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Documentary. The Celts - Episode 1 of 2
#TheCelts #Documentary
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00:00They were the masters of Iron Age Europe.
00:07Their leaders were men and women of legend,
00:09King Arthur of the Britons,
00:11the warrior queen Boudicca,
00:13and Vercingetorix the Gaul.
00:15They had powerful priests called Druids
00:17who practiced human sacrifice to their gods.
00:24They were bloodthirsty headhunters
00:26who fought naked in battle against spears and armor.
00:30But it all ended in tragedy.
00:35Their vibrant culture was wiped out of Europe.
00:38They were driven to the Atlantic fringes by the legions of Rome.
00:42They became the eternal victims,
00:44the romantic underdogs of history.
00:46Yet, 2,000 years later, their character still casts a spell.
00:51They were the people we call the Celts.
01:00But how much is myth and how much is true?
01:06I'm Richard Rudgley, and I've made it my business to delve into our history,
01:13to try to find out what makes us who we are today.
01:17Previously, I've travelled back to the Stone Age
01:20and discovered that we were just as clever then as we are now.
01:26And I've explored the Dark Ages
01:28and found that our pagan ancestors were not primitive savages.
01:34Now I want to add another piece to our historical puzzle.
01:37I want to explore that elusive part of our past that we call Celtic.
01:47Even after 2,000 years,
01:50a mythical Celtic world still grips the popular imagination.
01:54But I think very few people understand who the Celts actually were
01:58or what their legacy truly is.
02:05If you ask most people, they'd probably say
02:07the Celts lived in Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
02:10Their descendants are the kind of people you might spot
02:13at traditional Highland games in Scotland.
02:16Some people have no doubts about being a Celt.
02:20Are you a Celt?
02:21Yes.
02:22Simple answer.
02:23Yes, definitely.
02:25I just see myself as a Scotsman.
02:31Any nation that had a strong clan set up,
02:34I mean, I think that's where you find the Celts.
02:38Clan is a Gaelic word for children.
02:40Here in Scotland, it means a tribal family.
02:43You know, and I think a Scot and a Celt are very similar things.
02:46Although I think there's Celts and Wales in Ireland as well, isn't there?
02:52I can't speak for what is a Celt,
02:54but I can speak for...
02:56There's a lot of pride in Wales.
02:57That's why we're in the St David's Celt.
02:59And we're proud of our language, you know,
03:01and we're going to look after everything in the future.
03:07So a Celt is someone living on the fringes of the British Isles,
03:10who has red hair, wears a tartan kilt
03:13and speaks a Celtic language like Welsh or Gaelic.
03:19But then these people also believe they're upholding Celtic tradition.
03:23Not a Scottish or a Welsh one, but a British one.
03:27There's not a kilt or caber in sight as these modern-day Druids
03:30celebrate the autumn equinox.
03:32I feel that Celtic is a culture that was absorbed by the people of this land
03:47during the Iron Age.
03:49And the Druids were really part of that culture.
03:52Bounty of the boundless heavens...
03:55Here, our Celtic heritage is thought to be pagan,
03:58British and essentially spiritual.
04:01People see it as poetic, artistic,
04:05having an awareness that certain parts of the landscape
04:10held certain spirits, certain deities,
04:14the spirits of waterfalls and springs and streams, for instance.
04:19I think this really captures people's imagination.
04:24These modern-day Druids believe they are connecting
04:26with a mystical Celtic past and the pagan spirits of the earth.
04:32Spirits of the West to which our ancestors used to sacrifice
04:37in the streams, the rivers, the lakes and in the bogs
04:42where the water meets the earth.
04:44Hail and welcome.
04:46Hail and welcome.
04:48But hang on, before we buy into this idea of the Celts as simply pagan,
04:58let's not overlook the X factor.
05:01In Ireland, possibly the place we most associate with the Celts,
05:05there's a whole other Celtic legacy.
