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00:19Thank you!
00:43Islam, Empire of Faith, Episode II
01:00During the seventh and eighth centuries AD, a powerful faith was about to change the world
01:07The faith of Islam
01:11His followers began a conquest not only by means of the sword, but with the power of ideas
01:18200 years after Muhammad's death, his message and the new empire were transforming three continents.
01:30A new empire emerges, a new political configuration driven by a newly defined religious civilization.
01:36A new civilization that expands beyond its own dreams in a very short period of time
01:49It is literally the greatest empire that history has ever known.
02:02The awakening
02:09Fatou
02:10It is the Arabic word conquest, which literally means opening.
02:14Islam spread its faith far and wide, and a world of opportunities opened up before them.
02:24But the spiritual core of the vast empire remained rooted in its birthplace
02:29The holy city of Mecca
02:36From all corners of the Muslim world
02:39The faithful embarked on the traditional journey to Mecca
02:42A sacred pilgrimage known as the Hajj
02:49Pilgrimage became a feature of Islamic life
02:53In fact, since the time of Muhammad, the pilgrimage has probably symbolized more than any other Islamic ritual activity.
03:01The unity of the people and equality
03:12The Hag set humanity in motion
03:16For the first time since the reign of Alexander the Great
03:19Cultures and caravans flowed freely
03:23Borders that had been closed for a thousand years were opened
03:27Ideas and goods traveled back and forth across incredible distances
03:33Every Muslim was required to visit Mecca once in their lifetime
03:36Therefore, there were caravans transporting goods, ideas, and pilgrims.
03:41All of this was concentrated once a year in Mecca
03:44And then share it when they got home
03:47So if there was a new invention discovered in Samarkand
03:51It was possible that after a year she would be known in Córdoba
03:57Where there were pilgrims, merchants soon followed.
04:01Muhammad himself had been a merchant
04:04And now, the expansion of his message
04:07It brought with it the expansion of trade
04:10And the Islamic way of life
04:13Trade was incredibly important in the Islamic world
04:16Due to its geographical location
04:18It was and still is between the west, what we call the west
04:22And what people have always called the west
04:24So this land was a natural bridge connecting China with Europe
04:33In just two centuries
04:35Islam had extended its reach from Spain to India
04:42It took almost a year to travel
04:45From one end of the Arab empire to the other
04:50And in its heart was a fabulous city of riches
04:55It was called Baghdad
05:07The palaces of ancient Baghdad
05:09They have been lost over the centuries
05:12But for His glory
05:14They rival those of ancient Athens or Rome.
05:20It was a magnificent architectural achievement
05:23The pride of Islam
05:25In a new era
05:30One of its visitors has left us a description
05:36All the exquisite neighborhoods
05:38They are covered with parks, gardens and villas
05:41And the beautiful avenues are full of bazaars and mosques.
05:45And exquisitely constructed bathrooms
05:49All of this extends for kilometers.
05:51On both sides of the shining river
05:57But the reason it was the largest city of its time
06:01It's not just about appearances
06:03Also in the people who lived there
06:06Its wise men made Baghdad the jewel of the world
06:10From the 8th century onwards
06:11Baghdad was the center of learning in the Islamic world.
06:14All great innovation came from Baghdad
06:16Or eventually he would arrive in Baghdad
06:18Because the best among the people went to Baghdad
06:21The best thinkers
06:23The best philosophers
06:24The best artists
06:30They came in search of answers
06:33To pragmatic questions
06:36The meteoric growth of the empire
06:39It had overwhelmed his new leaders
06:43They had to deal with overwhelming engineering and logistical problems
06:47To solve them
06:49They needed the greatest minds of the time
06:53Under the new empire
06:55Now we are all responsible for public hygiene
06:57We are responsible for the markets
07:00We have to take responsibility for the goods sold in the markets
07:04All of this requires some basic and elementary sciences
07:07Actually
07:08The need of this new civilization for science
07:11It arises from the need to manage the empire
07:15The best minds answered the call
07:18The best were welcomed into a center of scholarship
07:22The famous House of Wisdom in Baghdad
07:26He was a magnet for scholars and intellectuals
07:30They came to work in the academies
07:33There were public libraries associated with the palace
07:36Scholars arrived from all parts of the empire
07:39Sages came from Iran and Byzantium
07:42Some were Christians
07:44Some Muslims
07:45And other Jews
07:49All these different strands of human knowledge
07:52They met in the city of Baghdad
07:56The net result of this
07:59It's that individuals from cultural traditions
08:01Radically different
08:04They ended up combining
08:06In the same crucible
08:10The challenge posed to these scholars
08:13It was overwhelming
08:16The great works of the ancients
08:18They had to be transformed
08:20In a body of knowledge
08:21Entirely new
08:25The competition for these jobs
08:28It began among this new intellectual elite.
08:31And from here on
08:33Each scientist competed for these jobs
08:35They competed against each other
08:37Almost in the same way
08:39That our bureaucrats
08:40And modern academics
08:42They compete today
08:50Scholars were dispatched throughout the empire
08:53To locate so many ancient texts
08:55As if it were possible
08:56This was the first international scientific mission
08:59From history
09:01Unlike their Christian counterparts
09:04Muslim thinkers
09:06They saw no insurmountable contradictions
09:08Among their faith
09:09And the laws that governed the natural world
09:11So they embraced Aristotle and Plato
09:14Writers that the Christian church
09:16He considered them blasphemous
09:18This is the time
09:20In which one begins to see
09:21All kinds of scientists and thinkers
09:23Go find answers
09:25From any civilization
09:26That he had had sciences
09:28Previously
09:29Whether it was the Greek woman or not
09:30India
09:31Or the Persian
09:34From India
09:35The mathematical concepts arrived
09:37That guide us today
09:39They were the scholars
09:40From the house of wisdom
09:41Those who developed the concept
09:44Of Arabic numerals
09:45Still in use today
09:50It was them
09:51Those who translated
09:52And they transformed
09:53The writings of the Greeks
09:54To give them as a gift
09:55To the modern Western world
09:59The Renaissance
10:00It had its beginnings
10:02In Baghdad
10:06They managed to assimilate a lot
10:07From the rich legacy
10:08From the Hellenistic world
10:11Translate it initially
10:12To Arabic
10:13And make it available
10:15Of all the other participants
10:17In the new Islamic civilization
10:25The Arab
10:26It emerges as language
10:28From knowledge throughout the region
10:30This is a development
10:33Very significant
10:34In human intellectual history
10:38Once they accumulated
10:40Knowledge
10:41Muslims
10:42They began to question him
10:44This was perhaps
10:46His most important contribution
10:48He had been born
10:49The scientific process
10:53They wanted to know, first of all,
10:55Why had I made a mistake?
