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Documentary, NOVA Odyssey of Life The Photographers Secrets (Part 3) 1996
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00:01Tonight on NOVA, explore the world through Leonard Nielsen's eyes and witness the wonder of the everyday.
00:10From a new view of a kiss, to a fresh look at a voice, to life from the inside.
00:20Discover, for the first time, how Nielsen captures these amazing images.
00:25Odyssey of Life concludes with the Photographer's Secrets.
00:42NOVA is funded by Merck.
00:47Merck, pharmaceutical research. Dedicated to preventing disease and improving health.
00:55Merck, committed to bringing out the best in medicine.
01:01And by Prudential.
01:05Living well isn't about being rich.
01:09It's about freedom and independence, and taking control of your future.
01:15So make a plan. Be your own rock.
01:19The Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and viewers like you.
01:25The world of Leonard Nielsen is like no other.
01:39A world we never really knew, until he showed us.
01:47For decades his photographs have introduced us to ourselves.
01:52Beginning with a human egg cell, and millions of sperm.
01:57He has shown us our own odyssey, from fertilized egg, to embryo, and from embryo to fetus.
02:14Working with medical teams around the world, Nielsen has become the premier chronicler of the processes of life.
02:32Using special cameras and lenses, he has revealed more of life's secrets than any other photographer.
02:57In 1965, Nielsen made history with this photo essay of life before birth.
03:14For the first and only time, all eight million copies of Life magazine sold out.
03:23But for years, Nielsen kept his own secrets.
03:39Perfect.
03:41Look at the camera now.
03:43Until now.
03:45When, for the first time, he agreed to be filmed at work.
03:49To reveal his special techniques.
03:56Techniques that can capture a broken heart.
04:02That can take us through arteries.
04:07That can show us where billions of blood cells live and die.
04:10That can follow the path of a berry through the digestive system.
04:27Techniques that can take us down the larynx.
04:29Toward the vocal cords.
04:34And into the windpipe.
04:38Techniques that can bring art to science.
04:42And science to art.
04:43Techniques that can bring art to science.
04:46And science to art.
04:55There is nowhere, it seems, that Leonard Nielsen cannot go.
05:00But how does he do it?
05:02How does he reach the inaccessible and photograph the infinitesimal?
05:12The first of Nielsen's secrets is a specially designed camera that can film inside the body.
05:18Leonard Nielsen came to us many years ago, wanting very special lenses.
05:31His main criteria was that they had to be extremely small.
05:38At the same time, they had to have extreme resolution.
05:42A very sharp focus.
05:48Fortunately, he came at a good time because we had just started making calculations on computers.
05:55The first lens required a stack of drawings this thick from the computer.
06:01But I got my lens.
06:03Here is one of them.
06:05It has a focal length just over two millimeters and produces an extremely sharp picture.
06:12With this lens, it's like you're only a couple of millimeters yourself.
06:24You can be inside the body, even in a blood vessel, and take a completely normal picture, just as sharp and wide-angled as a normal camera would take.
06:35So you get to see everything.
06:37Today, one of Nielsen's special cameras is being used for medical research.
06:44The camera is a modified version of a surgical instrument called an endoscope.
06:51It consists of a thin steel tube with an advanced system of lenses inside.
07:02The first is a tiny lens that captures the image just like any normal camera lens.
07:09But then, the image travels through a series of special cylindrical lenses.
07:16In spite of their length, they deliver a wide-angled image with everything in sharp focus.
07:22This is how Nielsen is able to guide us through the body.
07:27The first documentary to use Nielsen's endoscopic camera was Nova's Portrait of a Killer.
07:40A collaboration between Nielsen and Dr. Jan Lindberg.
07:46The film explored the realm of heart disease and stroke.
07:53There was a shot of a stroke victim's brain during a post-mortem.
07:56And a cross-section image of the brain that highlighted the powerful carotid artery.
08:13But the breakthrough was this journey through an artery, without the use of computer animation.
08:20Here were the actual deposits of fatty plaque coating the artery walls.
08:30As in all his work, Nielsen sought to bring viewers inside the processes of life and death.
