- 2 days ago
Migration-driven growth, AI disruption and ageing societies reshape labor markets. The program explores who benefits—and who is left behind.
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00:07are you looking for a job many countries including Germany have been desperately seeking skilled
00:13workers for years and new entrepreneurs how can countries attract them there's a
00:18wide variety of ideas we'll share a few of them with you but we also take a look at jobs
00:27being
00:27lost to artificial intelligence how retirees are returning to the workforce and how others are
00:34sharing their wealth kickoff for the latitude 59 tech and startup conference in Estonia's capital
00:53Tallinn even the country's president is in attendance welcoming hundreds of young entrepreneurs
00:59and talents from around the world and Estonia wants to attract many more banking on their concept of
01:06e-residency a digital passport that allows companies to be founded online in Estonia without the founders
01:14actually living there the small country of 1.3 million hopes this will boost economic growth we
01:21want to have more companies in Estonia and we also welcome foreign founders because they diversify our
01:30own ecosystem so it's we find it very interesting to to learn from our e-residents who are foreign
01:39founders because they bring a different set of experience and and skill set like Michael Opondo
01:46from Kenya he became an e-resident in January of 2024 received a startup visa two weeks later and relocated
01:54his IT company Contorva to Estonia the visa is granted to young tech companies with global potential
02:02Michael had originally wanted to go to Canada but that proved complicated having a presence in
02:09Estonia helps him find customers in northern Europe most of his employees meanwhile mostly programmers live
02:15and work in Kenya lending IT support to control us clients we keep most of our payroll on the Kenyan
02:25side because that keeps our cost very low and that enables us to to keep moving without the pressure
02:32of having to fundraise or have you know big money Michael feels well supported by the Estonian authorities the startup
02:42visa also extends to his Kenyan wife and son who live here as well and regular events for startups e
02:49residents and investors such as the latitude 59 conference have proven invaluable for building his business nobody's going to realistically
02:58do business with you if they have not met you they have not have a conversation with you
03:02they don't know what you don't know what you're all about you have to build that relationships and that's what
03:08we do in these these kind of events 40,000 e residents have established companies in Estonia they hail from
03:16all corners of the globe
03:17Tiki Manchu Kumar from Bangalore India back home he found the bureaucracy involved in running his crypto startup too complicated
03:26to navigate from there on it's like it's been very much easier it just hardly takes like 10 minutes to
03:32file taxes and
03:32and also like if you have to get any other kind of certificate and go and support it's a very
03:37much easier or consider Vicky Brock from the UK she sought to gain better access to the EU market from
03:44Estonia initially she worked remotely from Scotland now however she has no intention of ever leaving the country yeah it's
03:52a really energizing business environment it's really friendly it's personal it's a small country you can look people in the
04:02eye and try to
04:02trust them trust them but it's also incredibly efficient for Michael Opondo Estonia has become a springboard this summer he
04:10plans to relocate his headquarters to Finland he sees even greater potential there bigger market more startups more companies bigger
04:20budgets as well more people demography is just a wider market
04:26however he has no intention of giving up his business operations in Estonia in the long term Michael plans to
04:33continue expanding including to Western Europe and Asia
04:41maybe you don't want to find a startup right away and work a normal job instead maybe even abroad some
04:49countries go to great lengths to attract workers without them entire industries would collapse countries are making it easier to
04:57stay for an extended period take language courses and bring family members to join you
05:04Spain has one of the lowest birth rates in the world but the Sanchez government is banking on a trend
05:12bringing more migrant workers into the country and it's working Spain has created the most new jobs in the EU
05:22and is seeing strong economic growth what can other industrialized nations learn from this
05:31just 1.2 children per woman that's the birth rate in Spain at the same time around 100,000 people
05:39retire each year leaving a gap in the labour market that's why new workers are so important
05:45and then you have shortage of workers because young workers are essentially you know more productive they are the ones
05:51who drive the growth and if you don't have sufficient number of young workers because the fertility rates have come
05:56down then your economic growth also will slow down
05:59which countries around the world have the greatest need for skilled foreign workers
06:05the top seven include the US with 52.4 million immigrants Germany with 16.8 million followed by Saudi Arabia
06:17with over 13 million migrant workers and the United Kingdom France Spain and Canada each with around 10 million
06:27among immigrants Indians Indians make up the largest group worldwide numbering around 18 million they are followed by Mexicans and
06:35Chinese in Spain over 60% of all migrant workers come from Spanish speaking countries in Latin America there is
06:44no language barrier this is one of the reasons why Spain has been able to create the most new jobs