10:56A Greek scientist
10:58Very intelligent
10:59Whose text
11:00They were admiring
11:01And verifying
11:02At that moment
11:03So they began
11:04To investigate
11:04Was it because I didn't have
11:06The right tools
11:08Or was it because he didn't use it?
11:09A suitable methodology
11:11To verify your observation?
11:16It was this spirit
11:18This spirit
11:19From constantly questioning
11:20The one who made it possible
11:21Building a science
11:23With a consistent foundation
11:24And systematic
11:25Where it was proposed
11:27A physical proposition
11:28How it should work
11:30The universe
11:30And a mathematical representation
11:33That it was his turn
11:37It is beginning to be witnessed
11:39The birth
11:40From the new Islamic science
11:44Algebra and Trigonometry
11:47Engineering
11:47And astronomy
11:49And many other disciplines
11:51Integrated
11:52In our current life
11:53They have their roots
11:54In Islamic science
11:59But the most surprising thing
12:00Perhaps it was their innovations
12:02In the field of medicine
12:07Once upon a time
12:08In which the Europeans
12:09They prayed to the bones
12:11Of the saints
12:11So that they would heal
12:12Their illnesses
12:13Muslim doctors
12:15They developed
12:16An innovative theory
12:17Pioneer of the study
12:19Of germs
12:19The disease
12:21It was being broadcast
12:22Through minuscule
12:23Organisms in the air
12:27They determined
12:28That the sick
12:29They had to be put
12:30In quarantine
12:31Before being treated
12:33This is the base
12:35For the institution
12:36More fundamental
12:36From current medicine
12:38The hospital
12:42Founded mostly
12:44For religious donations
12:45Muslim hospitals
12:47They had separate rooms
12:48For patients
12:49That they suffered
12:50Different types
12:51Of diseases
12:52It was even about
12:53Mental illness
12:57His anatomy studies
12:59They were so sophisticated
13:00That remained
13:01In use
13:02From Muslim doctors
13:03And Europeans
13:04For 600 years
13:13Muslim scientists
13:15They felt especially
13:17Intrigued by the light
13:18The lenses
13:19And physiology
13:20From the human eye
13:24The father of ophthalmologists
13:26He was a Muslim
13:27Called Al-Hazem
13:28His work with lenses
13:30He eventually drove
13:32To the invention
13:33From the modern camera
13:34It was him
13:35Who produced
13:36The first treaty
13:37That he ventured
13:38To explain
13:38The operation
13:39Of the eye
13:45A millennium
13:46Before
13:47In the West
13:48They dared
13:48To establish
13:49The practice
13:50Muslim doctors
13:52They removed cataracts
13:53Surgically
13:54Removing them from the eye
13:55With a hollow needle
13:59But what for?
14:01This knowledge
14:02It will transform
14:03And it will illuminate
14:04An empire
14:04It had to be copied
14:06And shared
14:07With hundreds of cities
14:08Different
14:09In the Islamic world
14:10For this
14:12There was a new invention
14:14Something that is still
14:16Fundamental
14:17For learning
14:18And to know
14:19Today
14:20The role
14:24Around the years
14:25700 to 750
14:27The Muslim army
14:29Reached
14:30Central Asia
14:31Where they found
14:32Paper for the first time
14:35Quickly
14:36The Muslim bureaucracy
14:37He started using paper
14:40In a period
14:41Around 50 years old
14:42It was used in Syria
14:44And a few years
14:45Later in Egypt
14:46Then in North Africa
14:48Later in Sicily
14:50And then in Spain
14:52And so it is
14:53Like the Europeans
14:54They learned to make paper
14:55They learned to do
14:56The Arab thing
14:59There are starting to be people
15:01With surnames
15:01As a paper manufacturer
15:03In other words
15:04It's not just that
15:05Paper could be obtained
15:06But he should have
15:08Had it developed
15:09An industry
15:10Very important
15:11Therefore
15:12The acquisition of books
15:13He became
15:14Something very easy
15:17With the increase
15:19In use
15:19From the books
15:20And from the paper
15:20Hundreds of scribes
15:22Some of which
15:23They were women
15:24They kept busy
15:26Transcribing
15:26The translations
15:27And new writings
15:28From the scholars
15:29From Baghdad
15:31All knowledge
15:33That had been acquired
15:34From the Greeks
15:35Of the Indians
15:36And from Central Asia
15:37It was written in books
15:39Paper
15:40And these books
15:41They were copied
15:42Copied
15:43And sent
15:44Everywhere
15:46We know, for example,
15:47That there was a street
15:48From booksellers
15:49With more than 100 stores
15:51Each of which
15:53With paper and books
15:54For sale
15:54This is a time
15:56In Europe
15:57A monastery
15:58It could be considered
15:59Lucky
15:59If I had 5
16:00A 10 books
16:05While the monks
16:07Westerners
16:08They amassed their wisdom
16:09In expensive pieces
16:10Parchment
16:11The role
16:12It allowed civilization
16:13Islamic
16:14Extend your newly
16:15Acquired knowledge
16:16Everywhere
16:17Creating a single community
16:19That united
16:20Three continents
16:23Consequently
16:24The main distinction
16:26Of civilization
16:27Islamic
16:28In addition to having carried out
16:29Huge jumps
16:30Of originality
16:31Having transformed
16:33The tradition of knowledge
16:34And many other things
16:35It's a fact
16:37That made it possible
16:38For human beings
16:39The consideration
16:40The possibility
16:41Thinking about the planet
16:42In terms of unit
16:45In terms of humanity
16:52Throughout this vast empire
16:55There was only one place
16:56In which the Christian world
16:58I could experiment
16:59Lifestyle
17:00That the Muslims
17:01They had even managed to give
17:02Of course
17:03Southern Spain
17:11Here
17:11In the very
17:13European continent
17:14Islamic culture
17:16I would start to have
17:17An effect
17:17In European civilization
17:19That surrounded her
17:22A millennium ago
17:23The Spanish city
17:25From Córdoba
17:25It was a center
17:26Of knowledge and culture
