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00:42In keeping with Chevron's tradition of service throughout the 20th century,
00:47the people of Chevron bring you this program in support of public television.
01:15The party is Hitler, Hitler but is Germany.
01:22And like Germany, Hitler is.
01:24Hitler, victory!
01:27Victory!
01:29Victory!
01:31Victory!
01:34Victory!
01:35Victory!
01:37I'm Bill Moyers.
01:39My first impressions of the 20th century beyond the intimate circle of childhood were of these two men,
01:45Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler.
01:47They came to power in 1933, one year before I was born.
01:52So as I was growing up, their voices and their pictures became second in familiarity only to my family and
01:58friends.
01:59I was seven when Germany and America went to war.
02:01And to a child in a small town in East Texas, absorbed even then with news of the world beyond,
02:07there was no mistaking the matter.
02:09Nations were locked in a mighty struggle that somehow went beyond competing arms to diametrically opposed ideas about the human
02:17race.
02:17There were other faces and other voices, Stalin, Churchill, to mention too.
02:22But for all his enormous power so brutally employed, Stalin was rarely seen in public.
02:27And Churchill, while a hero, led a valiant but vulnerable nation.
02:32Hitler and Roosevelt were to me the charismatic figures.
02:35On an old radio like this, my parents and I would listen every night for news of the war
02:42and for the speeches of the dictator who personified the strutting glorification of Congress
02:47and the Democrat who rallied America to oppose him.
02:51I would, in time, realize that it was not alone in my youthful fancy
02:55that they took on the shape of gladiators of light and darkness.
02:58They were for real.
02:59You only have to look closely and ask, what if the outcome had been different?
03:05What if it had gone the other way?
03:08Try, if you can, to imagine a world ruled by those who believed in a super race
03:13and invented wholesale genocide, who set out to murder an entire people.
03:20It's conceivable.
03:22Even today, there are people who followed Hitler and regret only that he lost.
03:27I am convinced that Hitler was a very great man.
03:32And I am convinced that in about perhaps a century,
03:37this will be the meaning of the majority of mankind.
03:47His only thought was to get engaged into the war and to lose the war.
03:57That true believer is Fritz Hippler, who served Hitler as a supervisor of film propaganda
04:02and still clings to his faith in the Fuhrer.
04:05We forget today that the great majority of the German people awarded Hitler veneration and unquestioning obedience.
04:12How many more would have followed him if his conquest had continued?
04:16So I can't look at this century without thinking that the collision between the ideas of Adolf Hitler and Franklin
04:22Roosevelt
04:23represented its greatest turning point.
04:25Look at these two again.
04:27Hitler, the dictator, had begun life in poverty and saw himself as a man of the people.
04:32But he meant to turn those people into a pure Germanic aristocracy,
04:37goose-stepping to his beat and trampling others as they went.
04:40While across the ocean, FDR, a patrician from the landed gentry, was a Democrat.
04:47Not simply a member of the political party of that name,
04:50but one who did, in Thomas Jefferson's words,
04:53cherish the idea of the common folk and lead them to save the ideals of liberty and equality.
04:59I'm oversimplifying, of course, to see these two men as characters in a morality play,
05:04but the odd parallels helped to grasp what was at stake.
05:07They came to power within five weeks of each other.
05:11Each led his nation to become a world power,
05:13and their armies met in great battle to decide, for the moment,
05:17which view of civilization would prevail, the Democrats or the dictators.
05:23This is more than a political campaign.
05:27It is a call to all.
05:29Give me your help not to win votes alone,
05:33but to win in this crusade to restore America to its own people.
05:44The summer of 1932,
05:46Franklin Delano Roosevelt is nominated to run for president.
05:49In the midst of the Great Depression,
05:52he has something special,
05:53the confident smile and ringing tones of a winner.
05:56In November, he will sweep to victory,
05:59the first of four,
06:00and set out to lift the nation back to its feet.
06:06That same November,
06:07in the German elections,
06:09Adolf Hitler's party fails to win a majority in the Reichstag,
06:12but a series of backstage deals
06:14maneuvers Hitler into the chancellor's office
06:16on January 30, 1933.
06:19He seizes emergency powers,
06:21wipes out his opposition,
06:23and within a year,
06:24is master of the nation.
06:26Amidst economic and political chaos,
06:29the German people are ripe for leadership.
06:31But in a black parody of the democratic ideal,
06:34Hitler substitutes a solo
06:35for what should be a chorus.
06:38Under him,
06:39Germany will have only one voice,
06:41his own.
