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00:00:00Música
00:00:02Música
00:00:02Música
00:00:22Eles
00:00:24Eles governaram sobre as costas do Pacífico.
00:00:27Eles eram governadores da primeira superpóvita americana.
00:00:32Seu nome é registrado na história.
00:00:36Eles eram os Incas.
00:00:47Desde a capital de Cusco, na montaña do sul de Peru,
00:00:51em apenas cerca de 100 anos,
00:00:53entre os 15 e 16 séculos,
00:00:56eles conquistaram um grande território
00:00:58que se abençassem de Ecuador para Chile.
00:01:04A sua altura, este empate,
00:01:06o maior que existissem na região do mundo,
00:01:09contou pelo menos 10 milhões de habitantes.
00:01:15E ainda este monumento civilizado
00:01:17aparentemente deixou-se sem escrita.
00:01:20A história, portanto, foi recontada por seus inimigos,
00:01:24os conquistadores da Spanish.
00:01:31Hábrutamente derrotado o Inca Empire,
00:01:33em 1532,
00:01:34os Espanyolos criaram-se
00:01:36um relatório ilustrativo
00:01:37que se chamou de Chronicles.
00:01:41Pós-seis, durante os séculos XIX e XX séculos,
00:01:44esta documentação,
00:01:46que era a única histórica histórica,
00:01:49foi usada como material de referência
00:01:50para toda a arqueológica pesquisa
00:01:53que se realizou sobre os Incas.
00:01:59de que se tornou a partir de 15 anos,
00:02:02a partir de 15 anos,
00:02:03mas os descobridos
00:02:03principalmente debido a progresso técnico,
00:02:05que se tornou fundamentalmente
00:02:06abençando certas teorias
00:02:07derivadas de estas contas.
00:02:15A nova história do Império Inca vem à luz,
00:02:19revelando aspectos desconhecidos ou desconhecidos dessa civilização legendária.
00:02:33Sempre dizemos que a civilização Inca
00:02:38era o único que existia sem escrever.
00:02:40Mas sabe o que?
00:02:41Talvez devemos mudar isso.
00:02:46Muitas pessoas pensam que o Império Inca chegou,
00:02:49e o Império Inca caiu aquele dia.
00:02:52Mas agora sabemos que depois do Império Inca,
00:02:55eles voltaram para uma área aberta dos Andes
00:02:59e continuaram resistindo a lei do Império Inca.
00:03:05Eles Inca tinham resistido de forma simbólica,
00:03:09principalmente em praticando grandes cérémonias de abandono.
00:03:12São eventos realmente espectaculares.
00:03:16E ainda não encontramos nenhuma mensagem dos Conquistadores.
00:03:21Mas graças a nossa pesquisa,
00:03:23nós chegamos a escrever uma versão mais completa,
00:03:26e esperamos,
00:03:28e a história dos Inca.
00:03:29Todos os Inca
00:03:56Wai,
00:03:57Oh, this landscape is incredible.
00:04:01Scary, but incredible.
00:04:09One never gets used to the vertiginous aspect of the Andes,
00:04:13even after exploring them for many years, as Sabine Highland has done.
00:04:21She is an anthropologist on our way to a meeting in Tupicocha,
00:04:25a village nestled in one of the most isolated valleys in Peru.
00:04:29I've never been to this village.
00:04:31As you can see, it's very difficult to get to.
00:04:33This landscape is gorgeous, but it's rugged.
00:04:36It's kept this village isolated, and so it has traditions
00:04:40that in many ways are unaffected by the modern world.
00:05:16Tupicocha represents an important stage in Sabine Highland's work.
00:05:22For the last ten years, this scientist has been a very important stage
00:05:25that has been questioning one of the theories taught in all of our history books.
00:05:34The Incas were purportedly the only major civilization not to have had a system of writing.
00:05:43But if this were true, how did they go about administering such vast dominions,
00:05:48the richest and most extensive empire ever to have existed in America?
00:05:56This is what Sabine Highland is seeking to understand,
00:05:59because one element has drawn our attention.
00:06:03These same Incas, who apparently never mastered the art of writing,
00:06:07nevertheless seem to have invented a system for recording data,
00:06:11numbers within very particular and complex objects,
00:06:15composed of cords and knots, which are called kipus.
00:06:21A few hundred of them still exist, scattered across the Andes.
00:06:26Those at Tupicocha are preciously preserved by representatives
00:06:30of the most ancient lineage of the community.
00:06:33Sabine has obtained authorization to examine them.
00:06:40I want to thank all of you for being here with your kipus.
00:06:45Yo soy antropóloga y profesor de antropología en una universidad en el Reino Unido.
00:06:52Es como un sueño estar aquí.
00:06:55A Tupicocha les agradezco muchísimo.
00:06:59Gracias.
00:07:00Yo soy el presidente de la comunidad.
00:07:02Mi nombre es Julián Jaime Medina Albert.
00:07:04Y qué bien que el día de hoy ustedes vienen para ver
00:07:08nuestro quizás símbolo que tenemos ancestral de los kipus.
00:07:27Oh, this one looks perfect.
00:07:30Kipus are unique.
00:07:31The word kipu is one of the Quechua words for knot or for numbers.
00:07:37And this is the ancient Inca way of representing numbers.
00:07:41So this is what we call a long knot.
00:07:44And it has three twists right here.
00:07:48That means that represents three.
00:07:50This is in the tens place, and it's a single knot representing one.
00:07:55And this is a single knot in the hundreds place.
00:07:58So this cord is 113.
00:08:02This means probably that this represents the obligation that somebody had.
00:08:09They had to do 113 of something.
00:08:12And what could it be?
00:08:14It could be how many loads of grain,
00:08:17how many loads of potato they had to give, you know, to community fiestas.
00:08:22Or it could be how many jars of beer they had to donate to the festival.
00:08:30I'm actually writing an article.
00:08:34So...
00:08:45Since the middle of the 20th century,
00:08:47all the kipus studied by archaeologists,
00:08:50more than a thousand in total,
00:08:52have shared the same characteristics.
00:08:54They were created to record numeric data.
00:09:00But one day in 2017,
00:09:03Sabine learnt of the existence of kipus of a completely different nature.
00:09:34I got a call from a woman who lived.
00:09:36in this small village, San Juan de Coyata,
00:09:39and she asked me to come look at their kipus.
00:09:42So of course I came.
00:09:47We have to go over this mountain,
00:09:50and then we'll arrive at Coyata.
00:09:53What a road.
00:09:54It helps to be an adrenaline junkie
00:09:56to do this kind of work.
00:10:00Sabine is returning to this far-flung village
00:10:03to complete her analysis.
00:10:07I'm really excited to see this kipu again.
00:10:10You know, the last time I tried to come here,
00:10:12we had to turn back,
00:10:14because the roads, you know,
00:10:15there was a little bit of rain,
00:10:17and the roads became too dangerous.
00:10:18Like you can see,
00:10:19it's really hard to get to this place.
00:10:22We hope we're going to be able to get through today.
00:10:44Well, there it is, there's Coyata.
00:10:47Wow, it's so good to see it after years.
00:10:56When she is welcomed back for her research,
00:10:59the inhabitants of San Juan de Coyata
00:11:02grant her a huge favor.
00:11:08Because their kipus, dating back to the Inca era,
00:11:12are never supposed to leave their strongbox.
00:11:17They are considered sacred,
00:11:20both a treasure and a relic of the community,
00:11:24even though the villagers themselves
00:11:25don't know how to decipher them.
00:11:34So Sabine is only allowed to study them
00:11:37in the presence of the head of the community.
00:11:39Wow.
00:11:47Wow.
00:11:50It's incredible, right?
00:11:52Yes.
00:11:53Wow.
00:11:56The first time she saw it,
00:11:58Sabine knew that this kipu
00:11:59was completely different
00:12:00from those she had studied previously.
00:12:04First of all, there are no knots.
00:12:07But more than that,
00:12:09the cords themselves
00:12:10are incredibly complicated.
00:12:14When I looked at the kipu,
00:12:16I looked at it with two herders
00:12:18from the community,
00:12:20and they identified the fibers
00:12:23of each cord
00:12:24as being from different animals.
00:12:26So this beautiful kind of buff color,
00:12:29this is from a vicuña.
00:12:32Okay?
00:12:33This blue here,
00:12:35this is dyed yama.
00:12:37There's also in here
00:12:41this kind of burnished red.
00:12:44This is from deer.
00:12:47Altogether,
00:12:48there are six different animals
00:12:50represented in the cords.
00:12:52So I realized that I was looking at a kipu
00:12:55with a complexity far beyond
00:12:58anything I had seen before.