17:27That rivaled
17:28With Baghdad
17:33Today
17:34The narrow streets
17:35From Córdoba
17:36They speak of their medieval past
17:40In those times
17:41Of obscurantism
17:42This was the most prosperous
17:44And sophisticated
17:45Metropolis of the continent
17:46The streets
17:48They were paved
17:50And they had streetlights
17:52Libraries
17:53Hospitals
17:54And palaces
17:54It was a city
17:56Light
17:56A Muslim city
18:00The city of Córdoba
18:01The city of Córdoba
18:01In the 9th and 10th centuries
18:02It was one of the cities
18:03Bigger
18:04And exciting from Europe
18:07We have been left
18:08Descriptions of her
18:09The people who visited her
18:10He said
18:11There are flowers everywhere
18:12These open streets
18:14This wonderful light
18:15In which one bathes
18:16The northern cities
18:17They were dark
18:18Cordoba had running water
18:20And people lived
18:21In large houses
18:22Instead
18:23The people of Paris
18:25He lived in huts
18:25On either side of the river
18:31The glory of medieval Cordoba
18:33It can be seen
18:34In what is now
18:35It is a large Catholic cathedral
18:37Downtown
18:43But the cathedral of Cordoba
18:44Today
18:45Its existence began
18:47Like a mosque
18:48One of the biggest
18:49From the Islamic empire
18:52The Great Mosque of Cordoba
18:53It was simply
18:54The largest mosque
18:55The largest city
18:56From Southern Europe
18:59When one goes up
19:00To the church tower
19:01Which used to be a minaret
19:03And it contemplates expansion.
19:05From the roof
19:06One is left amazed
19:07Upon seeing this cathedral
19:08With flying buttresses
19:09And everything arises
19:10From the center of the mosque
19:20Many people came to Córdoba
19:21For contemplation
19:22The magnificent mosque
19:24With its horseshoe arches
19:26A type of vault
19:27That one hundred years later
19:30It appears in Gothic cathedrals
19:31From Northern Europe
19:33In Lincoln Cathedral
19:35Or in Chartres Cathedral
19:37In France
19:38Where does this similarity come from?
19:41It is obvious that they had been built
19:44Under the influence
19:45From the great mosque of Cordoba
19:52For the occasional European traveler
19:55Córdoba was the only opportunity
19:57To glimpse the Islamic world
20:00What they saw
20:02It must have shocked them
20:04At that time
20:06Most of Europe
20:07She languished in poverty
20:09And in the dirt
20:10While Cordoba
20:11It was an illustration festival
20:12And prosperity
20:14In the 10th century
20:16There was a Saxon nun
20:17With the unpronounceable name
20:20From Rosmeza
20:21That called medieval Cordoba
20:24The ornament of the world
20:25She was very impressed
20:27Because of the place
20:28Despite being a Christian nun
20:37When the Europeans
20:39They moved away from the cold stones
20:41From its northern castles
20:42And they visited the glorious Muslim cities
20:45From southern Spain
20:46They couldn't help but be impressed.
20:50In the green hills
20:52That dominate Granada
20:53There was a palace
20:54Incredibly elegant
20:55A brilliant example
20:57Of wealth and sophistication
20:58That Islam
20:59He brought medieval Europe
21:01It is the Alhambra palace
21:05The Alhambra
21:07The Alhambra
21:08It is perhaps the most famous example
21:10Of Islamic architecture
21:11For all Westerners
21:15It's the best example
21:17What remains of what it once was
21:19A medieval Islamic palace
21:32In the finally worked
21:35Geometric design
21:36From the walls
21:37And on the marble pillars
21:38It is reflected
21:39A vanished lifestyle
21:41Extraordinarily luxurious
21:52The Alhambra
21:53The Alhambra is a superior example
21:54From culture
21:55And Islamic urbanity
22:00The beauty of the Alhambra
22:02It doesn't reside so much
22:03In individual details
22:05As in the set
22:06From the construction
22:07It is this magnificent interrelationship
22:10Orchestrated
22:11Of different textures
22:12And surfaces
22:13Light
22:14Space and water
22:15Playing inside and outside
22:17Of the buildings
22:32It's almost like a symphony
22:34Made of different elements
22:35That have been joined
22:37To achieve
22:38An exquisite piece
22:43Here
22:44The Muslim elite
22:46He was savoring the good life
22:50Resting on luxurious carpets
22:52And surrounded by perfume and music
22:54The privileged
22:56They were debating the nature of God
22:59The subtleties of Greek philosophy
23:01Or about the most recent ones
23:03Mathematical revelations
23:04From India
23:06While they ate spiced delicacies
23:08Served on Chinese porcelain
23:13They took walks through gardens and pastures
23:16Through complex systems
23:18Gravitational water transport
23:27How different life was
23:29Of the followers of Muhammad
23:30From the life of nomads
23:32From the desert
23:33And how distant they felt
23:35From the rest of the European continent
23:37That they now shared
23:38North
23:40Christian Europe
23:42It was still being debated
23:43In the Dark Ages
23:48But at the end of the 11th century
23:50A tragedy that occurred in Jerusalem
23:53I would put the Muslims
23:55And to European Christians
23:56On a collision course
23:59Jerusalem was ruled
24:01By an Egyptian caliph
24:02An infamous man named Al-Hakim
24:06Al-Hakim was certainly
24:08A deviation from the norm
24:10Clinically speaking
24:12I suppose we would consider him today
24:14A madman
24:15Someone who suffers from dementia
24:19For 200 years
24:20The sacred places
24:22Of the Christians
24:22They had been respected
24:24And protected
24:24By the Muslim rulers
24:28In the year 1009
24:30The Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim
24:32He broke with that tradition
24:36He ordered the church
24:37Most sacred in Christendom
24:39Destroyed
24:42And unfortunately
24:44And unfortunately
24:44He ordered the church to be burned
24:46From the Holy Sepulchre
24:47In Jerusalem
24:49Now then
24:50Nobody really knows
24:52Why did he do it?