05:07Not pagan, but Christian.
05:10And if there's one thing that really shouts Celtic,
05:13it's a priceless treasure locked away in Trinity College, Dublin.
05:17So it's very much a Georgian building.
05:19Now the first floor there is called the Long Room,
05:21and it houses one of the most beautiful and indeed valuable artefacts
05:25from the early Christian period, known as the Book of Celts.
05:28Now the Book of Celts is basically a transcription of the four Gospels,
05:31but it's decorated in a very ornate, high Celtic style.
05:34Made by Irish monks in the ninth century, the Book of Celts can still stagger us with its beauty.
05:42Its swirling patterns and intricate knotwork define the very look we recognise today as Celtic art.
05:49A style now so familiar that it's a Celtic cliché, seen on tea towels and jewellery across the world.
05:59And here in Ireland there's another cliché, that there's a special kind of character that's uniquely Celtic.
06:16It's all about hospitality, drinking, music and the gift of the gab.
06:23It seems to me that people can claim a Celtic link to confirm all kinds of things.
06:28A passionate national identity, a romantic pagan past, even a deep Christian spirituality.
06:36But what does any of this have to do with the ancient Celts?
06:42I want to reveal the true story of the Celts and discover why their world still evokes such passion today.
06:49They're in the long room in Trinity College Dublin.
06:52Its library walls are stacked with manuscripts and translations of ancient Roman and Greek texts.
06:58They were copied by hand by the same monks who created the Book of Celts.
07:03In these books are my first clues to the origins of the ancient Celtic world.
07:08I've just found this book written by the Greek historian Herodotus, the so-called Father of History.
07:14It has a very interesting passage.
07:16That river flows from the land of the Keltoi and the city of Puraeni through the very midst of Europe.
07:22Now the Keltoi dwell beyond the pillars of Hercules.
07:26Now this is one of the very first mentions of the word Celt in history.
07:31But Herodotus was also called the Father of Lies because not everything he said was true.
07:36So I need to go to Europe to look for the archaeological evidence of these ancient peoples we call the Celts.
07:44The word Celt was first used by the Greeks two and a half thousand years ago.
07:49The people they wrote about didn't live in the British Isles but at the head of the river Danube in Germany.
07:55To uncover the secret history of the Celtic world I'm embarking on an epic 4,000 mile journey.
08:04I'm travelling in the footsteps of the ancient Celts across the heart of Europe.
08:08The Celts had no written language so we only know what the Greeks and Romans said about them.
08:14They said they were primitive and barbaric.
08:17They were headhunters with a passion for heavy drinking and savage religious practices like human sacrifice.
08:23This couldn't be further from today's romantic picture of the Celts.
08:29I'm going to have to separate fact from fantasy.
08:36But my journey to find them doesn't start in Wales or Ireland but in Germany.
08:41I have to go back two and a half thousand years to a time when the Celts were masters of Europe.
08:48The Romans described the Celts as warlike and barbaric but it was the Greeks that first wrote about them in the 6th century BC.
08:58They wrote of a people called the Keltoi who lived in a place called Puraena on the upper reaches of the river Danube.
09:07I've come here to the heart of Germany to a place where archaeologists have spent 20 years uncovering the site of a massive Iron Age hill fort.
09:18It's called the Heuneberg and it was occupied in the 6th century BC.
09:23The same period as the world of classical Greece.
09:28The Heuneberg doesn't look like the home of a barbarian tribe.
09:32It's a huge walled settlement.
09:34This reconstruction is only a fraction of the original.
09:37So do you think this is the town that the Greeks mentioned?
09:41The first Celtic town in history?
09:44Yeah, I think so.
09:45That this is this town Puraena mentioned by Herodot.
09:49And he talked about town in the land of the Celts in the region of the upper Danube.
09:59And I think that this is the Heuneberg.
10:02Heuneberg's location isn't the only evidence.
