00:00It is called psychobiota and it is that part of the intestinal microbiota that goes to act on the so-called brain-intestinal axis, that is, that bidirectional axis through which the intestine communicates with the brain and the brain communicates with the intestine.
00:26This communication is guaranteed by a whole series of molecules that allow a constant and immediate dialogue between the neurons of our brain and the many neurons that, distributed throughout the intestine, compose the so-called neuroventricular plexus molecules,
00:48which, moreover, are also produced by a wide range of bacteria of our microbiota, the so-called psychobiotics, bacteria that, through these molecules, are therefore able to dialogue with our neuronal cells
01:05and therefore are able to interpose positively or sometimes negatively in the communication between brain neurons and intestinal neurons.
01:16To partially confirm this premise, a series of observations have been made, thanks to which it has been possible to find that qualitative and quantitative alterations of the intestinal microbiota have been found in patients with neuropsychiatric pathologies,
01:38such as depression or anxiety or disorders of the autistic spectrum or schizophrenia or even neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease.
01:53It has also been hypothesized that alterations of the signals of the intestinal microbiota in early childhood or even during the fetal period can in some way damage strongly the processes of hippocampal neurogenesis,
02:15that is, the processes of the formation of neurons that form the hippocampus, with consequences on the behavior of both the child and later on the adult.
02:27Wanting to go a little further into the details and bringing some examples, we can refer to the disorders of the autistic spectrum.
02:37It happens that in children with disorders of the autistic spectrum, together with intestinal disorders that can be, for example, abdominal pain rather than constipation or diarrhea,
02:52or, in any case, the emission of decomposed feces, often malodorous, sometimes sticky, with flatulence, often malodorous, with alitosis,
03:04together with these disorders, in these children, the presence of a relative abundance of clostrids and other gram-negative bacteria has been observed in the feces,
03:16among which, for example, the bacteria belonging to the genus Sutterella, bacteria that had been preliminarily observed in subjects affected by Down syndrome.
03:30Another example, patients affected by schizophrenia. In these patients, the severity of the schizophrenic disorder is associated with a greater presence of some bacteria belonging to the genus Veillonella and Lachnospilaceae.
03:50These are a series of indications that significantly highlight the presence of certain bacteria and alterations in the intestinal bacterial flora with neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders.
04:06A very interesting fact that emerges from the research is the observation that the transplantation of intestinal microbiota of people affected by schizophrenia in germ-free lab topolines
04:22has determined, in transplanted topolines, the appearance of symptoms that in some way refer to the schizophrenic attitude, with particular reference to hyperactivity.
04:35Recently, the first catalog of the neurological potential of the intestinal microbiota has been built.
04:43Observing this catalog, it has been possible to assess that some bacteria, in particular bacteria of the microbiota belonging to the genus Fecalibacterium, Dialister and Coprococcus,
04:55are able to perform a strongly positive action on the intellectual and neurological capacities, that is, they act positively on the brain-intestinal exchanges
05:08and they act so much positively that it is precisely from these bacteria that it started to build possible probiotics that can be useful in controlling neurological disorders that start from a possible intestinal dysbiosis.
05:27For example, Fecalibacterium, Coprococcus and Dialister are particularly low as a concentration in the intestine of patients affected by depression.
05:41The effectiveness of these bacteria seems to be mediated by the production by these bacteria of butyric acid, but also of other substances, among which I would like to mention in particular a metabolite of dopamine with strong beneficial actions.
06:00Therefore, many studies have been conducted on the psychobiota, but other studies are obviously necessary to better clarify the correlations between intestinal microbiota bacteria and neurological disorders and understand whether the possible alterations of the microbiota are causative or possible consequences of differently correlated pathological states.
06:30Thank you for your attention.
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