24:52And everyone can have
24:54His own theory
24:55Close to it
24:56But the fact is that this
24:58It made me tremble with terror.
25:00And anxiety
25:01They traveled throughout Christendom
25:04Of course
25:06For Christians
25:07This was the exception.
25:08That proved the rule
25:09Since for centuries
25:11Christians
25:13They had considered
25:14To the Muslims
25:15Like crazy
25:16And intolerant
25:17Slave-owning heretics
25:18Of those that could not be
25:20To expect them to live
25:21According to the rules
25:23Of human beings
25:24Civilized
25:34The fact that
25:35Alakim's successor
25:36I would have already rebuilt
25:38The Church of the Holy Sepulchre
25:40By the year 1048
25:41With Byzantine help
25:43It was useless
25:45Now it already existed
25:47The perception
25:48That things
25:49They weren't doing well.
25:50On holy ground
25:56The feeling
25:57Anti-Muslim
25:58It was brewing
25:59In Europe
26:00And by the year 1095
26:02It reached its peak
26:04Boiling point
26:04Pope Urban II
26:07Most of it passed
26:08From that year
26:08Traveling through France
26:09Imploring the lords
26:11Feudal
26:11That they would join
26:12In a campaign
26:13Punitive
26:16Hurry
26:16To exterminate
26:17That vile race
26:18From the lands
26:19From your brothers
26:20East
26:20The Pope demanded
26:22Jerusalem
26:23It's the navel
26:24From the world
26:24And he's asking
26:25To be freed
26:26Christ himself
26:27He orders it
26:33So
26:34Here we have
26:36A mixture
26:37Or a union
26:39If desired
26:40Of religion
26:42And military service
26:44What served
26:45For the purposes
26:46From the Pope
26:47That he declared
26:48The crusade
26:48To rescue
26:49The sacred places
26:50That they were threatened
26:52In the east
26:53And in particular
26:55Jerusalem
26:56In the year
27:021097
27:03The shepherds
27:04Muslims
27:05In Syria
27:06They glimpsed for the first time
27:07First
27:07A spectacle
27:08That soon
27:09It would make one shudder
27:10Terrifying
27:11The Holy Land
27:14Purely by chance
27:16When they attacked
27:16The Crusaders
27:17The Arab Empire
27:18I had never been
27:19A world so vulnerable
27:20Fragmented
27:21In feudal kingdoms
27:22And small dynasties
27:30They couldn't have chosen
27:32A better moment
27:33Because the Muslim world
27:35I was in a state
27:36Fragmentation
27:39The great rulers
27:41From that time
27:42They had died
27:44And in the void
27:45To be able
27:46It was introduced
27:47The most unexpected
27:48Of the enemies
27:49The Crusaders
27:51From Europe
27:51Western
27:52Who would have
27:54Could predict
27:55May this new enemy
27:57Origin
27:58Unexpected
27:58I would attack
27:59The Muslim world?
28:01It was something
28:01Unprecedented
28:02A true
28:04Surprise
28:06Actually
28:07Muslims
28:08They didn't know
28:09Who were
28:10They thought
28:11That it was
28:12From another batch
28:12Of Byzantines
28:13That they were coming
28:13As usual
28:14To cause annoyance
28:15And fight
28:16On the borders
28:17They had no idea
28:18That there was
28:19This extraordinary
28:20Outburst of fervor
28:21Religious
28:22And fanaticism
28:22That reached them
28:23From Western Europe
28:24Nor that the goal
28:26From this group
28:26Outside Jerusalem
28:33It was a nightmare
28:35Historical
28:35Of days
28:36Incomprehensible
28:37Horror
28:39Very few
28:40Of them
28:41So nefarious
28:42Like July 15th
28:43Out of 1099
28:44In which the crusaders
28:45They entered
28:46In Jerusalem
28:53The massacre
28:54It must have been
28:55Terrible
28:57The population
28:58Fleeing
29:01Prey to terror
29:08It had to be
29:09Horrifying
29:15This is part of it
29:16From a letter
29:17Of the crusaders
29:18For the Pope
29:19If His Holiness
29:21Do you want to know
29:21Destiny
29:22Of the enemies
29:23What we found
29:24In the city
29:24Know this
29:25Our men
29:27They rode
29:27With the legs
29:28Of his horses
29:28Sunken to
29:29The knees
29:30In blood
29:31Saracen
29:34When they glimpsed
29:35The holy city
29:36Were
29:37In a state
29:38Of exaltation
29:41Maybe
29:42That's why
29:43That when they penetrated
29:44Through the doors
29:45From the city
29:46They were burning
29:47Out of fanatical zeal
29:48What caused
29:51What caused
29:51That terrible
29:52Massacre
29:52In the name
29:53From Christendom
29:54From the justifiable
29:58point of view
29:59Muslim
30:00This covered
30:01Of disgrace
30:02To the Christians
30:06Not even
30:07Christians
30:08They received mercy
30:10In the church
30:11From the Holy Sepulchre
30:12They were massacred
30:13Dozens of worshippers
30:14Originating
30:15From Eastern sects
30:16For the crusaders
30:19They were no more
30:20That foreigners
30:23The Christian chronicles
30:25They register
30:26The butcher shop
30:29The Saracens
30:31That they were still alive
30:32They crawled
30:33Out with the dead
30:34And they put them
30:35In huge lines
30:36It had never been seen before.
