00:05An airplane is a kind of transportation that flies in the sky.
00:09All airplanes are alike in some ways.
00:12Every airplane must have fixed wings and an engine or a propeller.
00:17It also has landing gear, a tail and a body called a fuselage.
00:23Airplanes come in many shapes and sizes.
00:26Most airplanes have one or two pilots who sit in the front of the plane.
00:31The front area of an airplane is called the cockpit.
00:36The first cockpits were open.
00:39Cabins became closed in the year 1912.
00:42Until then, even the place where the people sat was open.
00:46Some military aircraft even had open cockpits during World War II.
00:52Today, cockpits are covered with special windows.
00:56The windshields have coatings that help melt ice and do not turn yellow over time.
01:01Most windows can also open when the airplane is on the ground.
01:05The windows are made to help reduce the glare from the sun.
01:11Airplanes have many uses.
01:12They are used for research in the military.
01:17Airplanes carry people to places all over the world.
01:20Airplanes carry 200 billion tons of goods every year.
01:26Long before airplanes were built, there was a man who dreamed of them.
01:30He was named Sir George Cayley and is known as the father of the aeroplane.
01:35He began studying the science of flight.
01:38Sir George built a model glider that would set the way for future airplanes.
01:43He also named the four most needed parts for a good flight, thrust, lift, drag, and weight.
01:50People began drawing ideas for airplanes.
01:53In the 1890s, a man made a kite that could lift a person in the air.
01:59People during this time were coming up with ideas for flight.
02:03However, nobody had made a real airplane yet.
02:08Then two brothers named Orville and Wilbur Wright built the first airplane that flew.
02:13They built their airplane in an Ohio bike shop.
02:16Their first flight took place in North Carolina on December 17, 1903.
02:23The brothers called their plane the Wright Flyer.
02:26The Wright Flyer had a propeller and a small engine.
02:29A propeller has blades that spin around at the front of the airplane.
02:35The propeller gave the airplane power.
02:38The engine had the power of eight horses.
02:42Then a Brazilian inventor named Alberto Santos Dumont set a world record in Europe.
02:49His box airplane flew 720 feet.
02:52This is about as long as 15 school buses waiting in a line.
02:58The first commercial passenger flight was in 1914.
03:02The pilot flew people across a body of water in Florida.
03:07The flight was only 23 minutes long.
03:10It cost $400.
03:14After World War I, airplane science began to grow.
03:17Two pilots named Alcock and Brown flew an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean without stopping.
03:23This important flight took place in 1919.
03:27At this time, airplanes began transporting goods, like mail, from one country to another.
03:34German airplane maker Hugo Junkers made a new warplane the same year.
03:39Instead of being built of cloth and wood, these airplanes were made of sturdy aluminum.
03:44The slow-moving biplanes had been replaced with sleek, fast monoplanes.
03:49Soon, airplane designers in the Soviet Union and the United States were building similar airplanes.
03:57The first jet airplane was also built in Germany.
04:01It was called the Heinkel He 178 and was built for a German company that wanted a high-speed military
04:07aircraft.
04:08The jet's first flight was on August 27, 1939.
04:13A jet airplane does not have a propeller.
04:18Jet airplanes fly higher and faster than airplanes with propellers.
04:23Instead of a propeller giving the force, the jet engine creates power by releasing jet gas.
04:29This works a lot like a balloon.
04:33If a balloon is filled with hot air and then let go, it will move very fast around a room.
04:39In the same way, a jet engine gathers air from outside the engine.
04:43Then the gas heats the air up and pushes it out the back.
04:47This creates force and speed.
04:51While airplanes use both propellers and jets for power, they also use rocket engines.
04:56The first rocket-powered flight was on June 20, 1939.
05:01Pressure is created by gas heating in a chamber.
05:05This heat moves the airplane at high speeds.
05:09During the 1930s, the United States began providing passengers with travel across the ocean.
05:16These were the first metal, modern-looking airplanes to provide travel for between 21 to 32 passengers.
05:23The DC-3 was the first airplane that wasn't designed for the military or shipping.
05:31While airplanes for travel were getting better, the military also started making their airplanes better.
05:38They put radars on airplanes in the 1950s.
05:42Airplane wings were made thinner, which helped the planes fly faster.
05:45Within years, the planes could break the speed of sound.
05:48They could fly faster than 768 miles an hour.
05:55Other odd-shaped wings were also made.
05:57These wings, built in the 1980s, were shaped like a zigzag.
06:02Airplanes with these wings are called stealth aircraft because they are very hard to detect
06:06with radar.
06:07The Air Force and Navy use these airplanes.
06:12Airplanes kept getting better all over.
06:15Farmers used small airplanes to spray their crops.
06:19People rented or purchased jets to fly to meetings.
06:22Even the President of the United States flew across the world to visit other leaders.
06:30Unmanned airplanes were also made.
06:32These are airplanes that do not have a pilot.
06:36Usually called drones, these airplanes may not even have cockpits and are flown by people
06:40or computers on the ground.
06:42The first drones were made to be used by the military, but many are now used for sending
06:47packages, taking photographs, farming tasks, and drone racing.
06:53Airplanes have changed in many ways since they were first made.
06:57They all still have fixed wings, engines, and propellers.
07:00They all still have a tail, a body, and landing gear.
07:04However, not all of them have a pilot in the cockpit.
07:09Airplanes are amazing.
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