08:42The menace of cholesterol never seemed more palpable.
08:45As when the camera moved through another vessel in an advanced state of calcification.
08:54As the vessel narrowed, the danger of a blood clot increased.
08:59A clot that could block the vessel entirely, cutting off the flow of blood.
09:03And finally, the portrait of the killer itself.
09:17Coronary thrombosis.
09:19A large blood clot blocking an artery that supplied blood to the heart.
09:23But how can Nielsen's camera travel through blood vessels?
09:44How can one see anything inside an artery filled with blood?
09:47The answer is, one can't.
09:56So Nielsen filmed an aorta taken from a cadaver.
10:00The aorta was being studied by Nielsen's long-time colleague, Jan Lindberg.
10:05The sequence was filmed this way.
10:12The camera was mounted on a trolley that slowly moved the endoscope forward.
10:20Light came from lamps mounted above.
10:23And this was the result.
10:29A collaboration between medical science and scientific photography.
10:34Lennart Nielsen is really a scientific researcher.
10:52His work in many cases has been so explanatory.
10:58And contributed in a way which led to certain types of investigations.
11:04That I see him as one of us.
11:07He is so incredibly unique.
11:13He is a rare mixture of perfectionist and fanatic.
11:18Combined with an inexhaustible curiosity and tenacity.
11:28Lennart is a true scientist.
11:33This is unbelievable to see.
11:35Twenty years after Portrait of a Killer,
11:38Nielsen has commissioned his most remarkable camera again.
11:41Impossible. You remember two years ago.
11:43Yes.
11:44By the super-wide-angle endoscope from Dr. Nielsen,
11:48we have a stark-gewölbte flÀche.
11:51Mr. Nielsen's super-wide-angle endoscope has a strongly vaulted surface.
11:58We took a standard fetoscope and changed the forward lenses.
12:04We made new calculations and used a special highly refractive glass
12:08with an extremely curved radius.
12:15The endoscope's microscopic lenses had to be ground with extraordinary precision.
12:25The smallest ones are only a fraction of a millimeter long.
12:28So the picture angle here is 160 degrees in liquid. Look at it. Here's it.
12:48Why do we make these lenses for Lennart Nielsen?
12:51Because we are convinced of his expertise and his pictures speak to a great many people.
12:56With these instruments, he'll be able to create fantastic pictures.
13:19Nielsen's own odyssey began in Sweden in 1922.
13:22His father was an innovator before him,
13:29a railroad engineer and inventor.
13:33He built his own radio.
13:37So Lennart grew up listening to the world.
13:41He built a photo enlarger as well, and experimented with cameras.
13:51So Lennart grew up seeing the world through a lens.
13:55And decided to become a photographer.
13:59Nielsen's patience was legendary.
14:02For months, he photographed the Salvation Army at work.
14:10He traveled throughout Sweden to capture the exact moment of salvation.
14:13He would go anywhere for a good assignment.
14:14He would go anywhere for a good assignment.
14:16Even above the Arctic Circle, where he photographed hunters killing polar bears for the fur trade.
14:17He was able to move nowhere to see the sun.
14:18He was able to move nowhere to see the Pronouns' family.
14:20Nor would go anywhere for a good assignment.
14:21Even above the Arctic Circle, where he photographed hunters killing polar bears for the fur trade.
14:22He would go anywhere for a good assignment, even above the Arctic Circle, where he photographed
14:38hunters killing polar bears for the fur trade.
14:54The orphaned cubs would be sold to circuses and zoos.
15:01This picture of a fallen polar bear mother and her living cub lying there, hugging its mother,
15:18was in a four-page spread in Life magazine.
15:24The reaction was so intense in the U.S. that the school even closed in protest.
15:28When life came out with the pictures, one reader wrote in, the Norwegians were good in the
15:37war, but these hunters ought to be shot.
15:45Nielsen also became known for his portraits.
15:51Artist Henri Matisse, composer Igor Stravinsky, jazz legend Louis Armstrong and his wife,
16:10actress Rita Hayworth in Hollywood, and Ingrid Bergman in Rome.
16:25Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman, whom Nielsen photographed over the course of two years.