06:49within the EU a comparison shows this between 2020 and 2025
06:55more than 1.8 million migrants found employment in Germany Spain followed with nearly as many new jobs Italy created
07:03over 700,000 jobs for migrants while the Netherlands and France each created around 500,000
07:10but at the same time many jobs were lost in Germany making the net growth around 1 million the situation
07:17was different in Spain where locals also found new jobs and the net growth rose over 3 million
07:22job growth was also seen in Italy the Netherlands and France Spain's recipe for success
07:29Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's government has made a virtue of necessity and significantly simplified the regulations governing labour migration for
07:38example it's become easier for job seekers with a college degree to find work
07:44Obtaining permits to study in Spain has been made more flexible and also the ability to host more students from
07:54abroad has increased a lot so that's one element the other has to do with the recognition of diplomas obtained
08:02from other countries this is something which is still in the making but it has already started
08:10Not only is Spain popular with immigrants its economy has been booming for years with growth of 2.8%
08:16it ranks among the top performers in the EU
08:20Spain enjoys abundant supply of renewable energy has invested a lot in it as well and also has other advantages
08:28in terms of energy to the point that it did not face any shortage at the time of the Ukraine
08:34war and this has driven economic growth itself
08:39About 70% of all new jobs in Spain have gone to immigrants this is in part due to the
08:44simplified language requirements perfect Spanish is not required English is sufficient
08:51There are some sectors or occupations where you might be able to look at English as a sort of working
08:56language
08:57Family reunification is also straightforward in Spain even grandparents are allowed to immigrate and the family members who join them
09:05are granted work permits something that is not guaranteed in Germany and other countries
09:11Broader questions about quality of life and can you bring your family with you are there great opportunities for your
09:18family to flourish as well is it a welcoming environment
09:22The competition for migrant workers continues and this could lead to improved immigration conditions in other industrialised nations as well
09:30Are you worried that your job is on the line because artificial intelligence could take it over?
09:40In many industries people are already being replaced by AI powered robots
09:47And there's growing concern that even jobs that rely on human intelligence emotional intelligence and creativity could be lost
10:05Hi, my name is Christoph. I'm a commercial and voiceover actor and yes, AI is causing me and the entire
10:13industry to lose a lot of work
10:17I'm a fashion designer and stylist
10:21I've lost a lot of jobs due to AI
10:25Artificial intelligence must not hinder human development
10:28One of the industries that I worry about the most is media and the arts
10:34Because it is an industry where you can really use AI
10:38Hello?
10:39Hi Finn, this is Emma, a digital assistant calling from Insure Limited
10:44Is AI killing creative jobs or is it all just scaremongering?
10:50When the robots came, creative professionals and academics still felt safe
10:54But those days are over, now we have AI
10:58AI can create realistic videos, answer complex questions, write text, compose music and even speak
11:06This is an AI generated voice
11:08Voice actors like Christoph Walter are among those who are increasingly losing work to AI in advertising and video games
11:16Though the feature film market remains stable
11:19I don't get what's so great about taking a job from someone who genuinely enjoys it and finds fulfillment in
11:26it
11:26Taking that job away just so that you can have someone else do the same work for 10 hours at
11:31minimum wage
11:32Only to end up with a result that unfortunately doesn't come close to serving the purpose as well as what
11:38you could have produced
11:38In just 15 or 30 minutes with those people
11:46This stylist from Berlin, let's call her Pia, wants to remain anonymous
11:49She lost 70% of her work when her clients started using AI tools to retouch photos
11:57For example, if you do styling for a catalogue shoot
12:00Stylists will have to fix a lot of mistakes
12:05And now it can be easily fixed by AI tools
12:11The team is getting smaller and smaller
12:15Later, it could be reduced into just one photographer
12:20AI always has to learn first in order to perform its task
12:24And it needs the right data to do so
12:26To generate an authentic voice, it needs a human model
12:29She verwees zum auftakt der gespräche
12:32Auf die langjährige gute namhbarschaft
12:35It's basically the metadata that tells you how I speak
12:40How I emphasize words, how I pause, how I breathe, how I play certain accents, and so on
12:47You can take that and then just layer any synthetic voice on top of it
12:51And suddenly it sounds human because it's based on my prosody
12:55And just like that, what sounded like a robot, now sounds like a human being
13:01And that's causing unease from Hollywood to Berlin
13:04The Association of German Voice Actors, VDS
13:08Warns against granting unlimited access to a voice for AI training in feature films
13:12As Netflix Germany is demanding
13:14Despite an agreement between the streaming service and a major industry association
13:19The VDS warns of loopholes
13:21The risk is that speakers are essentially being asked to help build up their own competition
13:26which relies entirely on their own skills
13:28Without them, nothing could be produced
13:32Netflix says not all voice actors are refusing to work under the agreement
13:39But what about other industries?