10:06The unique way these original walls were made shows that the people here were in touch with the Greeks.
10:13The construction of the wall is really a Greek wall.
10:17We don't know if it was the Celts who built up the wall or if they had Greek craftsmen who did the work and also the planning and the construction.
10:27So you're saying that the Celts basically copied the Greek way of building here?
10:33Yes, they copied or maybe they had Greek craftsmen who built up the wall here in this place.
10:40So it's in the right place, may have been built by the Greeks, so it's very good evidence that in fact this is the place.
10:49Yeah, this is Puraena.
10:51It was farming that created the wealth to import luxury goods from Greece into these early Celtic chiefdoms.
11:00There's no evidence of war at Heuneberg. The massive walls weren't for defence.
11:05They were painted white and would have been visible from miles away. They were a status symbol.
11:11So two and a half thousand years old and it's still standing?
11:17Yes.
11:18As more of the site is uncovered, there is mounting evidence of trade with the Greek world.
11:24What makes you think that this is the place that Herodotus mentions in his book?
11:28Because it's an important hillfort and also we have Greek findings here.
11:34We have Greek ceramics and Greek wine amphoras which were imported here at this site.
11:43Here we have Greek ceramics. It was imported directly from Athens.
11:50Classical Greece was a wealthy consumer society and the barbarian north was rich in raw materials.
11:58We also have proof for textile production here in the settlement. We found a lot of these artefacts.
12:05You see it's spinning?
12:07Yes.
12:09In exchange for textiles and manufactured items, these Celts imported luxury goods from Greece.
12:15And there was nothing more important to them than wine.
12:19Then we have jewellery, for example a bronze bracelet.
12:24Okay.
12:25And these artefacts were fabricated here at the site.
12:29Far from being home to barbarians, this ancient Celtic town was a hive of industrial activity.
12:36Weaving textiles, firing ceramics and casting high quality metalwork.
12:43So why did they choose this particular location?
12:45I think it's the situation near the river Danube.
12:49And the river Danube is an important trading line through Europe.
12:54So the Celts were middlemen.
12:56So that was the prehistoric autobahn really?
12:59Yes.
13:00The Danube River.
13:01The word Celts was first used by the Greeks to describe many of the northern barbarian tribes.
13:09It is unlikely that most of them called themselves that.
13:12The name Celts was used in the same way as the word Indian was used to describe all the native tribes of North America.
13:18So what kind of people were they?
13:21To find out I have come to the most spectacular burial of this early Celtic period.
13:27In 1978 a remarkable discovery was made beneath a field a hundred miles to the north of Hoineberg.
13:33On the outskirts of a town called Hochdorf.
13:42This is the Hochdorf Prince.
13:45I am now face to face with my first ancient Celt.
13:49But this is not a warrior's grave.
13:51The only weapon here is a small iron dagger decorated with gold.
14:00This Celtic Prince is laid out in luxury on a Greek style bronze couch covered with furs and fabrics.
14:07Round his neck is a golden torque and on his head he wore a strange conical hat made of birch bark.
14:14All about him lay the trappings of immense wealth and power.
14:18A four-wheeled decorated wagon was laden with feasting and drinking equipment.
14:24And in one corner stood an enormous Greek cauldron that could hold 70 gallons of wine.
14:31This Prince took his entertaining very seriously indeed.
14:34This spectacular array of goods and equipment gives us a unique portrait of the life of an ancient Celtic Prince.
14:51The deceased chief was laid on this chariot and was carried into his tomb.
14:58And this iron masterpiece is really unique.
15:01They were really very, very elaborate in blacksmith working.
15:06What can this breathtaking grave tell us about the early Celtic world in Central Europe?
15:12Well, it tells us that he had international contacts, that he was part of these cultures around the Mediterranean world.
15:21That they could exchange ideas, that they could exchange goods.
15:25And all you can see here is signs of power as a chief of this tribe in Hochdorf.