06:43Mich unterschied nur etwas,
06:46nämlich die Erkenntnis,
06:48dass man den Folgen dieses Verbrechens
06:52nur dann wird begegnen können,
06:56wenn man aus den Fehlern der Vergangenheit lernen will,
07:02um aus ihrer Kenntnis voraus
07:04sich die Voraussetzungen zu schaffen
07:07für die Überwindung des Folgenzustandes.
07:12The crime against which Hitler railed
07:14was the Treaty of Versailles,
07:16signed at the end of World War I.
07:19November 1918 brought joy to the winners.
07:23But for the vanquished,
07:24it was a different story.
07:26Defeat in the field was one thing,
07:28but the Treaty of Versailles,
07:29one of the harshest in modern history,
07:31humiliated and impoverished the Fatherland.
07:34In this room,
07:36the Allies disarmed Germany,
07:37stripped her of valuable possessions
07:39and exacted reparations of billions in hard cash.
07:43A savage inflation,
07:44engineered some said to ease the debt,
07:47wiped out the life savings of middle-class Germans.
07:50When Hitler threatened vengeance,
07:52he spoke to the despair,
07:53the anger,
07:54the insecurity in millions of Germans.
07:57Fritz Hippler remembers.
07:59The Treaty of Versailles
08:01was the cause of all
08:04which followed.
08:06That was the great inflation.
08:10That was a fact
08:11that more and more men
08:14got without job.
08:16Millions were unemployed.
08:18The general misery in the people.
08:21And thus,
08:24the sympathies
08:25of the German people
08:28were directed
08:30to
08:33one man
08:34to a sort of savior.
08:37The man offering to restore Germany's glory
08:39was this young,
08:41twice-wounded veteran
08:42of the Kaiser's beaten army.
08:44Hitler had himself experienced
08:45the hatred and shame
08:47that gripped his nation
08:48and was learning to use them
08:49to build one great audience.
09:00While Hitler was learning
09:01the politics of violence and hatred,
09:03across the Atlantic,
09:04this rich young lawyer
09:05and amateur sailor
09:06was beginning to master
09:08politics of another kind.
09:09Politics was the love
09:11of Franklin Roosevelt's life.
09:12He served as assistant secretary
09:14of the Navy
09:15under President Woodrow Wilson
09:16and learned early
09:18that politics required
09:19both deals and ideals.
09:21His gaiety and personality,
09:23not to mention his skills,
09:25gained him
09:26the vice presidential nomination
09:27in 1920.
09:28He lost,
09:29but by now
09:30was winning
09:30a personal following
09:32engaged by his charm
09:33and ideals.
09:34The sweaty realities
09:36of American pluralism
09:37were sweet to Roosevelt.
09:39He was learning
09:40to move crowds,
09:41woo votes,
09:42scratch backs,
09:43make compromises.
09:44Few men have so zestfully
09:46taken to the rituals
09:47of campaigning.
09:49Hitler sharpened
09:50his political skills
09:51in turbulent post-war Munich.
09:53When his voice rang out
09:54in beer hall arguments,
09:56frustrated veterans
09:57and discouraged young men
09:58put down their steins
10:00to listen.
10:00It was,
10:01Hitler said later,
10:03a wondrous moment
10:04of discovery.
10:05I could speak.
10:07It was the source
10:08of his power.
10:09At first,
10:10he enlisted the bullies,
10:11strutting and saluting
10:12in fancy uniforms,
10:13while Hitler
10:14harnessed their anger
10:15and gave it thrust.
10:17Gradually,
10:18the Nazi ranks
10:19began to grow,
10:20for the grievances
10:21of Germany were many,
10:22and Hitler
10:23was their trumpet.
10:25Not at first
10:26did the walls
10:27come tumbling down.
10:28When an overconfident
10:29Hitler tried to seize
10:30power by force
10:31at the end of 1923,
10:33his followers were scattered
10:34and he was sent to jail.
10:36Some influential Germans
10:37who distrusted
10:38the country's
10:39new democratic regime
10:40got him released
10:41within the year,
10:42but not before
10:43he had written a book.
10:45This book,
10:46Mein Kampf,
10:48My Battle.
10:49It is not
10:50Martin Luther King's
10:51letter from a Birmingham jail.
10:53King reached out
10:54of his cell
10:55to touch a nation's conscience.
10:57Hitler's jailhouse
10:58diatribe
10:59presaged a carnage
11:00and barbarity
11:01beyond comprehension
11:02until unfortunately
11:04it had happened.
11:05You wonder
11:06what the 20th century
11:07might have been like
11:08if more people
11:09had read this
11:10and read it
11:11as seriously
11:12as Adolf Hitler Minit.