16:33Tenacity has always been a Nielsen trademark.
16:40Here he posed the entire company of a circus.
16:44It took a number of tries in several cities before he was finally satisfied.
16:54As Sweden's court photographer, Nielsen has also chronicled the royal family for almost 60 years.
17:02The present king, Karl Gustav.
17:06And before him, Gustav VI.
17:10And before him, Gustav V in 1949.
17:16His portraits have found their way onto postage stamps.
17:24And onto currency.
17:27His microscopic portrait of a bee gathering honey.
17:38Someday his work may even be found outside the solar system.
17:46His portraits of a fetus are aboard the Voyager space probes.
18:00Nielsen first became known for his scientific work in the 1950s.
18:07Using a close-up lens and powerful flash, he documented the life of ants from their own perspective.
18:15His next project was a book about life at the bottom of the sea.
18:34A long line of unique photographs followed.
18:37The bones of the inner ear.
18:41A cloudy sky as seen by the eye.
18:47A section of the human brain.
18:54The valves of the heart.
19:02A variety of blood cells.
19:19Some of his most famous shots were taken with a scanning electron microscope.
19:24Another of the photographer's special techniques.
19:28This is a 70-million-year-old flower, less than a tenth of an inch long.
19:41Nielsen's scanning electron microscope can magnify up to 450,000 times.
19:52Instead of using light to illuminate these bacteria, it uses electrons.
19:58Inside the microscope, a small laser bombards the subject with a stream of electrons.
20:06The reflected particles are then read by a computer.
20:11Although the image is black and white, a special technique can add color later.
20:18It's just as exciting working with a scanning electron microscope as it is getting great shots at a football game.
20:25Or covering a really important story.
20:31This is a typical dendritic cell.
20:38As you can see, it's a bit larger than the lymphocytes up here.
20:44And it has these large appendages, which can often stretch out very long.
20:50To sit with a researcher when he says, for example, here's a structure.
21:01Why don't we try so-and-so?
21:03Why don't we tilt the slide so we'll see it from the other side?
21:09And then maybe we'll see something that will contribute a great deal to my studies.
21:15That is very gratifying.
21:20Nielsen's scanning electron microscope is among the most powerful in the world.
21:28It can image viruses which are one ten thousandth of a millimeter.
21:40His eyes are so good that many times when we technicians were satisfied with something, he wasn't.
21:48And every time we were forced back to find new solutions.
21:53And we did.
21:59For achievements stretching over decades, Leonard Nielsen has received photography's highest awards.
22:06His work has been exhibited in dozens of countries and appeared in dozens of books.
22:20Like your music, like your violin.
22:30Yes.
22:31That was fantastic.
22:32And Mr. Alton was just saying.
22:35Hi.
22:36I'm a photojournalist and I record with cameras what is happening.
22:40He's a combination of a great photographer with the background and the interests of a scientist.
22:52That's an unbeatable accomplishment.
22:58Leonard Nielsen has blurred the boundaries between art and science.
23:02I think it can be fairly said.
23:03I think it can be fairly said.
23:04And performed a miracle of his own in making the invisible visible.
23:09Through his lens, human biology becomes a marvelous abstract art.
23:21As an artist, Nielsen's reputation is secure.
23:30But he will always be remembered most as the man who revealed the miracle of life before birth.
23:51In 1952, a Swedish photographer walked into the offices of Life magazine to sell his pictures of Doug Hammershow.
24:06While he was there, he showed the editor images for another possible piece.
24:12of tiny bottles containing human embryos barely half an inch long.
24:19Forty years later, Leonard Nielsen is being recognized here tonight for his unique contribution to our understanding of ourselves.
24:34I remember that day at life very well.
24:37They said, there's only one way.
24:40Surprise us.
24:42The world closes to yourself.
24:44Try to reveal it in a new way, and we will love it.
25:03For some reason, we are going to do the fetus, the embryo, in order to show how early we become humans.
25:10We visited Professor Axel Engelmann Sundberg, at that time chief physician at the Zabatsberg Hospital.
25:19He loaned the sepitas, which was used in teaching.
25:24It had lain in formaldehyde for many years.