30:38Not even heard
30:38From a massacre
30:40Such
30:40Of pagans
30:41Pears
30:42What did they do?
30:43They resembled each other
30:44To pyramids
30:49His arrival
30:50It horrified
30:51To the Muslim world
30:56They are preserved
30:57A number
30:58Of lamentations
30:59Extremely
31:00Heartwarming
31:01In poetry
31:02That date
31:03From that period
31:06The Arab poets
31:08From that time
31:09They talk about feelings.
31:10Terrifying
31:11And anguish
31:12That the crusaders
31:13Or the francs
31:14What were they called
31:15According to Arab sources
31:16They caused harm to the local population
31:20Old women
31:22And young people
31:23They locked themselves in
31:24In their homes
31:25Trembling with fear
31:27The images
31:28They describe
31:28The rape
31:29From his land
31:30And the terrible
31:31Cruelties
31:32What did they do?
31:32These infidel barbarians
31:34When they arrived
31:35When they arrived
31:35To the land
31:35Sacred
31:41We have mixed
31:42The blood
31:43With tears
31:44And in us
31:45There is no room
31:46For piety
31:47Shedding tears
31:49It's the worst weapon
31:49Of man
31:50When the swords
31:51They remove
31:52The embers
31:53From the war
31:54When the blood
31:55It has been spilled
31:57When sweet girls
31:59They have to hide
32:00Ashamed
32:00Their charming faces
32:02In his hands
32:08The First Crusade
32:10It was over
32:11Of the 100,000 men
32:13That began
32:14The campaign
32:14The majority
32:15I would return
32:16Eventually
32:16To Europe
32:17Having seen
32:18Very little
32:19From Muslim life
32:23The work
32:24To occupy
32:25Jerusalem
32:26And its surroundings
32:27He relapsed
32:28In the 20,000 men
32:29That they stayed
32:30Indefinitely
32:39To ensure
32:41The occupation
32:41The intruders
32:42They did it here
32:43What they had done
32:44In Europe
32:45They built
32:46Castles
32:48The Crusaders
32:50They built
32:50The best castles
32:52That they had seen each other
32:52In the Middle East
32:54The test
32:56From this
32:56It's still
32:57They are still there
32:59When everything else
33:02There may have been
33:03Crumbling
33:03The castles
33:05Of the crusaders
33:05They give testimony
33:07From their presence
33:08Crack de Chevalier
33:10In Syria
33:11It's the best example
33:12Of a crossed castle
33:16It's very big
33:17It's strong
33:19It is impenetrable
33:20He is a prime example
33:22Why
33:23A Crusader Castle
33:24It could not be taken
33:26By siege
33:29From here
33:30It can be glimpsed
33:31The land
33:32By kilometers
33:33And kilometers
33:33Around
33:34The other castles
33:35They were at a distance
33:36That made it possible
33:37Communication
33:38Through fire
33:39And the smoke signals
33:42It has all the requirements
33:44From a good medieval castle
33:46With battlements
33:47Torres
33:47And places where
33:49Pour boiling oil
33:50And other liquids
33:51About the enemy
33:57But what was life like?
33:59Inside the castle
34:01It was not rejoicing
34:03And festivity
34:03It was constant fear
34:05They had to keep watch.
34:07In case anyone was trying
34:09From excavating the foundations
34:10From the wall
34:10Or to bring ladders closer
34:12To climb
34:15People from abroad
34:17The local population
34:18They were hostile to him
34:20So they had to keep watch.
34:22His movements continuously
34:27It was a terrifying place
34:32The Crusaders
34:34They made treaties
34:35And they broke them.
34:36Threatening the merchants
34:38That passed nearby
34:39From their castles
34:41Raiding caravans
34:42The Crusaders
34:43They learned a luxurious
34:45Lifestyle
34:46Unknown in Europe
34:49In a material sense
34:51What could be found
34:53In the Middle East
34:54He dazzled the crusaders
34:55And upon returning
34:56They brought many of these things
34:57With them
34:58Metal crafts
35:00Textiles
35:00And silk
35:01They had never seen
35:02Such things
35:03In such quantity
35:04It was the good life.