11:14The venomous nationalism
11:15is here.
11:16The malicious racism.
11:18The search for scapegoats,
11:20communists and Jews
11:20in particular.
11:21The appeal
11:22to self-sacrifice
11:24in behalf
11:24of a glorious Germany.
11:27Just listen.
11:29If with the help
11:30of the Marxian creed
11:31the Jew is victorious
11:33over the other peoples
11:34of the world
11:34his crown
11:35will be the funeral wreath
11:37of humanity.
11:38Or this.
11:39The Jew stops at nothing
11:41and in his vileness
11:42he becomes so gigantic
11:43that no one
11:44need be surprised
11:45if among our people
11:46the personification
11:47of the devil
11:48as the symbol
11:48of all evil
11:49assumes the living shape
11:51of the Jew.
11:52Or this.
11:53A state which
11:54in this age
11:55of racial poisoning
11:56dedicates itself
11:58to the care
11:58of its best racial elements
12:00one day
12:01will become
12:02master of the earth.
12:05How to explain it?
12:06Not many Germans
12:08read Mein Kampf
12:08at the time
12:09but many believed
12:10the ideas in it.
12:12In Germany recently
12:13I talked to a man
12:14who spent his life
12:14studying the career
12:15and times of Hitler.
12:17He said
12:18you can't understand
12:19the panic
12:20that seized the middle class
12:21the burgers of Germany
12:22after World War I.
12:24The Industrial Revolution
12:25had already uprooted
12:27the old cultural
12:28and moral values.
12:29They had lost the war.
12:30Now a communist revolution
12:32had swept Russia
12:33and threatened Europe.
12:34The word spread
12:36that only the Jews
12:37could benefit
12:38from the chaos.
12:39After all
12:39it was said
12:40had they not survived
12:41change and upheaval
12:43through all of history?
12:44Well Hitler seized
12:46upon the idea
12:46to create a villain.
12:48Someone to blame
12:49someone to hate.
12:52No letter
12:53from a Birmingham jail.
12:55No sonnets
12:56from the Portuguese.
12:57This is a hate book.
13:02The childhood
13:03of great men
13:05poses teasing questions.
13:07Who knows
13:08the thoughts of children?
13:09What's the chemistry
13:11of inherited traits
13:12and the environment?
13:13That metamorphosis
13:15of time, place
13:16and family
13:16by which a life
13:17begins like any other life
13:18and comes one day
13:20to terrify the world
13:21or inspire it.
13:23We have clothed
13:24our own images
13:25of Hitler and Roosevelt
13:26with our deepest
13:27personal feelings
13:28about authority
13:29and liberty.
13:29So it's hard to remember
13:31that they were men
13:32before they were legends
13:33and children
13:35before they were men.
13:36But when the child
13:38becomes the man
13:39and the man
13:40becomes his nation's leader
13:41what characteristics
13:43of the child
13:44come to power
13:45with the man?
13:48By his 18th year
13:49Adolf Hitler
13:50was already turned in
13:51on himself
13:52brooding
13:53and daydreaming.
13:54He had been born
13:55in a small Austrian village
13:57in 1889.
13:58His mother
13:59was apparently affectionate
14:00but his father
14:02a minor bureaucrat
14:03was a strict disciplinarian
14:05not loath
14:06to beat his young son.
14:08That may explain
14:10why Hitler
14:10was remembered
14:11as a moody schoolboy.
14:12He had few friends
14:14and spent much
14:14of his time alone
14:15reading.
14:17Teachers found him
14:18lazy and undisciplined
14:19but a talent
14:20for drawing and painting
14:22let him dwell
14:22in that inner world
14:23of the self
14:24which he alone
14:25could master
14:25and where he could live
14:27unmolested
14:28by anybody's own fantasies.
14:38His parents died
14:39when he was young
14:40and Hitler moved
14:41to Vienna
14:42to pursue the artist life
14:43by most accounts
14:45a solitary life
14:46and certainly
14:47in his case
14:48cheerless
14:48and melancholy.
14:55What a different story
14:57with Roosevelt.
14:58He started
14:59with a cradle
14:59of assets
15:00including the expectation
15:02that he would become
15:03a country gentleman
15:04on this comfortable
15:05Hudson Valley estate
15:06in New York.
15:08His father too
15:09died early in his life
15:10but Roosevelt's mother
15:12lavished attention
15:13on the boy.
15:14She gave him toys
15:15to teach manly
15:16self-reliance.
15:17She made sure
15:18he went to
15:18the right schools.
15:30His good looks
15:32were a bit of luck
15:32a gift that nurtured
15:34his natural buoyancy.