25:25I took close-ups and was amazed that they were so human, so early in their development.
25:37Then, I had the opportunity to work with what is known as tubular pregnancies.
25:51I received phone calls from doctors at all hours of the day for many years, just in order to get a picture of an embryo inside a fallopian tube.
26:02I also photographed in 1964, at the hospital, the world's first portrait of a fetus, alive in the mother's uterus.
26:19Determined to explore further the world of life before birth, Nielsen and his colleagues produced Nova's miracle of life with one stunning image after another.
26:37A six-week-old embryo floating inside the amniotic sac.
26:49A seven-week-old embryo, three-quarters of an inch long, its limbs and organs already developing.
26:56Its tiny fingers able to move.
27:08Nielsen followed the path of growth from week to week.
27:14At seven weeks, the eye lenses were formed.
27:23At eight weeks, the skull bones were growing together.
27:34The fingers were well-defined, along with the toe joints.
27:46At ten weeks, the embryo was considered a fetus, and Nielsen was there for the graduation picture.
27:53Viewers could see the marked increase in movement.
27:58The beginnings of the ears.
28:01The vestiges of a tail.
28:03Nielsen's countdown continued.
28:08Eleven weeks.
28:10Twelve weeks, still only three inches long.
28:16Thirteen weeks.
28:19Fourteen weeks, able to bring its hands together, and even suck its thumb.
28:33Fifteen weeks, its sensory organs almost fully developed.
28:39Sixteen weeks, able to turn itself around.
28:46And then, finally, the most famous image of all.
28:54An eighteen-week-old fetus filmed inside its mother's womb.
29:04It was only five and a half inches long, and could not survive outside its mother's body.
29:13And yet its mouth and lips were fully formed.
29:20Its eyes were closed, and yet it could see.
29:25It moved constantly about in the amniotic fluid, which was filled with nutrients.
29:32This sequence was filmed at the request of an obstetrician, with the full consent of the mother.
29:44Neither the fetus nor the mother was in any way harmed.
29:49But hundreds of millions of viewers were able to watch in rapt fascination.
30:02There was the umbilical cord.
30:04The fetus's vital link to its mother.
30:12And its sex organs, already forming.
30:17And then there was that hypnotic sound.
30:24As the fetus took in amniotic fluid through its mouth.
30:27And then breathed it out again.
30:37A sound we all made.
30:39A shape we all shared.
30:42Strangely unfamiliar.
30:45Until Leonard Nielsen took us back.
31:01Even after the miracle of life became a worldwide phenomenon,
31:04Leonard Nielsen continued to refine his techniques.
31:07Is that it contains the same salt content.
31:10For years, many wondered how he achieved such perfect timing
31:15that he could film images like this egg cell at the precise moment of fertilization.
31:20The secret was to film under controlled conditions.
31:29In the lab.
31:30In a small container.
31:31Under a microscope.
31:32In reality, the egg and surrounding fluid were colorless.
31:47But when light was refracted through a series of polarizing lenses in the microscope,
31:54the image was transformed.
31:56From this to this.
32:02Nielsen's genius lay not only in capturing an image,
32:09but also investing it with the drama it deserved.
32:14I remember the first time we placed an egg cell together with the sperm.
32:26And how the egg slowly began to move.
32:30And after a while, to turn counterclockwise.
32:35Time stood still.
32:36Time stood still.
32:38Time stood still.
32:52Time stood still.
32:53Time stood still.
32:55Time stood still still.
32:57But perhaps Nielsen's most effective technique is his charm.
32:59When he first asked opera star Birgit Nilsson if he could film her vocal chords, she declined, saying,
33:06I happen to know where your little camera has been.
33:17But in the end, the photographer got his way.
33:23Now all Birgit Nilsson has to do is sing with an endoscope in her mouth.
33:29After some good-natured complaining.
33:40And this is what a pair of world-famous vocal chords looks like in action.
33:46I could have done so light, I could have done so light,
33:57And still have begged for more.
34:03I could have sprained my wings, I've done a thousand things I've never done before.
34:13Nilsson's endoscope is seldom idle.
34:18Here, it's used to film a kiss.