15:35So it's really like a throne except you lie down on it instead of sit on it?
15:39It's a huge bronze throne or a throne where you lay on, as the Greeks did in this time.
15:45My first Celt isn't a headhunting warrior at all. He's a cultured diplomat in touch with the most advanced people of the ancient world, the Greeks.
15:58He traded in Greek goods and probably Greek ideas too.
16:01So what was it that made people like the Prince rich?
16:06It was the new Iron Age. It was the iron itself.
16:10They were mining the iron and with the iron started a totally new dimension in trading.
16:18So the Greeks?
16:19With the Greeks.
16:20So we can really say, these are the beginning of the Celtic world in Central Europe.
16:27So I found the first Celts, the city of Puraena and a Celtic Prince.
16:32But neither match descriptions of barbaric Celts.
16:36Nor do they seem to have much in common with our present day notions of Celticness.
16:40Except that the Hochdorf Prince was clearly a bit of a drinker.
16:43Archaeology reveals that 50 years after the death of the Hochdorf Prince, the old Celtic settlements of Central Germany suddenly vanished.
16:53Something changed. A new Celtic society was emerging and power shifted to the West.
17:00To find the evidence, I have to head to the most famous Celtic site in Europe.
17:04I'm here on the shores of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland.
17:13Today, it's a simple holiday resort.
17:16But more than 2,000 years ago, it was a site of ritual offering and sacrifice.
17:22And it was to coin the international brand name of the Celtic world.
17:27A name synonymous with both beauty and with violence.
17:31This is La Tène.
17:37In the 5th century, the waterfront at La Tène was neither cemetery nor settlement.
17:42It was a sacred religious site.
17:46For the ancient Celts, water was the gateway between this world and the next.
17:52It was here they offered tribute with their most precious possessions.
18:01In 1857, the Swiss archaeologists stumbled on a huge hoard of Celtic offerings preserved in the muddy floor of the lake bed.
18:10Now stored in this vault, it is a snapshot of a new Celtic world at the peak of its power.
18:16This is a pretty big door. You must have some treasure in it.
18:21Of course. The treasure of the past.
18:24More than two and a half thousand objects were recovered.
18:28It would make the name La Tène, forever associated with the Celtic world.
18:34So this is all from La Tène?
18:37Yes, it's all from the site of La Tène.
18:40Hundreds of pieces of iron and tools in wood.
18:45So is this a typical La Tène shield?
18:48Yes, it's a typical La Tène shield.
18:50Can I hold this?
18:52Yes. Take it good in the hand.
18:55Voila.
18:57It's amazing to think that we can actually hold this today.
19:01What is astonishing for the pieces of La Tène is that they were not broken or destroyed.
19:09So the sword is still in its cupboard?
19:12Yes, and it looks like as new.
19:14The most striking feature of this new Celtic culture was the amount of weaponry,
19:20finely decorated with a distinctive art style.
19:22But the decoration here is very, very, very fine.
19:26The decoration is all these swirling lines.
19:29It's coming here.
19:30Is this the typical La Tène style?
19:32Yes, of course.
19:34Curving lines.
19:36The finds at La Tène marked the beginning of the swirling patterns
19:40that we have now come to recognise as distinctively Celtic.
19:43The magical and symbolic reworking of animal, plant and spiral designs
19:48would define the international Celtic look for centuries.
19:52It's astonishing that a society without writing was able to produce such geometrically complex works of art.
20:01But from the lake bed at La Tène came other, more grisly finds.
20:05Among the swords and shields was found evidence of human sacrifice.
20:09We have found a series of skulls and the question, are these people dead by an accident or killed by sacrifice?
20:22We have found one with a rope on the side of La Tène in the 19th century.
20:27So you know that people were sacrificed or at least executed?
20:32Probably they have had some problems.
20:35Some problems. That's a big problem.