15:36This happy
15:37handsome young man
15:38lived in a warm nest
15:40of people and memories
15:41of distinguished kinfolk
15:43and clan reunions.
15:45His world
15:45was full of possibility
15:47and promise.
15:51not so
15:52the world
15:53of Hitler.
15:54Life in Vienna
15:55started sourly
15:56for him.
15:57The Imperial Art Academy
15:58turned him down
15:59as a student.
16:01Rejected
16:01and lonely
16:02he wandered
16:03the streets
16:04scraping out a living
16:06by illustrating
16:06postcards.
16:16He was an outsider
16:17in what was then
16:18one of the brightest
16:19and most cosmopolitan
16:20capitals of Europe.
16:21The home of some
16:22of the young century's
16:23best minds.
16:25But Hitler did see
16:26another Vienna.
16:28The Vienna of palaces
16:30and monuments.
16:31Totems in stone
16:33to the Holy Roman Empire.
16:34That Reich
16:35that had lasted
16:36a thousand years.
16:43and in Vienna's
16:44opera house
16:45there was music
16:46to match the monuments.
16:48Music that set
16:49Hitler afire
16:50with the heroic
16:51German past.
16:52The music
16:53of Richard Wagner.
16:55Wagner wrote
16:56operas that crashed
16:57and rang
16:58and soared
16:59with heroism,
17:00sacrifice and doom.
17:01The chords
17:02of a super race.
17:08These haunting themes
17:10possessed
17:10the young Hitler.
17:12They would echo
17:13in his mind.
17:14They would feed
17:15his dreams
17:16of Germany
17:17again an empire.
17:18But this time
17:19neither holy
17:20nor Roman.
17:23Music
17:32was the first one
17:39before he did
17:39He made the
17:40lors of the
17:40destruction of the
17:40And they were
17:44And they would have
17:45The other way
17:46of the film
17:46was the second day
17:47that regimented��
17:51high.
18:03Oh, Mr. Rosa Pal, won't you please run again, for we want you to do it, you've got to go
18:10through it again.
18:11Mr. Rosa Pal, won't you please run again, for you're right in the middle of solving our riddle and stand.
18:18We're ready to march to the home, to ride a boom-de-ay, to ride a boom-de-ay, to
18:24the hullabaloo.
18:26There'll be a blast, the man who held on you, for you're the hope of all American women and men.
18:33Mr. Rosa Pal, won't you do it again?
18:38For men of such different backgrounds, one a lonely youth and failed artist, the other a prosperous country squire and
18:45hell-fellow well-met,
18:46one early on rejected and abused, the other born to comfort and security, one wounded in war,
18:53the other stricken by a crippling disease. For all this, they had in common a powerful gift,
18:59clear, unmistakable voices, audible to the multitudes. There's a canto by James Thompson,
19:05which often comes to mind when I listen to a speech by Hitler or Roosevelt. It goes,
19:10he ceased, but still their trembling ears retained the deep vibrations of his witching song.
19:18So it is with both these men. They were virtuosos on the keyboard of human emotions.
19:23By the time they came to power in 1933, the voice was magnified a hundredfold by 20th century
19:30technology, especially by film and radio. These two men were leaders constantly on stage,
19:37molding behavior with spoken appeals to reason and with symbolic appeals to the unconscious
19:43memories and images deep within us. I think Roosevelt had the more complicated time of it.
19:49We Americans like to think of ourselves as individualists, but most of the time we really
19:54don't like to buck the will of the majority. So he had to speak to millions as if he were
19:58talking to
19:59one person at a time. He became a one-man pep squad for a new American majority.
20:07Hitler was not interested in majorities. He wanted a mass. His was a brilliant,
20:13stupefying creation, the modern totalitarian will expressed with an overpowering symbolic
20:19vocabulary of flags, uniforms, chants, and salutes. Those who would not speak this new language
20:26were crushed. Those who did were swept up in a mad music that deafened them to individual
20:31conscience and exalted the roar of the crowd. The secret, say those who remember, lay in the magic
20:40bomb that was established as soon as the first sentences had been uttered between the speaker
20:45and the audience so that the people, as if electrified, recognized themselves in him.
20:55Roosevelt, the pragmatist, mingled high-mindedness and corn in his shirt-sleeved courtship of plain
21:01people. His attitude, his manner, his gestures gave emotional substance to what would have otherwise
21:07been stale phrases, like, my friends and your government. He was president of the whole nation,
21:14but he made voters feel as if they were a friend of the family. Sitting down here next to me
21:20is
21:20Mrs. Roosevelt, my wife, and my granddaughter, Anna Roosevelt-Dal, on her lap, and then my daughter,
21:29Anna-Dal, and Buzzy on her lap, and then my mother. What's our campaign slogan, sister?