00:13:00And so I thought,
00:13:01what are they?
00:13:02That's really mysterious.
00:13:11Taking her studies further,
00:13:14Sabine discovered an account
00:13:15by a 16th-century missionary
00:13:17who claimed to have seen kipus used to encode
00:13:20not numbers,
00:13:22but syllables,
00:13:23words.
00:13:27Put another way,
00:13:29kipus which had been used to write,
00:13:31contrary to what was believed at the time.
00:13:35I thought,
00:13:36I thought, oh my gosh,
00:13:38could this be a syllabic kipu?
00:13:41Wow.
00:13:42And so I thought,
00:13:43well,
00:13:43if it's syllabic,
00:13:45if it's phonetic,
00:13:46that holds out the promise
00:13:48that we could read it someday.
00:13:54If this kipu does indeed represent coded writing,
00:13:57how can it be deciphered?
00:14:00Sabine has taken inspiration
00:14:02from one of the great masters of deciphering.
00:14:07My great hero,
00:14:08of course,
00:14:09is Champignon,
00:14:10who deciphered the Egyptian glyphs.
00:14:13And what Champignon taught us
00:14:15is that the first thing you do
00:14:17is try to figure out
00:14:19what kind of information is where, right?
00:14:21So he looked in the cartouches
00:14:23and he said,
00:14:24ah,
00:14:24the pharaoh's name is here.
00:14:26Well,
00:14:26for various reasons
00:14:27that are too complicated to go into,
00:14:29I thought,
00:14:30well,
00:14:30maybe the name of the person
00:14:33who sent this is in this.
00:14:37Now,
00:14:37when I looked at this kipu,
00:14:39if you'll notice,
00:14:41there are these markers along the top.
00:14:45And the herders from the village told me,
00:14:47this is the insignia
00:14:49of one of the major lineage in the village.
00:14:54So I thought,
00:14:55well,
00:14:55what is the major lineage in the village?
00:14:58It's Ayuka.
00:15:05For Sabine,
00:15:06it was a revelation.
00:15:08This name,
00:15:09Aluka,
00:15:10was perhaps the key
00:15:11for the deciphering of this kipu.
00:15:14But before going further,
00:15:15she needed to cross-reference
00:15:17some information.
00:15:23So she went to the general archives
00:15:26of Seville in Spain.
00:15:28Census population registers
00:15:30compiled by Spanish colonials in Peru
00:15:32are kept here.
00:15:35On the page corresponding
00:15:37to San Juan de Coyata,
00:15:39the family name of Aluka
00:15:41was indeed mentioned.
00:15:46Sabine sensed
00:15:47that she had perhaps found
00:15:48her Rosetta stone.
00:15:50So she set about deciphering.
00:15:53So, okay,
00:15:55we say the name of the lineage
00:15:57is probably the last three chords,
00:16:00like a signature.
00:16:02We have a dark brown winako fiber,
00:16:05A,
00:16:06U,
00:16:07which is this mottled white and brown,
00:16:10and then Ka,
00:16:11which is the blue,
00:16:13yellow fiber.
00:16:14If we try to match these sounds
00:16:17with the ending chords
00:16:18on the other kipu,
00:16:20do we come up with a decipherment
00:16:21that means anything?
00:16:24A second kipu is preserved
00:16:27in Coyata.
00:16:30It's in a worse state,
00:16:32but fortunately,
00:16:33the final chords
00:16:35haven't been damaged
00:16:37and can therefore be studied.
00:16:43So the ending chords
00:16:45are over here.
00:16:48We have dark brown,
00:16:51which is A,
00:16:52blue,
00:16:53which is Ka,
00:16:54and then we have
00:16:56this golden brown.
00:16:59This color in Quechua
00:17:01is called Par,
00:17:03Ya-ka-par.
00:17:07In order for the method
00:17:09of deciphering
00:17:09thought out by Sabine
00:17:11to work,
00:17:11the word a-ka-par
00:17:13needed to correspond
00:17:14to a name.
00:17:18She went back
00:17:19to the register
00:17:19in the hope
00:17:20of finding this one
00:17:21written as well.
00:17:25And there was indeed
00:17:26mention of an A-ka-par
00:17:28family,
00:17:29also present
00:17:30in the region
00:17:30of Coyata.
00:17:36When I first started
00:17:38to think
00:17:39that this could work,
00:17:40and when I came up
00:17:42with this decipherment,
00:17:43I was almost afraid.
00:17:44I was like,
00:17:44oh my gosh,
00:17:45no.
00:17:46That can't be.
00:17:47How could that be?
00:17:49But this is what
00:17:50the data is telling us.
00:17:55As Sabine had suspected,
00:17:57each chord
00:17:58seems to represent
00:17:59a syllable.
00:18:00And these syllables,
00:18:02once assembled,
00:18:03form words,
00:18:05phrases,
00:18:08texts,
00:18:12following a three-dimensional
00:18:14system,
00:18:15fundamentally different
00:18:16from a classical
00:18:17alphabet.
00:18:25To consolidate
00:18:27this revolutionary
00:18:28theory and prove
00:18:29that the Incas
00:18:30did indeed use
00:18:31a form of writing,
00:18:32Sabine needed
00:18:33more data.
00:18:39So this is really exciting
00:18:41to be able to
00:18:42do a preliminary
00:18:43decipherment
00:18:44of these syllables.
00:18:46So one of my goals
00:18:47is to try to find
00:18:48more kippus
00:18:50that look like this
00:18:51and that has
00:18:51these features
00:18:52because that would
00:18:53make the decipherment
00:18:54so much better.
00:18:55this is going
00:18:56to revolutionize
00:18:59our understanding
00:19:00of the Inca Empire
00:19:02because if we can
00:19:03find kippus
00:19:05like this
00:19:05that date
00:19:06to the Inca Empire,
00:19:07if we can
00:19:08decipher them,
00:19:09then we're going
00:19:11to be able
00:19:11to hear the Incas
00:19:12own words
00:19:13about their histories
00:19:14instead of that
00:19:15of the conquerors.
00:19:22And I'm willing
00:19:23to travel the world
00:19:23to find them.
00:19:24This is really
00:19:25the holy grail
00:19:26that I'm after.
00:19:32In a few weeks
00:19:34she will take off
00:19:35for the United States.
00:19:37An apparently
00:19:38very promising kippu
00:19:40is kept in a museum
00:19:41in Salt Lake City
00:19:43and she has received
00:19:44authorization
00:19:45to study it.
00:19:53If Sabine manages
00:19:55to decipher these kippus
00:19:56in their entirety,
00:19:58her work will truly
00:19:59be revolutionary
00:20:00and could profoundly
00:20:01change our understanding
00:20:03of the Inca world.
00:20:08Because what she reads
00:20:10in these chords
00:20:10may put in question
00:20:12certain paradigms,
00:20:13notably the way
00:20:14in which the Incas
00:20:15conquered such an
00:20:17immense territory.
00:20:20The story,
00:20:22the story,
00:20:22as related by the Spanish,
00:20:24says that in 1438,
00:20:26Emperor Pachacutec,
00:20:27the ninth of the Inca dynasty,
00:20:29set off from the capital,
00:20:31Cusco,
00:20:31to conquer the Andes.
00:20:33Afterwards,
00:20:34his successors
00:20:35were to continue
00:20:36this irresistible expansion.
00:20:43In barely a century,
00:20:45the Incas were to conquer
00:20:46more than a hundred peoples
00:20:48in a pitiless way,
00:20:50according to the chronicles.
00:20:54The Incas had the heads
00:20:56of the chiefs
00:20:57fixed on the points
00:20:57of lances.
00:21:02Then they ordered
00:21:04that drums be made
00:21:05from the skin
00:21:06of their stomachs.
00:21:11As for the emperor,
00:21:13he ordered that
00:21:13the pregnant women
00:21:14be opened up,
00:21:15alive.
00:21:16And this was done.
00:21:22In their texts,
00:21:24the Spanish referred
00:21:25to nothing but the violence
00:21:26and cruelty
00:21:27of the Inca army.
00:21:29And until recently,
00:21:30their vision of events
00:21:32remained the commonly
00:21:33accepted one.
00:21:34But since the 2000s,
00:21:36archaeologists working
00:21:37at Lake Titicaca
00:21:38have revealed
00:21:39a totally unknown aspect
00:21:41of the conquest
00:21:41of the Andes
00:21:42by the Incas.
00:21:54Its very existence
00:21:55seems almost unreal.
00:22:00This lake,
00:22:01as vast as a sea,
00:22:03is at an altitude
00:22:04that was thought
00:22:05reserved for snow-covered summits.