20:37Human sacrifice and ritual offerings went hand in hand with this new warrior culture.
20:43I'm now beginning to recognise these Celts or Gauls as they were called by the Romans.
20:50They were warrior tribes, highly ambitious and mobile, and Europe was ripe for a takeover.
20:55Archaeology shows that by the 4th century BC, La Tène Celtic culture had spread rapidly from Central Europe into the Balkans and Italy and westward to Spain and France.
21:07I want a taste of this warrior culture, so I've come to meet a group of German archaeologists whose mission it is to bring the Celtic world to life as authentically as possible.
21:21Here's a chainmail.
21:23Thanks.
21:25He's the old member of the team.
21:28The first thing I must do is to dress the part of an authentic Celtic warrior.
21:33And what's the choice?
21:34Torque or a chainmail?
21:37Let me have a think.
21:39Before 300 BC, most Celtic warriors preferred to fight naked in battle.
21:44Their only defence was body paint, a shield and trust in their gods.
21:49I think I'll go for this, a chainmail.
21:52The most important thing a Celtic warrior had to wear was the torque.
21:56Looks brilliant.
21:58It's a sure sign of a Celtic nobleman.
22:00Yeah.
22:03Looks fine.
22:05It's a bit ostentatious.
22:07The Romans described the Celts as superstitious and the wearing of the torque may have had a religious significance.
22:13After centuries of fighting, war was a cultural thing for the Celts, but it was also an income.
22:19Celtic warriors had such a reputation that they were in high demand as mercenaries.
22:24The main weapon for the Celts was the lance.
22:27It was a really lethal weapon, you see it's quite sharp.
22:30The most important defence weapon for the Celts is the big shield.
22:34And how strong would it be against the spear?
22:36Yeah, the spear doesn't come through.
22:41The weapon for the nobleman is a sword, of course.
22:47You see?
22:51Celtic warfare was all about drama and display.
22:55One of the most terrifying sounds on the battlefield was made by the boar-headed war carnics.
23:07Scores of these war trumpets would be sounded to instill fear into the enemy.
23:14Bit of psychological warfare there.
23:16Make them all laugh and then kill them.
23:25That's as good as it gets.
23:27The Romans described Celtic battle tactics as simple but effective.
23:32First, the enemy was taunted.
23:36Imagine 10,000 of Celts doing this. Quite impressive, I think.
23:41The bravest warriors would then charge forward.
23:43The whole force would then rush the enemy, trying to make them panic and run.
23:53And if it didn't work the first time, they'd simply walk back and start all over again.
24:04We tend to think of the Celts as underdogs,
24:06of people who would easily have been pushed aside by superior Roman technology.
24:10But this just wasn't true.
24:13Celtic technology was originally more advanced in many ways than that of Greece or Rome.
24:18The chainmail I'm wearing was a Celtic invention of the 4th century BC.
24:23And use of iron nails would revolutionise Celtic shipbuilding techniques.
24:29With their swords, iron-wheeled chariots and metal horseshoes,
24:32the Celts led military campaigns against neighbouring tribes and even against the Greeks and Romans.
24:41In 390 BC, Celtic tribes sacked an expanding city-state called Rome.
24:46The Romans would steal lots of ideas from the Celts, but there was one Celtic practice that really appalled them.
24:59Headhunting.
25:01There we are. Take this back to England.
25:04The Romans said that the Celts kept human heads both as trophies and as offerings to their gods.
25:10A Celtic shrine just like this one was found in southern France.
25:16So this is a shrine, but it seems a bit shocking to people today that you have skulls as part of your religion.
25:23Yes, maybe it was a part of your religion.
25:24What does it mean?
25:25Yes, maybe it was a part of your religion.
25:26The Celts was headhunters.
25:28They go in the war and cut their heads from the enemies and then they bring it home and they build special houses and they take it inside.
25:37So it's like trophies?
25:38Yes, like trophies.