21:37Happy days are here again. Good, that's right.
21:40These Republican leaders have not been contented with attacks on me, or on my wife, or on my
21:52sons. No, not contented with that. They now include my little dog, Salah.
22:12He spoke to the masses, not by too much intellectual means. He spoke to the heart, to the soul of
22:26the masses, and he moved the unconsciousness of the masses more than the intellect.
22:42To Hitler, the individual was only a cell in the body politic. He would seduce the youth of the land
22:48away from their mothers and fathers, so that their true and only family might become the German race.
22:59The good of my youth, he said, is me, and you have to be the man who is that person.
23:10And you, my daughter, zo筒 this is the man who will become the man who has it in the sense
23:15of the
23:15Because you are flesh from our blood from our blood from our blood and our huge Some say well.
23:23brennt dasselbe Geist, der uns beherrscht.
23:33Ihr könnt nicht anders sein, als mit uns verbunden.
23:43Vor uns liegt Deutschland, in uns marschiert Deutschland und hinter uns kommt Deutschland.
24:00Beside! Beside! Beside! Beside!
24:10Beside! Beside! Beside!
24:15Aufdrefe!
24:16He is beat, olive, pie, tree, tree, tree!
24:19Boycott, Boycott, D.A.C.
24:22The President, the President, the President!
24:25Roosevelt took a different tone with young people.
24:29Is it on the street?
24:31Oh, boy.
24:42Fellow members of the Boy Scouts of America,
24:47I haven't been here for two years.
24:50All sorts of things have happened up here in that time.
24:55And when you come right down to it,
24:57the NRA is based on the same fundamentals
25:00that scouting is based on.
25:03In other words,
25:06trying to do something for the other fellow
25:09and not trying to do somebody.
25:16It's based on cooperation.
25:18You know what that means.
25:20It's based on the spirit of service.
25:23And it's going to work,
25:26just like scouting has worked.
25:29Yay, Brother Oslo!
25:32Yay, Brother Oslo!
25:54The sophisticate might say there's something banal
25:56about those pictures of Franklin Roosevelt out among the folks.
25:59Just one more reminder that politics is applesauce.
26:04One rather huffly pompous nominator told an earlier political convention,
26:07the fathers who gave us this government were not graduated from soapboxes.
26:11Well, it's true.
26:13But I don't know anyone who has successfully adopted politics as a profession
26:17and lost that sense of play.
26:19I don't think that's so bad.
26:21For all the mischief,
26:22for the multitude of sins covered by the horsing around,
26:25there is a saving grace in the homespun frolics of American politics.
26:31It makes for humility.
26:32After all, a little comedy prevents seeing everything as a matter of life and death.
26:37We're not enjoined to take politics as a religion
26:41or to think of the state as a deity.
26:43God and Caesar in America are not one and the same.
26:47And our Caesars, whom we can replace at will, are just like us.
26:52We never stop telling them so.
27:04But look at Hitler.
27:05Politics was all.
27:07The state was church, the Fuhrer God.
27:10Loyalty became a religious duty, even a religious passion.
27:14Christian symbols were transformed into icons of secular magic.
27:18Party members killed in street brawls were regarded as martyrs.
27:21And when Hitler touched their flag to those of his new Nazi disciples,
27:25he was laying on hands, passing on the spirit to a new generation of the faithful.
27:32Roosevelt's fireside homilies were as the small talk of neighbors across a back fence.
27:37I am happy to speak to you from my home on a Sabbath day that has been observed
27:43in so many of your home communities as Brotherhood Day,
27:48a day on which we can dedicate ourselves not to the things that divide,
27:54but to the things which unite us.
27:57You people must have faith.
27:59You must not be stampeded by rumors or guesses.
28:03Let us unite in banishing fear.
28:07We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system.
28:13And it is up to you to support and make it work.
28:17It is your problem, my friends, no less than it is mine.
28:22Together, we cannot fail.
28:25I don't believe that the opponents who have laughed at the time,
28:31have laughed at the time today.
28:33We are living for the citizens,
28:38that never comes back.
28:41The old age of these corrupt parties.
29:05The power of ceremony Hitler knew well.
29:08He thrilled the Germans with parades that proved they had regained their strength and honor.
29:13Wrote one German poet,
29:15he fastens the true symbol upon the people's banner
29:17and leads through the storm and dreadful signs of the early dawn
29:21his loyal troop to the work of the watchful day
29:24and plants the new right.