00:22:11This gigantic mirror,
00:22:13more than a thousand kilometers
00:22:15from Cusco,
00:22:16holds a crucial place
00:22:17in Inca mythology.
00:22:19It was here,
00:22:21in this far-flung region,
00:22:22that the god Viracocha
00:22:24is said to have brought
00:22:25the sun into being,
00:22:27as well as its spouse,
00:22:29the moon.
00:22:29The moon.
00:22:36So it was
00:22:37that in the 15th century,
00:22:39when Emperor Pachacutec,
00:22:40who considered himself
00:22:42directly descended from the sun,
00:22:44left to conquer the Andes,
00:22:45this lake represented
00:22:47an absolute priority for him,
00:22:49because it was the place
00:22:51where the founding couple
00:22:52of his dynasty
00:22:53was said to have been born.
00:22:56Upon their arrival,
00:22:58the Incas are thought
00:22:58to have achieved
00:22:59a spectacular victory.
00:23:01But how would they have managed
00:23:02to impose
00:23:03such long-term authority
00:23:04over such an isolated region?
00:23:07Could there have been
00:23:08other factors
00:23:09than just military supremacy?
00:23:23This is what the Belgian archaeologist
00:23:25Christophe Delard
00:23:27is attempting to determine.
00:23:29For the last 10 years,
00:23:30he has been heading
00:23:31a vast research program
00:23:33at the bottom of the lake.
00:23:36For eight weeks each year,
00:23:38his team of Belgian,
00:23:39Bolivian and Peruvian divers
00:23:41have carried out
00:23:42underwater searches.
00:23:46The last day I have
00:23:48is a leak.
00:23:49Today,
00:23:50what we need to finish
00:23:51is the leak
00:23:53until the US 3.
00:23:54I will note it.
00:23:55Until the US 3.
00:23:56The other investigation,
00:23:58Michael,
00:23:59remember we were here?
00:24:00Yes.
00:24:01There we have something.
00:24:02Are you in Russia
00:24:03working in this area?
00:24:04Yes, okay.
00:24:05Are you in Russia?
00:24:06Okay.
00:24:07Since we're really short,
00:24:08we're going to start
00:24:08before 11 hours
00:24:09and we don't need to
00:24:09train on the rotations.
00:24:10If you're really cold,
00:24:11you'll reach 55 minutes.
00:24:13It's not good.
00:24:13You don't need to do one hour.
00:24:15Okay.
00:24:15We're going to do it now.
00:24:16Okay.
00:24:17We're going to do it now.
00:24:17I hope the Elvira will arrive
00:24:18and we're going to get out.
00:24:19There's the other.
00:24:20There's there?
00:24:22There's no water.
00:24:23There's no water in 15 minutes
00:24:23before the life.
00:24:25Christophe Delard
00:24:26has decided to search
00:24:27not the banks,
00:24:28but the bed of the lake.
00:24:30This is because
00:24:31the water level has risen
00:24:32by at least 15 meters
00:24:34since the 15th century.
00:24:37Vestiges dating back
00:24:38to the arrival
00:24:39of the Inca armies
00:24:40in this region
00:24:40may therefore
00:24:41have been submerged.
00:24:47At a height of
00:24:48nearly 4,000 meters,
00:24:50this dive is going
00:24:51going to be very demanding.
00:25:06The water temperature
00:25:07is barely 6 degrees.
00:25:12Diving 12 meters
00:25:14when you're at this height
00:25:15is like diving 20 meters
00:25:17when you're at sea level.
00:25:23Some years ago,
00:25:24archaeologists made
00:25:25an exceptional discovery
00:25:26at the bottom of the lake,
00:25:28which led Christophe Delard
00:25:29to realize
00:25:30that the Inca expansion,
00:25:32particularly here
00:25:32at Lake Titicaca,
00:25:34had a far more complex dimension
00:25:36than just military conquest.
00:25:53Returning to the place
00:25:54where he made this discovery
00:25:56requires a five-hour boat trip
00:25:58to the other side of the lake.
00:26:13at dawn,
00:26:14the boat comes in sight
00:26:16of the Kakaia reef.
00:26:17How many meters do you have
00:26:19the depth?
00:26:19Do you always control it?
00:26:2112.
00:26:251, 2, 3.
00:26:26That's right.
00:26:27That's the reef.
00:26:31That's right.
00:26:45The Kakaia reefs
00:26:47are still considered
00:26:48sacred today.
00:26:52This is what is known
00:26:53in the Andes
00:26:54as a waka.
00:26:56In the same way
00:26:57as mountains or rivers,
00:26:58local beliefs
00:26:59consider these rocks
00:27:01to be endowed
00:27:01with an inner life,
00:27:03a soul.
00:27:05So a ritual
00:27:06must be respected
00:27:07before approaching them.
00:27:34so that they know
00:27:36that we are here
00:27:37and that we are
00:27:38accompanying
00:27:39the Kakaia reef.
00:27:42In the landscape,
00:27:43in the cosmography
00:27:44Inka,
00:27:45there are places
00:27:45isolated
00:27:46that have a very important signification.
00:27:48We didn't find it
00:27:49by chance.
00:27:50At a moment,
00:27:51to minimize
00:27:52the search zones,
00:27:53we looked at
00:27:55the reefs
00:27:56at low depth
00:27:57and totally isolated
00:27:58on the whole lake.
00:28:00We have a few.
00:28:01We haven't explored
00:28:02but this one
00:28:04in the end of 2014.
00:28:07These reefs
00:28:08were first spotted
00:28:08by one of Christophe Delar's
00:28:10collaborators,
00:28:11the Bolivian archaeologist
00:28:13Marcial Medina.
00:28:14It was a place
00:28:16where people
00:28:16have a lot of respect.
00:28:18So we came there
00:28:20and why not?
00:28:22There must be
00:28:23something special
00:28:23because of the situation
00:28:24that we have
00:28:25had in that place.
00:28:32On that day,
00:28:33after just a few minutes
00:28:34diving,
00:28:35an archaeologist
00:28:36noticed a strange shape.
00:28:43of the river.
00:28:44The river
00:28:45is there
00:28:45where there was
00:28:45a lot of vegetation.
00:28:47And in fact,
00:28:48there was this
00:28:48concrete
00:28:48in stone
00:28:49put there,
00:28:50just simply.
00:28:51It didn't move
00:28:52in 500 years.
00:28:53He didn't attend
00:28:54the end of the plunge.
00:28:54He went and said
00:28:55Ok, Cristóv, eu acho que tem alguma coisa.
00:29:02Então eu queria ter o cornet.
00:29:03Eu precisava que eu fossem sob a água para ser seguro
00:29:05que não era um caixão com uma trasezor.
00:29:09Direito, eu tive a confirmação,
00:29:10que eu reconheço o caixão de ferro em ferro.
00:29:21E então, para ser seguro
00:29:22que durante a remontada do objeto,
00:29:24ela não se abre.
00:29:25Na verdade, eu fiz os bandos,
00:29:27e eu scellei, como um paciente,
00:29:29o couvercle sobre o conjunto.
00:29:49Quando a remontada do bateu,
00:29:50todo mundo esperava.
00:29:53Não é muito bom.
00:29:58É uma das primeiras vezes que todo mundo aplaudiu, o que nunca acontece, porque é o tempo dos arqueólogos.
00:30:05Mas nesse momento teve uma carga muito forte emocionante.
00:30:09Uma vez na terra de água, a equipe científica continuou a imortalizando este descobrimento excepcional.
00:30:21Com suas fotos, eles compartilharam este raro arqueológico momento.
00:30:26Christophe Delard foi agora certeza que era uma caça de caça de Inca, no estilo característico.
00:30:33Mas o que poderia ter?
00:30:35Então ele solicitou permissão de montar um laboratório de campo na sala local para tentar abrir ele.
00:30:54Ainda.
00:31:01Ainda.
00:31:04Ainda.
00:31:05Olha a foto.
00:31:06Isso.
00:31:08Ainda!
00:31:09Ainda, é uma criança.
00:31:10Isso é muito grande.
00:31:11Isso é muito bom.
00:31:15Foi recolhido de sédiments, foi replicado de sédiments.
00:31:18Então, nós fizemos um descaparagem arqueológico.
00:31:20Nós fizemos essa cavidade ao interior do cofre em pedaço, centímetro por centímetro.
00:31:31E, na finalidade, nos últimos dois centímetros de sédiments,
00:31:34então, nós vimos um pequeno que brilhava.
00:31:37Então, nós desgávamos, e, em desgávamos toda essa cavidade,
00:31:41nós percebemos que, no fundo, havia uma pequena folha de or enrôlada sobre ela mesma,
00:31:45apenas com uma pequena figurinha, em espondilus, com uma cor coragem de colorido.