13:42Tasks involving repetitive patterns such as research
13:45are coming under pressure in fields like marketing, journalism and software development
13:50But experts on the US job market say it's still too early to see the effects
13:56And no matter which way we cut the data, we still haven't really seen any broad impact at the economy
14:05level of AI-related disruption
14:08I think people see this technology and they see the potential of the technology
14:12And they see the potential for labor market disruption
14:15And they jump ahead to the labor market disruption is happening right now
14:21And that's just not the way technological change works
14:24It takes time for firms to figure out how to use it
14:27It takes time for consumers to figure out how they want to interact with it
14:31It's just not an instantaneous transition
14:36AI is also a driver of innovation that is transforming jobs
14:40The company Telly has developed an AI-powered voice agent capable of talking to customers
14:48I'm reaching out because we noticed you were interested in an insurance quote a while back
14:52Are you still looking for the right coverage or have you already found a solution elsewhere?
14:57Yeah, that's correct. No, I'm still looking for the right coverage
15:01It wasn't the right time the last time
15:03That's great to hear Finn
15:05I completely understand that timing can be a big factor
15:07Over time the role will definitely change
15:10From actually doing the work to more coaching the agents, reviewing calls
15:17To more of a kind of a team lead position I would say
15:20Underneath there's not one model but there are multiple models that work together
15:25So the first one actually transcribes the speech, so understands the customer
15:30Then that is fed to a standard LLM, so for example also how ChatGPT works
15:36The magic is the orchestration of all of these different AI models
15:41With Christoph and Pia we can see how AI can transform an entire industry and put jobs at risk
15:47And less work means less money
15:51Some months I have no jobs and no projects going on
15:54Which makes me super anxious
15:58I'm desperately trying to pay my bills
15:59I don't spend any money, I just don't
16:01So if I can avoid it, I don't spend money
16:04It's that simple, I don't have it
16:10Experts compare today's upheavals to the industrial revolution of the 18th century
16:14And the hope that we have learned something from it
16:18It caused a huge amount of economic suffering, it caused a huge amount of political unrest
16:23People are going to have to learn new skill sets in the labor market
16:26Governments are also going to have to figure out how to handle technological disruption
16:35But how much should AI be allowed to encroach on human creativity?
16:39We're replacing people with machines, one after another
16:42I don't think that's the right way
16:45Christoph Walter doesn't think he will be able to keep his job
16:49And is already working on establishing a second career in marketing
16:56But if AI has taken your job, you can always turn your hands to completely different, creative and innovative work
17:06What do baking bread and babysitting have in common?
17:10We have a position called dough carer
17:12It involves stroking the dough, laying it down, folding it, covering it and then putting it back to sleep
17:17I always say it's what you do with little babies
17:23Welcome to the land of bread
17:25There are around 3000 different kinds of it
17:27And Germans consume 1.5 billion kilos of bread every year
17:31But it's hard to find young people who want to go into the trade
17:34I think a lot of people don't want to get their hands dirty anymore
17:38You have to work at night, that puts a lot of people off
17:43This family business, south of Berlin, produces up to 4000 loaves of bread a day
17:49As well as rolls, pancakes, pastries
17:52They even make their own jam here
17:55The next generation of bakers comes from all over the world
17:59And the beginning for everyone is all about dough care
18:04So that you can gain a feel for a well-developed dough
18:08Bread and babies both need care and attention
18:11And we need a new generation to carry things forward
18:18Are you already looking forward to the end of your working life?
18:22So you can finally have time for hobbies
18:25Volunteer work
18:26Or travel
18:27Or would you rather keep working because you enjoy your job
18:31Or because you can't make ends meet otherwise
18:33Many companies look for a certain amount of life experience
18:37So why not try something new?