34:23You should also do something with your hands, not just come straight at it.
34:44What do you think about Lisa doing something with her hands?
34:51From this angle, it's just another normal kiss.
34:57With a mouth full of endoscope.
35:00But this is the Leonard Nilsson version.
35:10Time is money, they say.
35:23But that is never the way I think.
35:29The result is what counts.
35:30During the years I've been working with Life magazine,
35:38I've learned never to talk about how expensive it is or how hard it is.
35:44Just do the best you can.
35:48In 1992, Life magazine published Nilsson's forensic study of a royal death which occurred 350 years ago.
35:57The evidence included hair fibers, blood cells, pollen, and even trapped air bubbles from the 17th century.
36:14They all came from the coat of a Swedish king fallen in battle.
36:22This is the bullet hole.
36:28The king, Adolphus II, was killed by a German soldier in the Battle of LĂŒtzen in 1632.
36:33Nilsson had brought the 17th and 20th centuries together with a section of the king's genetic code superimposed on his portrait.
36:54Nilsson has been working with Life magazine editors for 50 years.
37:07And this is the king's jacket.
37:11This is a part of the king's hair.
37:16How are you able to determine the pollen?
37:24How did you determine which tree it was from?
37:26I know, because I have been working a lot with pollen earlier.
37:30So this is from a pine.
37:32I don't know what kind of pine, but it's pollen from a pine in LĂŒtzen 1632.
37:42It's unbelievable.
37:43So everything was packed in, you know, during the coagulation process.
37:48The hair fibers, the pollen, the air pollution, everything from 1632.
37:53It's unbelievable.
37:54A few seconds.
37:55Two, three, four, five seconds.
37:57Not longer.
37:58And pack it together.
38:00So we are very proud to do this, what I call it for a kind of investigation.
38:08What did they do with the actual air that was trapped in the blood clots?
38:13We haven't checked it yet.
38:15But it's actually...
38:16Some scientists, they...
38:18Yeah, I have got some letters and telephone calls from the scientists.
38:23And there is at the University of London in the southern part of Sweden.
38:28There are some experts and they want to, we hope in the future, try to see, to check the air bubbles.
38:41But they were actually able to preserve the air.
38:44Well, yes.
38:45I think so.
38:46This is something.
38:47It's unbelievable.
38:48Unbelievable.
38:49You've got to lead me.
38:50You've got to guide me.
38:51Yeah.
38:52Because I can pick out something that I think is quite beautiful.
38:54And yes, I'll understand that it's the air bubbles or it's the strand of hair or whatever.
39:00But you've got to tell me if there's anything else here that you feel is very important scientifically that I wouldn't be aware of.
39:07Yeah.
39:08I beg to show you everything.
39:09You've got to make sure we see that.
39:11All right.
39:12Shall we put all them together?
39:13Absolutely.
39:14We should take it all and take it into the layout room and lay it all out so that we can...
39:18Perfect.
39:19That's good.
39:21Back in Stockholm, Nielsen began work on this series, Odyssey of Life.
39:44Many of the series' most extraordinary images were taken here in his laboratory at the Karolinska Institute.
39:50Sometimes it took weeks, even months, to photograph a single sequence.
39:57Nielsen's ability to experiment endlessly with lighting, to wait patiently for the best moment to film, developed over decades.
40:08I learned how light moves in water. Most light comes from above. I learned how to use small spotlights.
40:19To create a light which has character and mood. Not just flat, unemotional light.
40:28There is literally nothing that Nielsen has not tried to improve upon.
40:40He can spend an hour finding the right place for a specimen.
40:49And hours more adjusting his camera.
40:55This is what it took to get a close-up of a foot for a sequence about waterborne parasites.
41:07Now we're going to move on to our preparations.
41:19Now we're going to move on to our preparations.
41:22Let's stop all the steps.
41:24Let's stop a little bit.
41:25Let's stop a little bit.
41:26Let's stop a little bit.
41:28Let's stop there.
41:30Stop there if I can see.
41:31Then I'll fly onto the camera.
41:34Film shot in Africa with film shot in Stockholm.