35:05They returned to Europe
35:07With many of these things
35:08As a reminder
35:09In fact
35:09In the Middle East
35:10It developed
35:11An industry
35:12Manufactured
35:12Souvenirs
35:13To supply
35:14To the crusaders
35:23It is perhaps a prejudice
35:25Western
35:25The imagining
35:27That the crusaders
35:27They were a force
35:28Decisive
35:29In the events
35:30World Cups
35:31Devastating
35:32For culture
35:33And trade
35:33Muslims
35:37Actually
35:38While the crusaders
35:40They were becoming strong
35:41In their castles
35:42Islam was thriving
35:43And it extended
35:45Its influence
35:45The message
35:47From Muhammad
35:48It could be heard
35:49So clear
35:49And so strong
35:50As usual
36:02The mosques
36:04They now formed
36:04Part of everyone
36:05The horizons
36:06A welcome was extended
36:08To the merchants
36:09And they were made
36:10Schools
36:10And hospitals
36:11Through
36:12From architecture
36:13Literature
36:14And the music
36:14Islamic
36:15It was emerging
36:16A vibrant culture
36:17In celebration
36:18Of a singular faith
36:19A'udhu billahi
36:22Minash shaytanir rajim
36:32Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
36:33Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
36:38Inna anzalnaahu
36:41Fi leylatil qadr
36:54Faith
36:55He had set in motion
36:57An empire
36:58That now
36:58It was being seen
36:59Enriched
37:00For culture
37:02But ultimately
37:04Trade
37:05It was the biggest factor
37:06Unifying
37:10For Muslims
37:12Trade
37:13Like science
37:13They brought with them
37:15Innovation
37:16Business
37:17They were expedited
37:18For a concept
37:19Revolutionary
37:20Called
37:21Shack
37:21A check
37:22That could be written
37:23In Spain
37:24And collected
37:25In India
37:29In writing
37:30A check
37:30It presupposes
37:31That there is someone
37:31That commits
37:32Pay for it
37:33And someone
37:33That eventually
37:34He charges for it
37:35So that
37:36If you have money
37:36Or you give some money
37:37In a place
37:38Access is possible
37:40That money
37:40Anywhere else
37:41Which implies
37:42Existence
37:43Of some kind
37:44Central bank
37:45U central organization
37:46Who handles the money
37:47This translated
37:48At liberty
37:49For travel
37:49Free trade
37:51Because one doesn't have
37:52Why transport
37:53The money
37:53From Samarkand
37:54Back to Córdoba
37:56And repeat the process
37:57The following year
37:58So that
37:59One can base it
38:00Everything in confidence.
38:01And faith
38:01Muslims
38:02They became
38:03The big traders
38:04From the Middle Ages
38:09And the best artisans
38:11Also
38:15Muslim blacksmiths
38:16They learned from the Persians
38:18How to work with steel
38:19To give it strength
38:20And flexibility
38:23The swords
38:25Made in Toledo
38:26And Damascus
38:26They had no equal.
38:27In the world
38:34But the spine
38:35Economic
38:36From the growing
38:37The richness of Islam
38:38It was the textiles
38:39The products
38:41That they came out
38:41From Muslim looms
38:43They were in huge demand
38:44Cashmere
38:45Cotton
38:46And silk
38:48Textiles
38:49Textiles
38:49It was the industry
38:50More important
38:51From medieval times
38:52To produce textiles
38:54One has to think
38:55Not only in cultivating
38:56The plants
38:57To remove the fibers
38:58But in all shades
38:59They were particularly expensive
39:01And imported
39:02From distant lands
39:03They were also needed
39:04All facilities
39:06And the team
39:06For the looms
39:07And then
39:08We had to think
39:09During transport
39:10So manufacturing
39:11Of textiles
39:12And its transport
39:13He was the pillar
39:14From the economy
39:14From the community
39:21While Europeans
39:23They were content
39:24With crude
39:24Woolen garments
39:25Or thread
39:26Muslims
39:27They wore fabrics
39:28Organdy brocades
39:29Damascus
39:30And taffeta
39:32Words that have
39:33Introduced into the language
39:34Originating from Arabic
39:35And the Persian
39:37The tissues
39:38Produced around the world
39:39Islamic
39:40They are probably
39:41Among the best
39:42That have never occurred
39:44They didn't just use
39:45Thread and cotton
39:46But also
39:48Exotic silks
39:49Gold cloth
39:50Where the silk thread
39:51It is wrapped in gold
39:52Forming extremely complex
39:54Designs
40:01These complex designs
40:02They were coveted
40:03By rich Europeans
40:05And also
40:06And also for the church
40:08When Christians
40:10They needed a fabric
40:11Deserving
40:12To wrap
40:12The bones
40:13Of his saints
40:14The election
40:15It was obvious
40:15They were heading
40:16To a Muslim loom
40:21But sometimes
40:23The tissues
40:24They were stage sets
40:25With Arabic text
40:26From the Quran
40:27So that
40:28The words of the prophet
40:29Sometimes
40:30They appeared in shocking
40:32Proximity
40:32With the icons
40:33Most sacred
40:34From Christendom
40:38It is common
40:39Find paintings
40:40Italians
40:41Renaissance
40:42For example
40:43Paintings of the Virgin
40:44Wearing a cloak
40:46From a fabric
40:47With exotic designs
40:48Valuable silks
40:50Gold embroidered
40:51Or interwoven
40:52With gold designs
40:53Sometimes
40:54These designs
40:56They were inscriptions
40:57Decorative
40:58Arabic letters
40:59That they proclaimed
41:00Allah is the only God
41:01And Muhammad is his prophet
41:08After almost
41:09Century
41:10From treaties
41:10Broken
41:11And sporadic fights
41:13The efforts
41:14Of the Muslims
41:15Against the Crusaders
41:16They began to bear fruit
41:20This advantage
41:21Wine in the person
41:22From one of the figures
41:23Most celebrated
41:24From Islam
41:25His name was
41:27Salah ad-Din
41:29But in the West
41:30He would be known
41:31And even
41:32It would run out
41:33Revered
41:34With the name
41:34From Saladin
41:38There is one thing
41:39That must be recognized
41:40About Saladin
41:41And it was successful
41:42Where many others
41:44Of his creed
41:45And from that part
41:45From the world
41:46They had failed
41:47Besides his intelligence
41:49And from its robust
41:50Physical constitution
41:51He possessed the rare quality
41:53Had it been
41:54Apparently
41:55A great inspiration
41:56For the people
41:57That he was fighting with him
42:04In the year
42:051187
42:07Saladin gathered
42:08An army
42:08Of 12,000 warriors
42:09On horseback
42:10And it attracted
42:11To the crusaders
42:11Outside Jerusalem
42:13To a plain
42:14Located between two hills
42:15Calls
42:16The horns
42:17From Hatim
42:20At nightfall
42:21From July 3rd
42:22After a long march
42:24The Crusaders
42:24They camped
42:25On the arid hillside
42:26From a hill
42:29It was
42:30From dry land
42:31In the month of July
42:32We're talking
42:34From the Middle East
42:35We're talking
42:36Incredibly hot
42:37And of total absence
42:39Water
42:43Upon arrival
42:44The early morning
42:45Men
42:46From Saladin
42:47They set it on fire
42:48To the vegetation
42:49And a strong wind
42:50He transported the flames
42:51To the camp
42:52Christian
42:53With the tactic
42:55Of the Muslims
42:56Coming soon
42:57They met
42:58Surrounded
42:59By the combined
43:00Forces
43:00From the enemy
43:01And the panic
43:08The secretary
43:09From Saladin
43:10Wrote
43:12The flames
43:13They were thrown
43:14On
43:14And the heat
43:15It got intense.