29:35Americans on parade were as they had been since the days of the Minutemen.
29:38Amateur warriors stepping along to a popular tune.
29:42If he goes to the jakim ok.
30:01And he has to know...
30:03Black brothers say,
30:25Hitler was after total mobilization it could be achieved only by destroying the will of any
30:32person or the loyalty of any organization that might mediate between the central power of the
30:37state and the individual the Reich alone would make men of these boys
31:02it's very good to be here at these Virginia CCC camps I wish I could see them all over the
31:07country I hope that all over the country they're in as fine condition as the camps that I've seen today
31:12I wish that I could take a couple of months off from the White House and come down here and
31:18live with them because I know I'd get full of health the way they have
31:21the only difference is that they've put on an average of about 12 pounds apiece since they got here and
31:28I'm trying to take off 12 pounds
31:41we can see yet another difference between the dictator the Democrat in their treatment of the arts
31:46I said earlier that while Hitler was a failed artist he fancied himself an artist nonetheless
31:52this is one of his original paintings done while he lived in Vienna
31:56I have to stop and think that the same a Hitler who signed his name to this peaceful scene was
32:02the Adolf Hitler who inspired the madness the malice and the murder of Nazi Germany
32:07this would be artist purged the museums of Germany of some 17,000 paintings including the masterpieces by Gauguin and
32:15Van Gogh
32:16many were sold many were burned
32:19to replace them he opened in Munich a Nazi gallery and commissioned a new German art heroic massive yoked by
32:28blood and power to the service of the master race
32:31the German art of the master race
32:43It's a march here,
32:47in the way it's best.
32:52It's a march here,
32:56and we'll come from the action of the chance.
33:03March here in the night,
33:08.
33:10.
33:38Oh
34:02We rise up so early each morning
34:05All eager to start up the day
34:09We get out our paints and our brushes
34:13And we work for the WPA
34:17Roosevelt commissioned artists too
34:19But with no strings attached
34:21The Federal Arts Project kept artists from starving
34:24During the Depression
34:25And kept alive the carols of a Whitman-esque America
34:29And you work for the red, white, and blue
34:33All for art, all for art
34:36That's why we do what we do
34:40All for art, all for art
34:44When you work for the red, white, and blue
34:47We're trying to paint on the pittance
34:51They pay in the WPA
34:54The fruit will be eaten tomorrow
34:58Is the still life we're painting today
35:01And so we persist on per diems
35:05Each masterpiece comes from the heart
35:09They may never hang in museums
35:13But who is to say they ain't art?
35:45It's all for art, all for art
35:51The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way
36:01Everywhere in the world
36:05The third is freedom from want
36:09The third is freedom from want
36:34The third is freedom from fear
36:34Which translated into world terms
36:39Means a world wide reduction of armaments
36:44To such a point
36:46And in such a thorough fashion
36:48That no nation will be in a position
36:52To commit an act of physical aggression
36:55Against any neighbor
36:57Anywhere in the world
37:03The movement
37:05The movement
37:06She lives
37:07And she is still
37:10Felsenfest begründet
37:13And so long
37:15Only one of us
37:18Atman can
37:20Will
37:21Er
37:22Diese Bewegung
37:24Seine Kräfte leihen
37:26Und für sie eintreten
37:28Und den Befehl
37:30Gab uns
37:32Kein irdischer Vorgesetzter
37:34Den gab uns der Gott
37:37Der unser Volk geschaffen hat
37:40Nur zu denken
37:42An Deutschland
37:43An Volk
37:45Und an Reich
37:46An unsere deutsche Nation
37:48Und der deutsche Volk
37:50Sieg heilt
37:51Sieg heilt
37:56Captains of enemy hosts
37:57Franklin Roosevelt
37:58And Adolf Hitler
37:59You could not have
38:01Contrived in fiction
38:02Two adversaries
38:03More suited to represent
38:04The great political division
38:05Of the 20th century
38:06Between tyranny
38:08And democracy
38:09But neither man
38:10Is a stereotype
38:11Roosevelt was not
38:13Universally beloved
38:13To millions
38:14He was
38:15That man
38:16Detested and reviled
38:18Hitler I'm persuaded
38:19Was an evil genius