00:31:54Foi realmente um momento incrível.
00:32:08Nove anos depois, esses miniaturais ainda estão preservados no mesmo lugar.
00:32:15Desculpe, desculpe. Desculpe. Desculpe.
00:32:18Desculpe do Comité Cívico.
00:32:21Desculpe por chegar um pouco atrasado.
00:32:23Desculpe. Desculpe. Desculpe de...
00:32:28Desculpe. Desculpe. Desculpe. Desculpe.
00:32:45Desculpe,ériia. Desculpe. reportamos aos exemplos do Cigarcho de Alá.
00:33:15Este é um pequeno bracelete miniatura com uma perforação.
00:33:21Este é um pequeno bracelete miniatura com uma figura de camélidete,
00:33:29que é associada à uma figurina feminina.
00:33:32É interessante porque, em geral, em relação a essa oferta,
00:33:36não importa a substituição do objeto,
00:33:38nós temos um grupo, uma dualidade, homem-femme.
00:33:42E talvez, para ir um pouco mais longe,
00:33:45nós temos, de certa forma, o primordial Inca,
00:33:48que é realmente a dynastia,
00:33:52e que pode ser associada, claro, ao mesmo tempo,
00:33:54com o sol e a luna.
00:33:57Esta é uma prova que pode ser considerada
00:34:00como uma ofrenda à água para os Incas.
00:34:02Por isso, podemos ver que há uma sacralidade
00:34:07à água títica.
00:34:10Para ir adicionar as ofertas extremamente valentas,
00:34:15os Incas fizeram essas casas.
00:34:19Você vê o caixão, já foi muito elaborado, foi construído na Andésia,
00:34:24é uma perforação volcânica, há duas coisas interessantes, duas perforações.
00:34:28Você tem que imaginar que na época de Inca,
00:34:30havia cordes e que, sem dúvida, foi uma ofrenda feita desde um bateu.
00:34:34Você tem que imaginar uma cérémonia em que este caixão é colocado
00:34:38muito devido no fundo do lac.
00:34:44Então, esta caixão sagrada não foi colocada hábazardamente no lago,
00:34:49mas foi colocada em um lugar escolhido.
00:34:56E, segundo a Cristóf de Lard, este não foi um caso isolado.
00:35:05Recentemente, por apoiar a pesquisa mais longe,
00:35:07ele descobriu que 30 ou so de caixão similares
00:35:10com as miniaturas foram encontradas no lago
00:35:13durante os últimos 50 anos.
00:35:26Cada um parece ser precisamente colocado
00:35:29perto dos ríos ou subterrâneos, considerando ser sagrados.
00:35:51Mas por que razão?
00:35:54Por que as armazes do Pachacútec
00:35:57teriam gostado de praticar
00:35:59such elaborate rituals all around the lake?
00:36:05How can it be explained?
00:36:09What were the Incas looking to achieve in this way?
00:36:23Once again, the answer to this question
00:36:26may be at the bottom of the lake.
00:36:36I don't know.
00:36:37Arrivée du plongeur.
00:36:45C'est mon cher Anon.
00:36:49J'te lise en l'eau pendant deux minutes, ça ?
00:36:51Pendant le temps.
00:36:51J'te lise en l'eau deux minutes, ça ?
00:36:52Ça va.
00:36:55J'te lise en l'eau deux minutes, ça ?
00:36:57É sempre o interface de l'US-3.
00:37:02Tem um alcançamento de a mão.
00:37:03Sim.
00:37:05Tem um alcançamento de a mão.
00:37:08E isso é da cerâmica de Tiwanaku.
00:37:10Então, em Tiwanaku, normalmente, tem uma iconografia.
00:37:13E, visto que a iconografia é post-couisson, isso é rôde.
00:37:17Então, na cerâmica de 5K, é pré-couisson.
00:37:19Então, ela se fiche muito mais.
00:37:21Ok.
00:37:22Vou colocar o resto.
00:37:23Eu vou colocar aqui.
00:37:23Vamos lá.
00:37:23Vamos lá.
00:37:27Over recentes anos,
00:37:29os pesquisadores encontram várias objetos como este,
00:37:31que pertencem às pessoas vivendo aqui na bancada da leste,
00:37:34antes da conquista Inca,
00:37:36principalmente, os Tiwanakus.
00:37:42E o que é impressionante é que todos eles, sem exceção,
00:37:46foram oferecer uma oferta sagrada.
00:37:47Outra opção.
00:37:50Outra opção.
00:37:56ou este engrado, gold medallion.
00:38:02Então, antes de que os Incas,
00:38:04os povos da terra já estavam colocando os objetos religiosos
00:38:07para a parte da água.
00:38:12O que significa que os Incas não introduziam essas práticas de ritual.
00:38:20Em realidade, eles assimilou-las em sua chegada e até mesmo
00:38:25reenforçam-las por aumentar o número de ceremonos de ceremonos.
00:38:32Porque esses beliefs eram um essencial cog no Inca plan.
00:38:38Para conquistar Titicaca,
00:38:41os armados de Pachacutec
00:38:43derrubaram a batalha e a sangue como o estado de cronical.
00:38:48Mas essa pesquisa nos mostra,
00:38:50e que não é conhecida até agora,
00:38:53que, ao mesmo tempo,
00:38:54os Incas adotaram outro, mais simples método.
00:38:59Eles exerceram control
00:39:00usando os pensamentos locales
00:39:02para melhorar a população
00:39:04e estabelecer a autoridade durável sobre a região.
00:39:08O que é que foi a conclusão?
00:39:22Nesse caso,
00:39:23isso é a conclusão de Cristóf de Lair.
00:39:24conclusão.
00:39:56Então, eles poderiam realmente conquistar o coração de todas as populações andinas.
00:40:31Essa política de absorção ilustrou o grande projeto do Pachacutec.
00:40:40Para criar um mundo ideal, integrando todas as populações concordas e os lugares mais sagrados dos Andes.
00:40:51Uma ideologia que ele deseja escrever em pedaço.
00:41:04Isso é o que a nova pesquisa no Machu Picchu revela.
00:41:21Segundo neste ambiente de Dante, a cidade parece ter sido criada da montagem.
00:41:35Os conquistadores nunca chegaram tão longe.
00:41:39Por isso, eles nunca escrevem sobre isso.
00:41:45O que foi a propósito desta cidade fascinante?
00:41:50Desde a sua discovery em 1911,
00:41:52há frequentemente sido apresentado como um tipo de palatial retreat,
00:41:56escutando uns 750 pessoas.
00:42:00Pachacutec, provavelmente, tinha construído no meio do 15º,
00:42:03para gastar algumas semanas de ano aqui,
00:42:06além da vida da capital de Cusco,
00:42:09e das intrigas da corte.
00:42:15Mas hoje, dois pesquisadores estão passando muito longe.
00:42:19Segundo eles,
00:42:21o Pachacutec fez esta cidade
00:42:23a manifestação da sua ideologia civilizada.
00:42:47A partir desse sentimento é de si nossa pesquisa que ele tem uma fantasia
00:42:49numa faixa de entrevista.
00:42:50Essa é uma inculbência de pesquisa,
00:42:50liderada pelo peruviatoista,
00:42:52de Lúcia Salazar.
00:42:54Desde o início de sua carreira, ela está tentando romper os segredos de Machu Picchu.
00:43:04Algumas anos atrás, ela estudou essas cerâmicas, que vem de Inca tombs,
00:43:08descobrindo no Machu Picchu no início do século XX.
00:43:23Aqui temos os artefatos, as vasijas, que foram usadas no dia a dia por o pessoal que vivia no Machu
00:43:38Picchu.
00:43:39Então, por exemplo, na hora de servir, e cada um se servia em estes pequenos platos.
00:43:49Enquanto estudando esses objetos, Lúcia Salazar percebeu que todos eram de uma natureza muito modesta.
00:43:57Então, ela deduziu que os individuais que os escondidos com esses objetos
00:44:01eram provavelmente das classes mais baixas, no serviço do Pachacutec.
00:44:12Eles estão trabalhando em diferentes atividades que tinham que fazer em Machu Picchu,
00:44:21como cultivar maíz nas terrazas pequenas, flores, tubérculos.
00:44:27E depois também estão trabalhando metais, estão trabalhando texidos.
00:44:33que eram trabalhadores para manter a hacienda real durante todo o ano, humildes, humildes, humildes.
00:44:41Então, para descobrir mais sobre esse staff doméstico,
00:44:44Lúcia Salazar trouxe um interesse em seus esqueletos.
00:44:47Oito.
00:44:51174 deles, em total, encontradas nas tombs e preservadas nessas caixas.