41:50For Leonard Nielsen, two locations are always better than one.
42:02Many of his favorite sequences were filmed in the Swedish countryside.
42:12Here he gets down to earth, literally, to film the snail and the giant.
42:28The secret behind many of his nature shots is the endoscope's ability to keep both the
42:34foreground and background equally sharp.
42:44Because the endoscope requires a great deal of light, tiny spotlights are also used, even
42:50on a sunny day.
43:01The actors are ready.
43:08No one can see how large this beetle really is.
43:20It might be as big as a dinosaur, thanks to the fact that everything is in focus, just
43:25as sharp as if I was using a macro lens.
43:29But I get the surroundings in focus as well.
43:34It's an exciting and new way in photography.
43:43There are many realities.
43:47The ant sees the world from its own point of view.
43:54If you ask the ant how big the world is, it would probably say, the world reaches all the
44:00way to the next ant hill, but not any further.
44:06That's the reality of the world the ant lives in.
44:18For Nilsson to be satisfied, a shot must challenge the way we see life.
44:28This is a conventional close-up of a bee gathering nectar.
44:37And this is the Nilsson version.
44:50First a tulip is turned into a stage.
44:59Next a number of lenses are tried.
45:07Then the tulip is coated with honey and water to keep the bee occupied.
45:21The star is inside the matchbox, cooled with dry ice to slow him down.
45:35The rest of the cast waits for his cue.
45:45This is how it looks through the camera, until the bee hears of a better part.
45:56But much of Nilsson's work has never been seen by the public.
46:08He takes countless pictures for medical research, like these images of blood vessels.
46:23He has even been asked to film the HIV virus for the Swedish bacteriological laboratory.
46:32All possible safety precautions are taken.
46:41This specimen was taken from a patient dying of AIDS.
46:49The syringe is emptied into the microscope's chamber.
46:54Photographs are being taken of the virus at regular intervals to create a time-lapse film.
47:11These are lymphocytes, white blood cells that attack invaders in the body.
47:28But the lymphocytes themselves have been invaded by HIV.
47:45I think Leonard Nilsson has been an important messenger between the scientific world and the public.
47:56He's used his language of pictures to clarify and expose the most fascinating things of the human body.
48:04While at the same time, finally awakening a curiosity in people, even the youth, to know more.
48:12He's pressed the envelope of photographic boundaries, always staying at the edge of the impossible, heightening the fantasy.
48:24Some have said that his pictures are too beautiful.
48:29I don't think that biology can be too beautiful.
48:35I think all life should have its chance.
48:46I also think it's important to realize that we humans shouldn't be so snobbish after all.
48:54We've all started in the same way.
48:56We need to have respect for animals, even the snake and the frog.
49:03Nilsson spends as much time as possible at his summer cottage with his wife, their children and grandchildren.
49:11Good night, sir.
49:22Thank you so much.
49:37He is always in motion.
49:59His work is his life, and he never stops working.
50:07There is always another opportunity
50:10to make the ordinary seem extraordinary.
50:25There is always another chance to learn.
50:37Today, the explorer of the inner cosmos is looking outward.
50:44I want to film how heavenly bodies move.
50:48I want to see the movement.
50:52The moon here is an egg cell, slowly wandering.
50:57I want to film how heavenly bodies move.
50:59I want to film how heavenly bodies move.
51:01I want to see the movement.
51:03The moon here is an egg cell, slowly wandering.
51:22Familiar shapes in new forms.
51:25The egg cell looks like a planet.
51:28I've always thought that.
51:31It's round shape.
51:33A planet floating in space.
51:42For Leonard Nielsen, everything is related,
51:46bound together by the Odyssey of Life.
51:50It's round shape.
51:51I knew he is the surrounding pieces.
51:55When he comes...
51:57There is
52:08He seeks a vision of immortality
52:27in a journey that transcends us all.
52:38We see ourselves, we see the past, we see the future.
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53:39Leonard Nielsen has dedicated his life to life itself.
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53:50Take a closer look at the technology that's given us a closer look at ourselves.
53:57Zoom in to NOVA online at pbs.org.
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59:02
59:01
59:00
41:39
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