43:16The people
43:17Of the Trinity
43:18It was consumed
43:19Through the fire
43:19From the flames
43:20The fire
43:21From thirst
43:21And the fire
43:22Of the arrows
43:25The army
43:26Crossed
43:26It was totally
43:27Decimated
43:28And victory
43:30From Hatim
43:30It was the point
43:31Takeoff
43:32For Saladin
43:35It meant
43:36That could proceed
43:37To take Jerusalem
43:39Later
43:39That year
43:45Three months
43:46Later
43:47Saladin
43:48I was going in
43:49In Jerusalem
43:52For the first time
43:53In almost a century
43:54The call
43:55To prayer
43:56It was floating again
43:57Above
43:58From the holy city
44:13However
44:14Remarkably
44:16Saladin
44:17He did not retaliate
44:18Some
44:18Against the Christians
44:19Or their sacred places
44:21In the church
44:23From the Holy Sepulchre
44:24The Mass
44:24It was celebrated
44:25As usual
44:27Saladin
44:27Saladin
44:27Saladin
44:27He also decreed
44:28That the Christians
44:29That's what they wanted
44:30They could leave
44:31The city
44:31With all its properties
44:33And to those
44:34That they chose to stay
44:35They would be allowed
44:36Free practice
44:37Of his religion
44:39When your reputation
44:41It reached Western Europe
44:43The way
44:44In which there had
44:45Behaved
44:46In Jerusalem
44:46After the conquest
44:48Little by little
44:49He became
44:50The Muslim
44:51Most famous
44:52Of all time
44:57But the victory
44:58From Saladin
44:59It did not end
45:00To the aspirations
45:00Westerners
45:01In the Middle East
45:04They would continue
45:04Other crusades
45:05But just like
45:06That the first
45:07They wouldn't have
45:08Barely any impact
45:09In Muslim culture
45:10On a large scale
45:12The Crusaders
45:13They would eventually
45:15Forced
45:15To abandon
45:16Their citadels
45:17Along
45:18From the coast
45:18To return
45:19To Europe
45:19His only legacy
45:21Permanent
45:22A few
45:23Castles
45:23Abandoned
45:24But upon returning
45:26The Crusaders
45:27They met
45:27Changed
45:28Through contact
45:29With culture
45:29Islamic
45:30In the long term
45:31The impact
45:32In life
45:33European
45:33It would be profound
45:36They stayed
45:37Amazed
45:38With culture
45:38Material
45:39That they met
45:40Over there
45:40The quality
45:41Of the goods
45:42It was much better
45:43That anything
45:44That they could find
45:45At home
45:48They returned
45:49For example
45:49With pleasure
45:50For the food
45:51Highly spiced
45:52They imported
45:54Pepper
45:54Cinnamon
45:55And other spices
45:57Easterners
45:57Because of his palate
45:58She had gotten used to it
46:00To taste
46:00From a kitchen
46:01Different
46:06We know
46:07That they discovered
46:08The delights
46:08Use soap
46:09During their stay
46:10In the Middle East
46:11And it seems to be
46:12That taste
46:13It spread
46:14For Europe
46:18After the Crusades
46:19Europeans
46:21They were much more
46:21Open
46:22Other ideas
46:22What I was about
46:23Happening
46:24In the east
46:24What I was about
46:25Happening
46:26Elsewhere
46:27From the world
46:28Simply
46:28They couldn't
46:29To be again
46:29So narrow
46:30With a view
46:30As before
46:31Number of people
46:32He began to think
46:33Good
46:34What's out there?
46:36Let's explore this
46:37Let's look at this
46:39We must learn languages
46:41Little by little
46:42Westerners
46:43They started learning Arabic
46:45Upon dissolving
46:47The great barrier
46:47Of language
46:48The ideas
46:49Born
46:50In big cities
46:51Muslim women
46:52They began to leak
46:54Within Europe
46:55Some ideas
46:56That would change
46:57Forever
46:58The thought
46:59Western
47:01The great theologian
47:02Italian
47:02Thomas Aquinas
47:03He used the writings
47:05From the philosopher
47:06Muslim
47:06Averroes
47:07To justify
47:08The clear separation
47:09Between faith
47:10And the reason
47:10A Muslim ideal
47:12Which served as the basis
47:14To scientific research
47:15And he drove
47:17To the European Renaissance
47:21Averroes himself
47:22It is represented
47:24With other Western thinkers
47:26In a Renaissance painting
47:27Classic by Rafael
47:28Here
47:29Alongside Plato
47:30And Aristotle
47:31There is recognition.