00:44:59Ela estudou-los minutemente, um por um.
00:45:03e um pouco mais de um.
00:45:05Ela está em boa condição.
00:45:09Ela se supõe que esses os escondidos possam ter preciais
00:45:12para determinar o que o Machu Picchu representava durante o período Inca.
00:45:16para determinar o que o Machu Picchu representava durante o período Inca.
00:45:18Aqui temos o cráneo.
00:45:31É um indivíduo feminino.
00:45:34Ou seja, está deformado o cráneo.
00:45:36Como vocês veem.
00:45:37Ou seja, que ao nascer, colocam uma tabla.
00:45:40e colocam uma tabla para deformá-lo dessa maneira.
00:45:48Você pode ver evidência aqui dessa tabla.
00:45:51Porque isso permaneceu até que...
00:45:53ela tinha um pouco de idade, até sete anos, vamos dizer,
00:45:58que causou essa pressão.
00:46:05que essa defamação era provavelmente uma marca cultural etnico.
00:46:11Mas essa marca não corresponde com a população
00:46:14vivendo na vália ao redor do Machu Picchu,
00:46:16na época do Inca.
00:46:17da época.
00:46:23Então, onde essa mulher,
00:46:25e os 173 outros domésticos,
00:46:28que foram fechados na tombs?
00:46:31E foram eles de mais longe?
00:46:33E se não, quais são?
00:46:42O americano, Bethany Turner,
00:46:44ofereceu a sua ajuda em tentar responder essas perguntas.
00:46:48Ela é uma especialista bioarqueóloga,
00:46:50uma nova disciplina na borda entre
00:46:52biologia, arqueologia e medicina.
00:46:58Ela acreditou que é possível
00:46:59determinar a origem de cada esqueleto
00:47:02found em Machu Picchu
00:47:04por analisar os seus olhos.
00:47:06que são os seus olhos.
00:47:13Essa pessoa parece ser muito fragmentada
00:47:16e associações de seus olhos
00:47:18foram deteriorados.
00:47:19Mas isso não é um problema para mim,
00:47:22porque quando eu vejo,
00:47:24esses olhos,
00:47:25eu vejo uma troca de tesouro.
00:47:26E isso é porque
00:47:28eu estudia
00:47:29ratios de diferentes isotopes.
00:47:35Os isotopos são variantes
00:47:38de um elemento particular
00:47:38químico,
00:47:40como carbono, por exemplo.
00:47:42Eles são presentes em tudo
00:47:43em torno de nós,
00:47:44água,
00:47:45plantas,
00:47:46animais
00:47:47e também nossos próprios corpos.
00:47:52os isotopos.
00:47:52Quando nós comemos,
00:47:53os isotopos que nós comemos
00:47:55são incorporados
00:47:56em nosso corpo,
00:47:58que retém os traços de eles.
00:48:04Mas esses isotopos não são todos
00:48:07presentes em todo o mesmo jeito.
00:48:09Os proporções
00:48:10variam detectivamente
00:48:11de uma região para outra.
00:48:14Na América do Pacífico,
00:48:15por exemplo,
00:48:16o signo isotopico
00:48:17é diferente
00:48:18do que no alto
00:48:19do Andes,
00:48:21ou do que
00:48:22encontrou na região tropical.
00:48:28Consequentemente,
00:48:29com a identificar
00:48:30os signos isotopicos
00:48:31escrito
00:48:32nesses bonecos,
00:48:33Bethany Turner
00:48:34poderia determinar
00:48:35em que região
00:48:36cada um dos
00:48:37indivíduos
00:48:38foi nascido.
00:48:42de um dos
00:48:43Quando nós
00:48:43olhamos,
00:48:44a tooth enamel,
00:48:45a tooth dentin,
00:48:47eles representam
00:48:48os ratios que
00:48:49são metábolizados
00:48:50dentro dos
00:48:51tooth crowns
00:48:52durante os primeiros
00:48:53dos anos de vida.
00:48:55dos primeiros
00:48:56a informação
00:48:56da tooth
00:48:57dizem
00:48:58onde eles estavam
00:48:59vivendo
00:49:00durante os primeiros
00:49:01três anos de vida.
00:49:03Então,
00:49:04eu comparo
00:49:05enamel
00:49:06e dentin
00:49:07de dois ou três
00:49:09dois
00:49:10para cada
00:49:11indivíduo,
00:49:11e o que me ajudou
00:49:13foi que
00:49:15a gente
00:49:15de Machu Picchu
00:49:17foram
00:49:17nascido
00:49:18todo o
00:49:19de um
00:49:19não
00:49:20de um
00:49:21nascido
00:49:21de um
00:49:22nascido
00:49:22de um
00:49:23um
00:49:24deslado
00:49:25de um
00:49:25do
00:49:26de um
00:49:29de um
00:49:35rato
00:49:36de um
00:49:41de um
00:49:45Segundo os signatores de Isotopias, esses servidores dos domésticos
00:49:49vêm de altas plateias do Andes, do norte do Chile e do Equador,
00:49:57basicamente de cada região que os Incas absorveram.
00:50:06A partir de esta forma, trazendo os servidores domésticos de Machu Picchu de todas as províncias,
00:50:13o imperador tornou este citadel em um microcosm,
00:50:16um minuto metáforo de seu empire multi-étnico.
00:50:39Wow, I've been here probably seven or eight times,
00:50:46but every time, it's like the first time.
00:50:53When we think about this landscape, not just the beauty of the site,
00:50:57but the sacred nature of the landscape,
00:51:00that we have terraces wrapping around the site,
00:51:03that we have a river that wraps around the site.
00:51:07The site is surrounded by mountains, by huacas, which are sacred stones.
00:51:11It really represents an ideal of Inca cosmology.
00:51:28A symbol of the empire's prestige, this city was intended to be modern, perfect,
00:51:34a sort of total work of art.
00:51:44It's finely chiseled terraces were admirably proportioned.
00:51:54As for the urban zone, it was endowed with edifices unequaled in quality anywhere else in the empire.
00:52:03Everything here was purity.
00:52:09Harmony.
00:52:13Equilibrium.
00:52:21According to Bethany Turner,
00:52:23Machu Picchu wasn't just a holiday retreat.
00:52:26This city represented far more than that for its creator, Emperor Pachacutec.
00:52:32The fact that the Inca were bringing people from all over the empire to this one place,
00:52:40this perfect place, really represents in many ways this embodiment of an ideal,
00:52:47and really helps us think about Machu Picchu, not just as one of a few dozen royal estates,
00:52:58or the biggest and best preserved of the royal estates.
00:53:02My research and the research of others has helped us think it could actually serve
00:53:09as a model city, a perfect microcosm of everything that the empire wanted to be.
00:53:31Thanks to all this research carried out at Machu Picchu and at Lake Titicaca,
00:53:36the true face of the Incas is coming to light.
00:53:41Clearly, it's thanks to their expertise in symbols and beliefs that they were able,
00:53:47in just a few decades, between the 15th and 16th centuries,
00:53:50to bring together a hundred or so dispersed peoples in one highly powerful empire.
00:54:01But at its very height, this giant of the Andes brutally collapsed.
00:54:08In 1532, the Spanish arrived. Terrified by the strength of these invaders,
00:54:16the Incas took no action and were crushed. Or in any case, that is what was commonly accepted until now.
00:54:26But recent discoveries have revealed that in reality, the Incas did not remain passive in the face of the Conquistadors.
00:54:34They resisted in an unexpected way.
00:54:49This is what the Belgian archaeologist Peter Eckhout is in the process of demonstrating on the Pacific coast not far
00:54:57from Lima.
00:54:58Each summer, for the last 30 years, he has been excavating at a site called Pachacamac.
00:55:07The site has suffered a lot since the time of the Spanish conquest.
00:55:12First of all, because of the Spanish people themselves,
00:55:14and of multiple villages that are very quickly intervened since their arrival in the site.
00:55:19And then, we are in a region where the floods are frequent.
00:55:23Pachacamac was the god of the floods, among other attributes.
00:55:26It means that when we remove the sand that is there and remove the ebouli,
00:55:30especially from the earth, it is intact.
00:55:42During the Inca period, between the 15th and 16th centuries,
00:55:46this was one of the greatest pilgrimage destinations in the empire.
00:55:51As with Lourdes in France today, believers flocked here in the hope of being
00:55:56being miraculously cured.
00:56:01Those who died were mummified and buried in this sacred enclosure of more than 600 hectares.
00:56:13According to Peter Eckhout, to enter this sanctuary,
00:56:16the crowd of pilgrims had to follow this long road with high walls on each side.