18:39Something that doesn't involve AI at all
18:44Tony Chu just turned 70
18:47He's been waiting tables at this restaurant for the past 7 years
18:50And goes by the nickname
18:51or little pig
18:54So many people come in here and ask is little pig here
18:57Normally people assume a little pig would be young
19:00They can never guess I'm this old
19:05He lives alone
19:06When he retired at 60
19:07He says no company would hire him except for Ginkgo House
19:11A social enterprise and restaurant chain that provides jobs for the elderly
19:15He's one of nearly 300 elderly people working there
19:19When I first started it felt like my brain was functioning at a slower speed
19:24But after doing it for a while my brain started working faster and faster
19:28Because there were so many things I needed to take care of
19:32In Hong Kong, more than 1 in 5 people are aged 65 or above
19:36It's projected to hit 1 in 3 by 2046
19:39According to the Census and Statistics Department
19:43Hong Kong does not have a statutory retirement age
19:45But companies typically set it between 60 and 65
19:49Seniors often work to fight boredom and loneliness
19:52But in a city with a limited social security net
19:55Many rely on an income to make ends meet
19:59Ginkgo House's CEO says with more than half a million elderly people living in poverty
20:04Senior employment needs to become the rule, not the exception
20:07We're a drop in the bucket
20:09We need a lot more private companies to invest more time and training
20:15And dollars into developing a senior citizen workforce
20:19Just because there's going to be way more elderly citizens in need of jobs
20:27Last year, policymakers unveiled a string of silver economy incentives to keep elderly citizens in the workforce
20:33But many companies are still reluctant to hire seniors due to higher training and insurance costs
20:40It needs to be done together
20:42It's not like you ask people not to retire then the problem is gone
20:46Beyond raising the retirement age, it is possibly also time to encourage residents to save more for retirement
20:55The waiter at Ginkgo House may have reached the age when most people slow down
20:59But he wants to prove age is just a number until it's not
21:04I will keep doing this job until I get sick to the point that I cannot walk
21:09Then I'll stop
21:12As the city's demographics shift, the challenge is clear
21:15Keeping more little pigs in the workforce to save its ageing economy
21:24And once you've earned enough in your working life, should you spend it all on your own?
21:30Would you be willing to share it?
21:32Or donate it?
21:34Whether it's money or living space
21:37Some people in Munich are doing just that
21:42He could have made millions
21:44Instead, this 89-year-old gave it all away to fight Munich's housing crisis
21:49At a time when housing is becoming increasingly unaffordable
21:52It's a decision that is turning heads
21:55Otto Goga was born in Munich
21:57In the very same house he has just given away
22:00He's decided to donate his 3,000 square meter property instead of selling it for profit
22:05In one of Europe's most expensive cities, the land could easily have been turned into luxury apartments
22:11But Goga chose a different path
22:13I don't have children and neither does my sister
22:18So it just seemed the obvious thing to do
22:21To pass it on and put it to good use
22:26My father bought the plot for just 22 fennigs per square foot
22:31It's impossible to imagine that today
22:34Instead of cashing in, Goga gave the land to the non-profit foundation The Heim im Viertel
22:42The plan? Build around 20 affordable apartments
22:45designed for people who are being pushed out of the city
22:48The foundation already manages several apartment buildings and flats
22:52Some of them donated through wills
22:54and currently rents out around 60 homes in Munich
22:56and the surrounding area at affordable prices
23:00Tenants are selected on a case-by-case basis
23:02And now the new plot by Otto Goga is being added
23:05Part of the agreement with the foundation is that the Goga's have a right to continue to live in their
23:10family home for the rest of their lives
23:13Munich is already one of the most expensive cities in Europe
23:17Renting a furnished studio costs close to 1,500 euros a month
23:22That's nearly double what you'd pay in some other European capitals
23:25For example in Athens
23:27And the situation is getting worse
23:30Germany is facing a major housing shortage
23:32Around 1.4 million homes are missing across the country
23:36The construction isn't keeping up
23:39In 2025 only just over 200,000 apartments were built
23:42The lowest level in more than a decade
23:45Rising costs, stalled projects and expensive land are slowing everything down
23:51Ultimately one of the factors driving up rents is a shortage of supply
23:55At the same time demand is high and construction costs are extremely high
23:59This combination makes things very difficult and drives prices up
24:03The consequences are visible everywhere
24:06Finding a home has become a struggle in big cities like Munich
24:09The rents in Munich are incredibly high and that simply limits your flexibility
24:18Moving from a larger flat to a smaller flat or to a different part of the city is simply impossible
24:26Without the right contacts helping me I would have never been able to find a flat in that area
24:34For many, especially migrants, young people and lower income families, access to housing often depends on luck or connections
24:41And those without either are being pushed further out
24:44That's what Otto Gugger wants to change, at least on his land
24:52The plot will be for people who are struggling in life
24:55Whether due to illness, financial circumstances or other situations
24:59They should have the chance to get a foot home
25:04I think this will be a real success
25:12If the people who move in are open to building a sense of community
25:15I am sure it will be rewarding for me as well
25:20Otto Gugger plans to transform his property into a multi-generational housing project
25:24Bringing together students, low-income residents and other adults in assisted living under one roof
25:31At this house and on the plot right next to it, construction could begin as early as next year
25:36The first residents are expected to move in by 2028
25:41In a market driven by profit, Otto Gugger's decision is a reminder
25:45Housing shouldn't just be an investment, but rather a place to live
25:50And that's all from MADE
25:51We've taken you on a journey through different countries and diverse work environments
25:56And maybe we've given you some ideas for careers and places to live
26:00See you soon, take care
26:05We'll be back
26:06At the end of the day
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