38:20I don't buy that
38:22Revisionist theory
38:23That we should give
38:24Some men credit
38:25For their love
38:26Of children and animals
38:27With men like Hitler
38:28Only deeds count
38:30But we have to remember
38:32Painful though it is
38:33That the majority
38:34Of Germans profited
38:35From the first six years
38:37Of Hitler's rule
38:37He harnessed a powerful
38:39Tide of national feeling
38:41And carried the populace
38:42With him
38:43With massive investments
38:44In public works and arms
38:45He put idle Germans
38:47Back to work
38:48And made their nation
38:49Once more
38:50A great power in Europe
38:51They loved him for it
38:53Poets proclaimed him
38:54The greatest
38:55Professors declared him
38:56Infinitely wise
38:58And clergymen
38:59Infinitely good
39:01It's true
39:02The brutality
39:03Of his efficient system
39:05Kept laggards in line
39:06But even when war came
39:08After the death
39:09And destruction
39:10Had begun
39:11The loyalty
39:12Of many Germans
39:13To Hitler
39:13Was patriotic
39:15And personal
39:17I'm often
39:19Sickened at the thought
39:20That he would have
39:20Gotten away
39:21With his crimes
39:22Against the Jews
39:22And others
39:23If only he had not
39:25Pushed his army
39:26And his luck
39:27Too far
39:27But he did
39:29And that led
39:30Franklin Roosevelt
39:31To press for the
39:32Arming of America
39:33Roosevelt devoted
39:35The whole of his
39:36Persuasive arts
39:37To warning our country
39:38That we couldn't exist
39:39In a world
39:40Half slave
39:41And half free
39:43When I watch
39:44Hitler and Roosevelt
39:45On screen
39:46I'm struck with the way
39:47In which film
39:48Enables us to live
39:49Simultaneously
39:49In past and present
39:51The words of the leaders
39:52Are ideas
39:54Incarnated in
39:55Living breath
39:57Evocative and powerful
39:58As human speech can be
40:00But the camera
40:02And the microphone
40:03Arrest the moment
40:04So that while
40:05Roosevelt and Hitler
40:06Are talking about
40:07Specific events in time
40:09We catch today
40:11Meanings beyond
40:12The calendar's grasp
40:14Visions of old
40:15That seem
40:16Freshly minted
40:34The costbarste Besitz
40:36Auf dieser Welt aber
40:37Ist das eigene Volk
40:40Und für dieses Volk
40:44Und um dieses Volk
40:46Wollen wir ringen
40:48Und wollen wir kämpfen
40:49Und niemals
40:52Erlahmen
40:53Und niemals
40:54Ermüden
40:55Und niemals
40:57Verzagen
40:57Und niemals
40:59Verzweifeln
41:00We have under a
41:02Common ideal
41:03Of democratic
41:03Government
41:04A rich diversity
41:06Of resources
41:07And of peoples
41:09Functioning together
41:10In mutual respect
41:12And peace
41:39Frankly and definitely
41:41There is danger
41:43Ahead
41:45Danger against which
41:47We must prepare
41:49We cannot escape
41:51Danger
41:51Or the fear of it
41:54By crawling into bed
41:56And pulling the covers
41:57Over our heads
42:18Es wird stets
42:20Nur ein Teil eines Volkes
42:22Aus wirklich aktiven Kämpfern bestehen
42:25Von ihnen wird mehr gefordert
42:29Als von den Millionen
42:31Der übrigen Volksgenossen
42:33Für sie genügt nicht
42:35Die bloße Ablegung
42:37Des Bekenntnisses
42:38Ich glaube
42:39Sondern der Schwur
42:41Ich kämpfe
42:44I have seen
42:46War
42:47On land
42:48And sea
42:50I have seen
42:51Blood running
42:52From the wounded
42:53I have seen
42:55Men
42:55Coughing out
42:56Their gassed lungs
42:58I have seen
42:59The dead
43:00In the mud
43:02I have seen
43:03Cities destroyed
43:04I have seen
43:06Children
43:07Starving
43:08I have seen
43:10The agony
43:11Of mothers
43:11And wives
43:12I
43:14Hate
43:15War
43:16Das deutsche
43:17Friedensheer ist
43:18Aufgestellt
43:19Eine gewaltige deutsche
43:21Luftwaffe schützt
43:22Unsere Heimat
43:23Eine neue Macht
43:24So sehe
43:25Unsere Küsten
43:26Imitten der gigantischen
43:28Steigerung
43:29Unsere allgemeine
43:29Produktion wurde es
43:30Möglich
43:31Eine Aufrüstung
43:32Oh
43:33Nichts
43:34Gleicher
43:34Vorzuführen
43:35Jede Institution
43:57The Nazi danger
43:59To our western world
44:00Has long ceased
44:02To be a mere
44:03Possibility
44:04The danger
44:05Is here now
44:06Not only
44:08From a military enemy
44:09But from
44:11An enemy
44:12Of all law
44:13All liberty
44:14All morality
44:16All religion
44:18Es ist unser Wunsch
44:19Und Wille
44:20Dass dieser Staat
44:22Und dieses Reich
44:23Bestehen sollen
44:24In den kommenden
44:25Jahrtausenden
44:26Wir können glücklich