00:56:28Once inside, to implore favour from the god Pachacamac,
00:56:33they carried out rituals, often accompanied with highly valuable offerings in gold or precious materials.
00:56:50It was precisely to pillage these offerings that the conquistadors, immediately upon their arrival,
00:56:57made Pachacamac one of their principal targets.
00:57:04If one believes their accounts, these warriors did not even have to besiege the city to bring it down.
00:57:11The Inca priests and pilgrims, subjugated by their superiority, apparently gave in without reacting.
00:57:24But excavations carried out by Peter Eckhout over recent years seem to suggest a very different scenario.
00:57:39along with the Peruvian archaeologist Milton Lujan, he has concentrated on studying a temple
00:57:46built inside this 1,600 square meter rectangular enclosure by the Incas.
00:58:01The edifice is divided into six rooms, linked to each other by corridors.
00:58:16At the beginning of these excavations,
00:58:18the archaeologists were far from imagining what they were to discover.
00:58:26We said,
00:58:27this must be something very special,
00:58:29it's a building that has very particular characteristics.
00:58:33So, we will start an excavation that will give us a lot of surprises.
00:58:39And it was like that.
00:58:42Close to this enclosure, archaeologists uncovered a large number of mummies,
00:58:49Believers,
00:58:50buried close to the god Pachacamac.
00:59:00But it was what they discovered afterwards,
00:59:02em este mesmo templo que eles interessou o mais.
00:59:09O terra que eles tiraram, e que dizia até o final do Inca período,
00:59:15foi escutado com objetos,
00:59:18sacerdas oferings.
00:59:30Enquanto coletá-los,
00:59:32Peter Eckhout percebeu que todos eles foram rompidos,
00:59:35rompidos em pedaços,
00:59:37e os fragmentos dispersaram através do Sanctuary.
00:59:42Como isso pode ser explicado?
00:59:52Ele tem que estar restou no excavagem de casa,
00:59:56tentando entender o que aconteceu.
01:00:01Todos esses objetos são sagrados e mostram uma grande diversidade.
01:00:05Por exemplo, temos aqui os péss.
01:00:09Aqui temos os péssos de pedaços,
01:00:11com a capa que são formada de coquillagem,
01:00:15que provaram da ásia da Equador,
01:00:17que vem do Áquadre,
01:00:19com esse motivo de félins em relief,
01:00:22com a técnica, a definição,
01:00:24inspirando-se da Côte-Nord muito longe.
01:00:27Outros vêm talvez ainda mais longe.
01:00:31Aqui, por exemplo, este objeto é um fragmento de grande parure,
01:00:34de grande coiffure, ornée de plumes,
01:00:36de provenance de Amazonia.
01:00:37Então, essa grande variedade de provenance
01:00:39que ateste de diferentes regiões,
01:00:42com os pêlerins,
01:00:43que se rendem à Pachacamac, na Période Inca.
01:00:50Por que todos esses oferecimentos foram encontrados neste estado?
01:01:01Poder eles foram destruídos por os Espanhóis durante o pillagio?
01:01:06Para descobrir, Peter Eckhout
01:01:08carregou um experimento usando uma cópia de um vaso.
01:01:21de um vaso com os pêlerins.
01:01:22É um pouco eloquente, porque isso corresponde em parte a o que nós achamos.
01:01:25O lugar do impacto é bem lá,
01:01:27e é lá que nós achamos alguns dos principais dos vasos,
01:01:30mostrando que eles foram brisados.
01:01:32Mas nós vemos que eles são 1 m, 50 centímetros, 2 m.
01:01:37É muito diferente do que nós achamos,
01:01:39onde há até alguns pêlerins,
01:01:42onde os vasos foram brisados.
01:01:45Por exemplo, o vaso com os pêlerins.
01:01:51O seu ponto de impacto foi identificado neste quarto.
01:01:55Mas, vários fragmentos foram encontrados no outro lado desta porta.
01:01:59E a mesma coisa acontece com todas as outras oferecências.
01:02:03que nós podemos dizer que os vasos foram brisados em situ,
01:02:08e depois, nós coletamos alguns pedidos,
01:02:11e nós vamos disseminá-los em diferentes lugares do templo,
01:02:14segundo um modelo ritual que, claro, nos encaixam.
01:02:17É a mesma coisa para, obviamente, se aplicar,
01:02:19mesmo se é de uma forma diferente,
01:02:21aos objetos em plumes, aos títulos, etc.,
01:02:23onde os fragmentos foram encontrados no templo da mesma forma.
01:02:36Então, essas oferecências foram rompidas e despeçadas intencionalmente.
01:02:42O que poderia ter acontecido em Pachacamac
01:02:45para causar os Incas de destruir,
01:02:48de forma ritualizada, todos os objetos sagrados?
01:02:56O que poderia ter acontecido em Pachacamac?
01:03:00Acredito a Peter Eckhout,
01:03:02esta destruição,
01:03:03mesmo se não foi enviado por os conquistadores,
01:03:06foi, não da mesma,
01:03:07diretamente ligada ao seu avión em Pachacamac
01:03:10em Jan. 1533,
01:03:12E, de forma an gratuita,
01:03:16o Espanyol pésse desprezado,
01:03:17o Espanyol pássaro-ecoa.
01:03:20Em suas contíncias,
01:03:21eles fazem não ter segredo disso.
01:03:24We tortured one of their priests, but learned nothing from him.
01:03:30We searched all the houses for the gold and silver which they kept hidden,
01:03:34and which they did not wish to bring us.
01:03:36They also dug up about a hundred mummies of the faithful and burned them,
01:03:41after having stolen all the precious objects surrounding them.
01:03:45From the sanctuaries, tombs and mummies, we drew a large quantity of gold and silver.
01:03:56Faced with such sacrilege, the officiating priests of the temple
01:04:00apparently decided to take action, to resist in their own way,
01:04:05before the Spanish could turn on them in their turn.
01:04:15Today, after years of research, this is the hypothesis of Peter Eckhout.
01:04:21– Ce qui se passe, en réalité, ce à quoi on assiste, c'est une fermeture volontaire du temple.
01:04:27Plutôt que de devoir affronter cet ultime sacrilège, qui est le pillage,
01:04:32souvent suivi d'incendies et de destructions diverses,
01:04:35les Incas, les officiants du temple, ont décidé de le fermer eux-mêmes.
01:04:39Donc c'est une forme de résistance symbolique, c'est une forme de suicide culturel, si l'on veut,
01:04:42mais tant qu'à voir le site comme ça dévasté, ou en tout cas pillé et détruit,
01:04:51on décide de prendre les choses en main soi-même et de le fermer de la bonne façon.
01:05:21Ça peut paraître étonnant, a priori, de se dire, on casse des objets,
01:05:24et c'est une façon d'abandonner un édifice et d'abandonner quelque part le monde auquel on croyait.
01:05:31En réalité, c'est parce que le statut des objets ou de diverses choses qui composent l'univers
01:05:36est différent chez ces sociétés anciennes des nôtres.
01:05:39Ainsi, par exemple, pour nous, cette table, elle n'a pas d'âme, elle n'a pas de conscience.
01:05:44Un animal est vivant, il en a un petit peu plus.
01:05:46Et les hommes sont ceux qui ont la pleine conscience et qui sont, disons, nos interlocuteurs.
01:05:50Dans le monde andin, c'est complètement différent.
01:05:52Certains objets, on les crée, on leur donne une vie.
01:05:56Leur ayant donné la vie en les créant, il les tue en les brisant.
01:06:06Carrying out a final ritual to close their world.
01:06:13Far from being shamefully annihilated without reacting,
01:06:17the priests of Pacha Kamaak resisted morally, symbolically, actors in their own disappearance.
01:06:31What happened afterwards?
01:06:44In 1553, the conquistadors continued their advance towards the capital, Cusco, wreaking chaos everywhere they went.
01:07:00Ninety percent of the empire's inhabitants died rapidly, massacred, or overcome by illnesses introduced by the Spanish.
01:07:11The survivors were enslaved by or allied themselves with the conquistadors.
01:07:18As for Emperor Manco Inca, the 14th of the dynasty, he took flight, accompanied by the remaining faithful, estimated to
01:07:26have been several hundred in number.
01:07:34Recent research has made it apparent that the emperor took refuge in the jungle in order to organize his resistance.
01:07:42From a remote city called Vilcabamba, he hoped to set out and reconquer his empire.
01:07:50But the chronicles give no indication of the whereabouts of this city, which was erased from people's memories.
01:07:57So where exactly was Vilcabamba, the last bastion of the Incas?
01:08:25American archaeologist Brian Bauer went in search of this lost city.
01:08:30And after ten years of research, he believes that he has at last managed to localize it.
01:08:36The bridge is out.