25:40And now touch this ring and feel the spirit of Celtic wave life.
25:48The early Celts were far more than simple barbarians.
25:51They were technically advanced, rich and powerful and their complex culture stretched from Spain to Turkey.
26:00But what I want to find out is, did the Celts deserve their barbaric reputation or was it Roman propaganda?
26:08To find the evidence, I've come to northern France, to the battlefields of the Somme.
26:14The landscape here is littered with the bones of thousands of unknown warriors from the First World War.
26:22And it was during that conflict that soldiers digging trenches at Ribemont stumbled upon the remains of a much earlier conflict.
26:29They found the bones of men aged from 15 to 40 years old, all bearing the marks of violent trauma.
26:39They had unearthed the Celtic war memorial on the site of a battle in which thousands of warriors had fought and many had died.
26:46This was no ordinary shrine.
26:53And what it reveals gives us a remarkable insight into the Celtic world's attitude towards war and death.
26:59We can say that there were hundreds of warriors killed. More or less 500 died. It was a huge battle.
27:10The battle was fought around 280 BC between two warring Celtic tribes.
27:16The defeated warriors were a Britany tribe called Armoricans. The victorious warriors were called Ambions. That's to say a Belgian tribe.
27:27In the third century BC, Europe's Celtic tribes were jostling for territory. Despite the culture they shared, they were much more likely to be fighting each other than cooperating.
27:39There are hundreds of slain warriors here, both victors and vanquished. But there is something missing. There are no heads. There's not a single skull amongst the thousands of bones.
27:54Is this evidence that what the Romans said about beheading was true?
27:58We have in Ribemont found some neck vertebrae which shows signs of cutting by a knife, which is evidence of beheading.
28:13At Ribemont, no skulls remained because they were all taken back to the victors' villages as trophies and memorials.
28:21What puzzled the archaeologists was not just the beheading, but the curious way the bones were scattered on the ground.
28:28A ritual had taken place after the bodies were decapitated.
28:35They were transported from the battlefield and displayed as a Celtic war trophy above the ground for several years.
28:44The headless bodies of the vanquished were hung with their weapons on wooden frames.
28:49When they had rotted and fallen to the floor, the bones were crushed and burnt.
28:54The bodies of the victors' dead were treated differently. Their bones were neatly stacked together to form an altar.
29:02It's little wonder the Romans were horrified by such savage practices.
29:07But, to the Celts, it all made perfect sense.
29:10I think the Celts were not savages or barbarians. Quite the opposite, in fact. In fact, Celts were very religious.
29:21They treated the remains of their enemy with the same religious respect that they treated their own warriors' corpses.
29:27The discoveries at Ribermont confirm that the Celts placed a spiritual value on the human head.
29:37What the Romans thought were savage acts of brutality were actually part of a complex religious system.
29:42Archaeology shows that by 200 BC, Gaul had stabilised.
29:50The Celtic tribes had put down roots and had begun to build permanent towns.
29:55I've come 300 miles south to Couron.
30:00This was home to another powerful tribe called the Averni.
30:03Excavations here are revealing evidence of a highly complex culture.
30:11A society still obsessed with human sacrifice, but now becoming entwined with power and politics.
30:18Although it looks like we're going to have a party, I've actually come to Couron to re-enact a sacrificial beheading.
30:25That's the best wine we could find. Yeah.
30:28But it won't be a human victim. It will be a wine amphora.
30:32So we're doing a bit of experimental archaeology here, going back over 2,000 years.
30:38And I'm going to do my first wine sacrifice.
30:42Couron was a meeting place for Celtic tribes in Gaul.
30:46It was here that diplomatic gifts and favours would be exchanged.
30:50Evidence of this lavish hospitality is scattered everywhere.
30:53We've got many, many amphora pieces.
30:58Each amphora about 20 litres.
31:01And on the whole side, we've got thousands of them.