47:33Regarding the debt
47:33That the world has
47:34With Islam
47:39At this point
47:40The wingspan
47:42Of civilization
47:42Islamic
47:43It reached levels
47:45That certainly
47:46They had never been
47:47Achieved
47:48For no other reason
47:49Civilization
47:49From the world
47:55Unified parts
47:56From our planet
47:57In forms
47:58That never
48:00They had witnessed
48:04But this age
48:06Gold
48:06From Islam
48:07There would be no
48:07To last
48:18After getting rid of
48:20Of the crusaders
48:21And take it to Europe
48:22The precious gift
48:23From knowledge
48:24Big cities
48:26From the Islamic empire
48:27They would be reduced
48:28To ruins
48:29By a force
48:29More terrible
48:30Nothing
48:31That they could have
48:32Europeans plan
48:35Their libraries
48:36Destroyed
48:37His riches
48:39Looted
48:39The cities
48:41They were left in complete
48:42Mutism
48:43As a result
48:43From the devastation
48:44That would descend
48:46About them
48:46Originating
48:47Not from the west
48:47But from the east
48:51This is known
48:52Like the catastrophe
48:53Mongolian
49:01The Mongols
49:02They were nomads
49:03From the steppes
49:04From Central Asia
49:08During the 13th century
49:09They toured
49:10Eurasia
49:11Between Ukraine
49:12And China
49:17It didn't happen
49:18A long time
49:19Before
49:20They will penetrate
49:20In Persia
49:21Islamic
49:25For the cults
49:27Muslims
49:28Urban
49:29These types
49:29There were a handful of them
49:30Of savages
49:34When they entered
49:36In the army
49:37Mongolian
49:37They had three horses
49:38And they lived off them.
49:39First
49:41They drank her blood
49:41And then
49:42When they had traveled
49:44Far enough
49:45They were killing them.
49:46And they ate their flesh
49:47This is the reason
49:48For which they could
49:49To go so far
49:50And survive
49:51Long
49:53Terror
49:54It was the tactic
49:56Major
49:56From the Mongols
49:59One of the leaders
50:01Local
50:02Iranian
50:02He made the foolish decision
50:03Of killing an emissary
50:05That the Mongols
50:05They had sent
50:06Provoking anger
50:08Of these
50:08The Mongols
50:10They decided to do
50:10A lesson
50:11And they retaliate.
50:13Using frequently
50:14The technique
50:14From destroying cities
50:15Whole
50:16They were building
50:17Fantastic towers
50:19Of skulls
50:20Where they appealed
50:20All bodies
50:21Of the dead
50:23Immediately
50:24All cities
50:25Around
50:26They surrendered
50:34One after the other
50:36All cities
50:37They fell before them
50:38Arriving at the center
50:40From Islamic power
50:41It was just a matter of
50:42Time
50:47February 10th
50:48From 1258
50:50The Mongols
50:51They took Baghdad
50:58According to Arab chronicles
51:00The Mongols
51:01They set it on fire
51:02To the city
51:03And they killed
51:04To 10,000 inhabitants
51:10Mosques
51:11And libraries
51:12Knowledge
51:14Gathered
51:14For centuries
51:15It burned
51:16With Baghdad
51:23In less
51:2550 years old
51:26The Mongols
51:27They deposed
51:27To the Arabs
51:28From the heart
51:29Of the empire
51:30Islamic
51:35It seemed that civilization
51:37Islamic
51:37She was doomed
51:38To destruction
51:39Loss
51:40For posterity
51:41But then
51:43Something happened
51:44Extraordinary
51:47While the opinion
51:48General
51:49He is inclined to think
51:50That the Mongols
51:51They were a force
51:52Devastating
51:52I personally
51:54I feel that too
51:55They had an effect
51:56Positive
51:57In Western Asia
51:58And in the world
51:59From Islam
52:00They expanded
52:01The horizon
52:01From the world
52:14From the point
52:15From a historical perspective
52:16The most significant
52:18From the Mongols
52:18For us
52:19It was that most
52:20Of them
52:21They became Muslims
52:22In the end
52:23Upon becoming
52:24To Islam
52:25This force
52:26Tremendously
52:26Destructive
52:27He became
52:28One of the most
52:29Big patterns
52:30Of the arts
52:30And the letters
52:31Throughout history
52:32Islamic
52:38The conversion
52:40And its effect
52:41In the long term
52:42It was something
52:43Extraordinary
52:45In space
52:47Of a decade
52:48The Mongols
52:48They had spent
52:49To build
52:50Towers of skulls
52:51Humans
52:51To build
52:52Mosques
52:53To glorify
52:54Bye
53:05I don't think so
53:06Amazing
53:07The one who in the end
53:08The land
53:09She will conquer
53:09To the conquerors
53:10The same Mongols
53:12They became Muslims
53:13And they became
53:14Islamic leaders
53:15Par excellence
53:19The Mongols
53:21They transformed Islam
53:24They left it sitting
53:25That Islamic power
53:26It could be displayed
53:27By anyone
53:28And not only
53:29By the Arabs
53:30They created it
53:32The Mongols
53:33They opened the door
53:35For the great empire
53:36Of gunpowder
53:36That there would be
53:37If you follow them
53:43The empire
53:44From the Ottoman Turks
53:52Islam
53:53It was found
53:54So
53:54In a new course
53:56Expansion
53:56East
53:57And westward
53:58Marching to the rhythm
54:00From the Turkish drums
54:04From the Ottoman Turks
54:43And towards the erased
54:44From the Ottoman Turks
54:50Avoid
54:51D lines
54:51Access
54:51M'endongo
54:52East
54:53Day
54:53Bird
54:54Day
54:54Lia
54:54CC by Antarctica Films Argentina
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