01:08:38Shut.
01:08:48I don't see them, but I presume I keep going.
01:09:08You'll have to sit here and be nervous for three, four hours.
01:09:13But it used to be a lot harder to go to the site.
01:09:17The very first time I went with a crew, we needed to rent horses.
01:09:23And it took us three days to hike in with horses.
01:09:27But now, in the last few years, they finished the road.
01:09:30But it's a very, very remote location.
01:09:56Ten years ago, Brian Bauer delved into the accounts of explorers at the beginning of the 20th century,
01:10:02who spoke of vestiges existing in the depths of this valley.
01:10:12This is the end of the road.
01:10:14And from here, we have to hike up to the site.
01:10:39The site is an hour's trek away.
01:10:45This is the fourth time that Brian Bauer will look at the site.
01:10:47He will have been there.
01:10:48And today, he's more or less certain of it.
01:10:51This could be Vilcabamba, the city of refuge for the Incas.
01:10:57Here, let's go.
01:10:58It's just a little bit.
01:11:02Because following excavations, this site, which has been partially cleared,
01:11:08possesses all the attributes of an imperial city.
01:11:11Ceremonial clearings.
01:11:16Perfectly rectangular buildings.
01:11:22And above all, this vast complex, which he has excavated over a long period.
01:11:47The quality of material we have is exceptionally beautiful, exceptionally well made.
01:11:53And so we know this was an elite building.
01:11:56And so we believe, as the Incas would have in all of their villages,
01:12:02they would have had their palaces and their residence.
01:12:07But they also would have had a Temple of the Sun.
01:12:09And so we think this was the Temple of the Sun.
01:12:15And it has various rooms.
01:12:18And we found within them teacher production,
01:12:23consumption material.
01:12:26And so what we expect is that the workers of the state would have been preparing food in these rooms.
01:12:34And then there's a small patio there where they would have come out and served the dignitaries when they were
01:12:42visiting.
01:12:44According to Datings, this temple was occupied from the middle of the 16th century.
01:12:55Coinciding precisely with the period when Emperor Manco Inca would have taken to the jungle.
01:13:11So is this site really Vilcabamba?
01:13:16For the moment this city has only been partially cleared.
01:13:21Only a few edifices have seen daylight once more.
01:13:26Exactly how far did it stretch?
01:13:30Are there other habitations still buried beneath the undergrowth,
01:13:34which would have been able to house the hundreds of resistance
01:13:37who came to organize the revolt against the Spanish invader?
01:13:49It was in order to answer these questions that Brian launched this latest mission,
01:13:54with a Franco-Peruvian team led by Marjorie Coulin.
01:13:59Tomorrow, these scientists are going to attempt to scan the entire site
01:14:03using this drone equipped with LiDAR sensors.
01:14:08In fact, LiDAR, it means Light Detection and Ranging.
01:14:11So it's like a radar, but it uses light impulsions lumineuses.
01:14:14They will be delivered geométriquement in such a way
01:14:16that some of them will be able to pierce the vegetation below
01:14:20and to rebondir rather below the canopy than below.
01:14:25And so we hope that these impulsions-là,
01:14:28which will succeed to pierce the canopy,
01:14:30will give us an idea of what there is below
01:14:32and potentially of the archaeological structures that we could find.
01:14:36that way.
01:14:37So what are we doing tomorrow?
01:14:38First of all, we have to decide the area
01:14:40that will have the highest priority for us.
01:14:44Sure.
01:14:44I have seen scattered buildings in this area,
01:14:49but we were never able to map it systematically.
01:14:53So my priority would be do the center and then move this area,
01:14:59which has been pretty cleared.
01:15:02And then once we're there, we could follow the river up,
01:15:06checking both sides of the river,
01:15:09and then up into that corner.
01:15:10Fantastic.
01:15:13Yeah.
01:15:17Yeah.
01:15:31Yeah.
01:15:39Now the leader comes.
01:15:44It's 4 kilos of charge.
01:15:47So it explains the size of the drone necessary to carry this type of material.
01:15:54It's a very high technology, very high precision.
01:15:57It's a very expensive material.
01:15:59We take our time to install it.
01:16:04Yeah.
01:16:06Yeah.
01:16:06Let's go.
01:16:07Let's go.
01:16:10Let's go.
01:16:11Let's go.
01:16:32I'm really excited about the LiDAR,
01:16:34because I think this may be the first time it's ever been used in Peru.
01:16:39We have no idea what's in the dense trees over there,
01:16:44so we're hoping that the LiDAR will be able to see the extension of the city.
01:16:49Without excavating the entire city,
01:16:52and nobody wants to do that because this is a beautiful tree-covered region,
01:16:57and so you want to do the science but leave the site as intact as possible.
01:17:08The LiDAR will fly for six hours.
01:17:13Brian Bauer hopes it will detect residential areas
01:17:16which could have housed the hundreds of exiled resistance.
01:17:23This will help to strengthen the theory that this site is indeed Vilcabamba,
01:17:28the bastion from which Inca resistance organized itself against the Spanish invader.
01:17:42There is another fundamental clue, discovered here a few years ago,
01:17:46which seems to strengthen this hypothesis further.
01:18:06It is this vase, filmed here for the very first time.
01:18:10It was found in the Temple of the Sun.
01:18:16Since its restoration it has been kept safe in a secret storage place.
01:18:23The Israeli archaeologist Batami Atzi has just finished her study of it.
01:18:29It is a very special moment to see this piece.
01:18:33I have not seen a lot of people.
01:18:36And yes, it is a unique moment.
01:18:44It is a reconstruction of a piece inca,
01:18:48in a form inca,
01:18:51made with 55 fragments that were found close to the door.
01:18:58It represents a fight between Spanish and indigenous.
01:19:03We have four Spanish,
01:19:05and all around there are many other Inca warriors
01:19:10from different parts of the empire
01:19:13in this fight against the Spanish.
01:19:19After months of study,
01:19:21Batami Atzi managed to identify the characters,
01:19:24and she observed an astonishing recurrence.
01:19:33Here, an Inca knocks to the ground a Spanish horseman.
01:19:38Here, another Spaniard is run through.
01:19:43And so it goes on throughout the battle scenes.
01:19:46Each time, it is the Incas who are the victors.
01:19:54In the focus are the two Spanish genes
01:19:57under the arco iris.
01:20:00And the arco iris in the Andes society
01:20:03represents a significant change.
01:20:07It is a concept known in the Andes as Pachacuti.
01:20:11It is the end of an era and the beginning of an era.
01:20:15So here, what we see here is a representation of the future.
01:20:20A future in which the Incas are going to win the Spanish
01:20:25and they are going to bring another Pachacuti.
01:20:27A Pachacuti that is going to favor the Incas.
01:20:31They believed that they could invert the situation
01:20:34and they could have the power again.
01:20:39They could have the power again.
01:20:42They could have the power again.
01:20:43They could have the power again.
01:20:44They could have the power again.
01:20:44Right to the end, it seems they never gave up.
01:20:48Carried by a spirit of resistance,
01:20:50they continued to believe that this city
01:20:52would be the base from which they would one day set off
01:20:55to recreate their empire.
01:21:14You're in Dayton's place.
01:21:18Now we are going to show back you, but...
01:21:21You okay in the woods?
01:21:24Hooray?
01:21:24Sim, te vai encantar.
01:21:26Sim?
01:21:27Se lembra.
01:21:29Olha aquele árbitro, isso é ótimo.
01:21:32O árbitro está no topo da pareja?
01:21:35Sim, olha.
01:21:36Esta zona de cá,
01:21:37já há zonas onde definitivamente
01:21:41há coisas.
01:21:42Hemos começado a encontrar
01:21:43já muros, definitivamente
01:21:47muros 100% seguros
01:21:48bajo a vegetação. Vou começar a desplazar-me
01:21:51aqui.
01:21:53E segue a muros.
01:21:55Exatamente.
01:21:56E se vê muito mais claro.
01:21:58E aí, sim.
01:21:59E o tem.
01:22:00Ve como se está acontecendo.
01:22:02Estamos subindo.
01:22:04Sim, estamos subindo.
01:22:06A quebrada.
01:22:07E segue a esse muros.
01:22:09A cidade continua a chegar.
01:22:12Continua.
01:22:12Está claro.
01:22:13Já estamos vendo.
01:22:15Eles são muito preliminários
01:22:17e ainda estamos trabalhando no dados,
01:22:20mas minha primeira impressão
01:22:22é que eu estou surpreso
01:22:24com a quantidade de construção
01:22:27que nós encontramos
01:22:28debaixo da árbitro.
01:22:30Isso conta a escala
01:22:33da construção
01:22:35e a escala
01:22:38da cidade.