31:05How did they get all this wine?
31:07What did they exchange for the wine?
31:09Ancient text says one amphora, one slave.
31:13That's quite expensive wine, isn't it?
31:15It's very expensive. That's human life.
31:18The Celts, unlike the Romans and Greeks, drank their wine undiluted.
31:24Greek and Roman traders were horrified by this practice.
31:31That's really barbarians that not mix wine with water.
31:37Wine was precious because it symbolised a blood sacrifice.
31:41But how exactly do you sacrifice wine?
31:47We can see that smashed with a sword.
31:51With a sword?
31:53Infra were sacrificed.
31:55So they didn't just take the cork out?
31:56No, no.
31:58That's a substitute for human sacrifice.
32:00Because when you decapitate the amphora, the wine comes out like blood, like animal or human blood.
32:09At special feasts, the floor of the sanctuary at Courant was strewn with decapitated amphorae, scattered around sunken pools of wine.
32:18As serious drinkers, the Celts brought hospitality to new levels of endurance.
32:24But Courant wasn't just for parties.
32:26It had a serious function as a place of diplomacy and politics.
32:31Here, they even minted their own currency.
32:34A wine amphorae hasn't been sacrificed on this site for over 2,000 years, until now.
32:40Right here.
32:43OK.
32:52Have a glass of wine.
32:54In the Celtic world, nothing is quite what it seems.
32:58Headhunting and sacrifice weren't simply evidence of Celtic brutality.
33:02They were part of a complex religious world.
33:06For the Averni tribe, a blood sacrifice would soon become all too real, when they chose to oppose the Roman invasion in 58 BC.
33:17From the ranks of the Averni tribe would come the Celtic world's most tragic leader, Vercingetorix, the Gaul.
33:27At the start of the first century BC, Gaul was becoming increasingly Romanised.
33:32Centuries of trading had introduced a way of life not so different from the Roman.
33:38Just how sophisticated had Celtic society become to find out, I've come north to Bibracte.
33:46Surrounded by its formidable ramparts, Bibracte was the capital of the Adwi.
33:51They were one of the most powerful tribes in Gaul.
33:54Well, Richard, we just entered Bibracte, just passing through one of the 15 gates of this very important town of the first century BC.
34:04Bibracte's five-kilometre defensive wall was a huge engineering achievement, but it was more for show than practical defence.
34:12So, what does this tell us about the Celts?
34:17It tells several different things.
34:19Given the scale of this fortification, just five kilometres, 15 gates, it's huge.
34:25It shows that there was a high level of organisation.
34:28So that means in this town there was an authority with enough power to force hundreds of thousands of people to build that.
34:36Bibracte was one of the largest and most complex settlements in Northern Europe.
34:40It had an urban population of thousands and was, to all intents and purposes, a large town.
34:49Just a small selection of the recent discoveries that Bibracte, just to give you an idea of the range.
34:56So, you see, the face of the boar, like the one you can see on the carnics.
35:01It's actually a small-sized carnics.
35:04Oh, it's a spout for pouring wine.
35:05Wine, wine, probably.
35:10So again, a very concise audience, why?
35:11Yes.
35:12Here is Pig.
35:13One of the best Assets.
35:14Some yellow rings like keluarges, you have to think about what filter Provending it.
35:16Is there an opening in the light?
35:17So, it's a very tight?
35:18Well, for this point, we cannot do it.
35:19So, if you're going to read your screen, let me try to set them up ese.
35:23The two of you will be égal on how to speak and have a small table,
35:24And you will also mention 92 child theatre, for example,
35:25But if you're there in the standalone house you don't have to breadth.
35:27See if any world 좋은跟我ишь government people,
35:29And you will have to rewrite to their own disgusting details
35:30alogist carried on for service points.
35:34Is there an unexpected problem, such a children that wasn't a big deal?
35:36talking about the наверное system that was saved up.
49:46
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