44:28Sein zu wissen
44:29Dass diese Zukunft
44:31Restlos uns gehört
44:51This nation has placed its destiny
44:54In the hands
44:56In the hands
44:57And heads
44:58And hearts
44:59Of its millions
45:01Of free
45:02Men
45:03And women
45:04And its faith
45:06In freedom
45:08Under the guidance
45:09Of God
45:10Freedom
45:12Means
45:13The supremacy
45:14Of human rights
45:15Everywhere
45:16Our support
45:18Goes to those
45:20Who struggle
45:22To gain
45:23Those rights
45:24And keep them
45:26Our strength
45:27Is our unity
45:29Of purpose
45:30To that
45:32High concept
45:34There can be
45:36No end
45:37Save victory
45:43It would be nice
45:45If morality plays
45:46Proceeded neatly
45:46Along their paths
45:47But unfortunately
45:48They don't
45:49When we finally
45:50Found cause
45:51To join battle
45:52With the Nazi
45:52Enemies of
45:53All law
45:54All liberty
45:55All morality
45:56All religion
45:56It wasn't over
45:57What they had done
45:58To their subject peoples
45:59But because the Japanese
46:01Made war on us
46:02At Pearl Harbor
46:02Hitler
46:03Allied by
46:04Treaty to Tokyo
46:05Honored his word
46:06For a change
46:07And joined them
46:08Once in the fighting
46:09We found ourselves
46:10Allied with
46:11Undemocratic regimes
46:12Chief among them
46:13That of Stalin
46:14The other great tyrant
46:15Of the 20th century
46:16So much for
46:17Neat historical schemes
46:20But all the same
46:21Let there be no doubt
46:22About it
46:23We were fighting
46:24For something
46:24Which even
46:25Noble words
46:26Convey
46:26Imperfectly
46:27We knew it
46:29When we saw it
46:30And even then
46:31We couldn't speak it
46:32We understood
46:33At the end
46:34What it was all about
46:35When our advancing armies
46:36Pierced the heart
46:37Of the darkness
46:38That was Hitler's
46:39Germany
46:39There are some things
46:41The tongue cannot utter
46:42Which the eyes
46:43Seeing can never forget
47:02Oh god
47:02It was his first name
47:15Well
47:15A third type of
47:15But the smoke
48:09It was too late for the world to say, we're sorry.
48:13There was only time to say, never again.
48:17And that was the message Franklin Roosevelt expressed in his last address to the American people.
48:23There can be no middle ground here.
48:25We shall have to take the responsibility for world collaboration.
48:29Or we shall have to bear the responsibility for another world conflict.
48:34And I am confident that the Congress and the American people will accept the results of this conference
48:42as the beginnings of a permanent structure of peace,
48:47upon which we can begin to build under God
48:52that better world in which our children and grandchildren,
48:58yours and mine,
49:01the children and grandchildren of the whole world must live and can live.
49:11Franklin Roosevelt died shortly thereafter, on April 12, 1945.
49:17When word reached Hitler of his foe's death, he shouted,
49:21here we have the miracle I always predicted.
49:23Though war isn't lost, Roosevelt is dead.
49:26Seventeen days later, shortly after three o'clock of another April afternoon,
49:31this time in a Berlin bunker,
49:33Adolf Hitler died by his own hand.
49:35The Democrat and the dictator remain in death what they were in life,
49:40archetypes of political thought as different as compassion from genocide.
49:45I wonder, all these years later,
49:47whether we really understand what was at stake in the conflict they embodied.
49:51Do we still share Roosevelt's exuberant belief in the possibilities of democracy?
49:56Would another Hitler find a waiting power for a torch emblazoned with hate?
50:01I'd like to think not.
50:03But walking down a main street in San Francisco not long ago,
50:06on one of those crisp and clear days when all is well with the world,
50:10and the earth seems indisputably a fair and wondrous place,
50:14I was stopped in my tracks by the sight of a swastika,
50:18crudely scratched on a marble facade in the center of a busy and pleasant street.
50:22A swastika, that twisted insignia of racial superiority and merciless military might.
50:29I remembered something a young German said recently.
50:32This fellow Hitler, he said,
50:35I think he's played a trick on us.
50:36He will be with us as long as we live.
50:41I'm Bill Moyers.
50:43O.
50:452.
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52:20who have been helping to supply America's energy needs throughout the 20th century.