01:22:40A cidade.
01:22:41é a cidade.
01:22:42Então,
01:22:43não há dúvida
01:22:44que o site
01:22:45era a cidade
01:22:45que os Inca
01:22:46chamaram
01:22:47Vilcabamba
01:22:48durante a final
01:22:49de Inca
01:22:50a cidade.
01:22:55A few meses
01:22:56this 3D reconstruction
01:22:58was created.
01:23:04Vilcabamba
01:23:04spread over
01:23:05more than 15 hectares.
01:23:07As Brian Bauer
01:23:08suspected,
01:23:09it was easily
01:23:10large enough
01:23:10to house
01:23:11all the resistance.
01:23:15It was here,
01:23:16within these walls,
01:23:18that for 40 years
01:23:19they organized
01:23:20the resistance,
01:23:21believing themselves
01:23:21protected
01:23:22by the anonymity
01:23:23of this jungle.
01:23:31But in 1572,
01:23:33the Spanish
01:23:34led an attack.
01:23:38Despite
01:23:38their determination,
01:23:40the resistance
01:23:41was overcome.
01:23:42Vilcabamba
01:23:43was reduced
01:23:43to ashes.
01:23:53The last
01:23:54Inca
01:23:55emperor
01:23:55was executed.
01:23:56It was the end
01:23:58of this civilization.
01:24:03The Inca's
01:24:05giant empire
01:24:06was silenced
01:24:07forever.
01:24:24But 500 years
01:24:26later,
01:24:27perhaps it
01:24:28will retrieve
01:24:29its voice.
01:24:39The anthropologist
01:24:41Sabine Hyland
01:24:42continues her search
01:24:43on the trail
01:24:44of the forgotten
01:24:45Inca writings.
01:24:51She is still
01:24:52looking for
01:24:53a quipu
01:24:53similar to
01:24:54those discovered
01:24:55in Peru
01:24:55to validate
01:24:56her theory
01:24:57about Incas
01:24:58possibly creating
01:24:59words with
01:25:00these objects.
01:25:03Somebody
01:25:04sent me
01:25:04a picture
01:25:05of the quipu
01:25:06here in Provo
01:25:07and I was
01:25:08astonished
01:25:08because it
01:25:09looks exactly
01:25:10like the
01:25:10coyote quipus
01:25:11and I'm going
01:25:12to see it
01:25:13right now.
01:25:14I've traveled
01:25:15a long way
01:25:16just for this
01:25:16moment.
01:25:20The quipu
01:25:21which Sabine
01:25:22is preparing
01:25:22to discover
01:25:23was taken
01:25:24to the United
01:25:25States
01:25:25in the 1940s.
01:25:34Oh my gosh.
01:25:37This looks
01:25:38just like
01:25:39the quipus
01:25:39in Coyada.
01:25:43This quipu
01:25:44comes from
01:25:44a valley
01:25:45in the Andes
01:25:46400km north
01:25:48of Coyada
01:25:48the village
01:25:49where she
01:25:50found the
01:25:50first two.
01:25:52There's no
01:25:52knots
01:25:53and a lot
01:25:54of the same
01:25:55colors
01:25:55the dark
01:25:56browns
01:25:57the blues
01:25:57all of these
01:25:59different colors
01:26:00it's really
01:26:01incredible.
01:26:03This is not
01:26:04a numerical
01:26:05quipu
01:26:05numerical quipus
01:26:06don't look
01:26:06anything like
01:26:07this.
01:26:08I am
01:26:08quite convinced
01:26:09that this is
01:26:10another phonetic
01:26:11quipu
01:26:11very similar
01:26:12to those
01:26:12in Coyada.
01:26:14This is
01:26:14what I was
01:26:15hoping
01:26:19I'm a little
01:26:20overwhelmed
01:26:21at seeing
01:26:21this right
01:26:22now because
01:26:22this is the
01:26:23proof I
01:26:23needed.
01:26:24When I first
01:26:25came out
01:26:25with my
01:26:26research on
01:26:26the Coyada
01:26:27quipus
01:26:28and my
01:26:28partial
01:26:28decipherment
01:26:29a lot of
01:26:30people said
01:26:31well maybe
01:26:32just in that
01:26:32village in
01:26:33the 18th
01:26:34century but
01:26:35we don't
01:26:35have any
01:26:36proof that
01:26:36anybody else
01:26:37in the Andes
01:26:38ever used
01:26:38this.
01:26:39This is
01:26:39really exciting
01:26:40because this
01:26:41is proof
01:26:41that there
01:26:43are other
01:26:43quipus
01:26:43out there
01:26:44besides
01:26:44those in
01:26:45the town
01:26:45of Coyada.
01:26:48So it
01:26:49would seem
01:26:49that during
01:26:50the Inca
01:26:50period there
01:26:51did indeed
01:26:52exist a
01:26:53form of
01:26:53writing
01:26:54common to
01:26:55the different
01:26:55Andean
01:26:56valleys as
01:26:57Sabine
01:26:57Highland
01:26:57suspected.
01:26:58From here
01:26:59on it
01:27:00will be
01:27:00necessary to
01:27:01painstakingly
01:27:02separate out
01:27:02the results
01:27:03to attempt
01:27:04to discover
01:27:04which syllable
01:27:05is hidden
01:27:06behind each
01:27:07chord
01:27:07and
01:27:08eventually
01:27:08be able
01:27:09to read
01:27:09these
01:27:10quipus
01:27:10in full.
01:27:12You know
01:27:12it's funny
01:27:13because the
01:27:13story of
01:27:13Champignon
01:27:14we always
01:27:14hear well
01:27:15he gets
01:27:15the Rosetta
01:27:16stone
01:27:16and he
01:27:17sees the
01:27:17relation
01:27:17he figures
01:27:18this out
01:27:18we don't
01:27:19often hear
01:27:19it took
01:27:20him 18
01:27:20years
01:27:22it wasn't
01:27:23a simple
01:27:23task.
01:27:42Why am I
01:27:42accumulating
01:27:43all this
01:27:43data?
01:27:45Why am I
01:27:46making all
01:27:46this effort
01:27:47to try
01:27:47to decipher
01:27:47these
01:27:48quipus?
01:27:51Now we
01:27:52know that
01:27:52the Incas
01:27:53have left
01:27:53a written
01:27:53trace
01:27:54and it's
01:27:54my
01:27:55obligation
01:27:55to bring
01:27:56their words
01:27:56back to
01:27:57life
01:27:58and I
01:27:58believe
01:27:58that it
01:27:59is the
01:27:59same
01:27:59for all
01:28:00the
01:28:00researchers
01:28:01embarking
01:28:01on this
01:28:02adventure.
01:28:06What do
01:28:06you do
01:28:06when you
01:28:07set out
01:28:07on the
01:28:07trail
01:28:08of
01:28:08the
01:28:08Inca
01:28:08resistance?
01:28:11What do
01:28:12you do
01:28:12when you
01:28:12dive
01:28:13into
01:28:13the
01:28:13Tiricaca
01:28:14lake
01:28:14in
01:28:15search
01:28:15of
01:28:15forgotten
01:28:15offerings?
01:28:19What are
01:28:19we doing
01:28:20if not
01:28:20giving back
01:28:21to the
01:28:22Incas
01:28:22their own
01:28:22words
01:28:23their own
01:28:24voices
01:28:24their own
01:28:25vision
01:28:25of the
01:28:26world
01:28:26without
01:28:26filters
01:28:27or
01:28:27intermediaries?
01:28:28And I
01:28:29believe
01:28:29that for
01:28:30an
01:28:30empire
01:28:30for
01:28:31civilization
01:28:32that has
01:28:32suffered
01:28:33so much
01:28:34but has
01:28:34also
01:28:34contributed
01:28:35so much
01:28:36to
01:28:36humanity
01:28:36this is
01:28:37only
01:28:37just
01:28:49After a hit
01:28:51and run
01:28:51an attempt
01:28:52to evade
01:28:52justice
01:28:53leads two
01:28:53brothers on
01:28:54a darkly
01:28:54comic journey
01:28:55full of twists
01:28:56and turns
01:28:57from the
01:28:57creator
01:28:58of
01:28:58line
01:28:58of
01:28:58duty
01:28:59comes
01:28:59Scotland's
01:29:00answer
01:29:00to
01:29:00Fargo
01:29:01guilt
01:29:01stream
01:29:02free
01:29:02on
01:29:02SBS
01:29:03on
01:29:03demand
01:29:05can
01:29:05and
01:29:05that
01:29:30on
01:29:31in
01:29:33the
01:29:33road
01:29:33and
01:29:33the
01:29:34Amém.