenon is that the dust in Mars' atmosphere
05:51is like a magical filter that lets blue light shine through while blocking out those warm
05:55tones like yellow, orange, and red.
05:59Well, Venus is a slow spinner compared to Earth.
06:03It takes this planet 243 days to make a full rotation, and it spins in the opposite direction.
06:10But even though Venus takes longer to spin around, it zooms around the Sun in just 225
06:15days because it's located so close.
06:18So believe it or not, a year on Venus is actually shorter than its day.
06:25So you might think that the night sky should be full of stars with no dark spaces at all.
06:30This idea is known as Olbers' Paradox, named after German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.
06:37He thought that if the Universe was infinite, unchanging, and timeless, then we should see
06:42stars everywhere we look.
06:44But it turns out that the Universe is not infinite, unchanging, or timeless.
06:49Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe is actually expanding, and the leftover radiation
06:54from the Big Bang tells us that the Universe is about 13.8 billion years old.
06:59Think of all the birthday candles.
07:02So the reason we don't see stars in every direction is because some stars are just too
07:06far away.
07:08Or they haven't been around long enough for their light to travel all the way to us.
07:14During the Apollo 16 lunar mission, Ken Mattingly, the command module pilot, had a bit of a scare
07:20when he realized his wedding ring was missing.
07:23The whole crew frantically searched the spacecraft for it, but no luck.
07:27Finally, on day 9, while Mattingly was on a spacewalk, the ring was spotted floating
07:32out the hatch door.
07:34Charles Duke Jr. tried to grab it but missed.
07:37Luckily, it bounced off Mattingly's helmet into Duke's hands.
07:41It's cool they found the ring, but there are many other things people left up there.
07:45There's even a toothbrush floating around somewhere.
07:50Mercury is already the tiniest planet in our Solar System, not counting Pluto, of course,
07:55and the second-densest after Earth.
07:58And believe it or not, it's actually shrinking and getting denser.
08:01For a long time, scientists thought Earth was the only planet with tectonic activity.
08:07But that all changed when the MESSENGER spacecraft flew by Mercury, giving us a detailed scan
08:12of the whole planet.
08:14In 2016, MESSENGER discovered these cool cliff-like formations called fault scarps.
08:20Since they're still relatively small, scientists think they're pretty new, suggesting that
08:24Mercury is still contracting 4.5 billion years after the Solar System began.
08:32And around 10 years ago, Australian astronaut Luca Parmitano went through a near-drowning
08:38experience during his spacewalk due to a water leak that went unaddressed.
08:42Nobody knew how it happened and why Luca ended up having water in his helmet.
08:47NASA was investigating the issue for months, but they were unable to determine the exact
08:52cause of the water entering Luca's helmet.
08:55That's it for today!
08:57So hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your
09:02friends!
09:03Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!
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