- 2 days ago
Join us on Beyond the Headlines as we sit down with Professor Laila Labajo of the University of San Carlos for an insightful discussion on the lessons history continues to teach us today.
How did our colonial past shape Filipino values? Why do governance challenges persist across generations? What can today's leaders learn from history? And what choices are we making now that future Filipinos will either thank us for—or regret?
Look beyond the past.
Think deeper about the present. Shape the future.
How did our colonial past shape Filipino values? Why do governance challenges persist across generations? What can today's leaders learn from history? And what choices are we making now that future Filipinos will either thank us for—or regret?
Look beyond the past.
Think deeper about the present. Shape the future.
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NewsTranscript
01:39At a time, your perfect latte is ready.
01:43Coffee first, then everything else.
02:10And what lessons from our past can help us become better leaders, better citizens, and a better nation?
02:17This afternoon, we look deeper and think better.
02:21Joining us today is Laila Rosas-Labajo, a history professor at the University of San Carlos.
02:27So, hi, Laila. Welcome to Beyond the Headlines.
02:30Good afternoon, everyone.
02:32And maybe you'd like to give a shout out to your students and friends?
02:35Yes, my previous students last semester and all the faculty members of our department and of our discipline.
02:44Yes.
02:44So, we're very excited about this conversation because just like what we stated in the intro, there are certain Filipino
02:50traits that are nice.
02:53Okay.
02:53But there are also Filipino traits that are not as nice.
02:57Not so nice.
02:58Not so nice.
02:59And just like any person, we always want to understand where it's coming from.
03:05So, that's why we are glad that we have an expert historian to help us understand what's with our past
03:12that made us who we are today.
03:14So, my first question is on the Filipino values because, correct me if I'm wrong, our values are largely relational,
03:24like family loyalty, utang na loob, pakikisama, reciprocity.
03:31Where are these values coming from?
03:35Okay.
03:37I believe it's innate of the Filipinos because prior to the coming of the Spaniards, we're already having a very
03:48beautiful civilization.
03:51We were already trading with other Asian countries and even Portugal.
03:56And so, in the pre-colonial period, we will see Filipinos who are really hardworking, honest.
04:04If we are looking for records of honest Filipinos, it would be at that time.
04:11They are already relating to other people because, as I've mentioned a while ago, they were already trading with other
04:19countries.
04:20So, also, when we talk of barangay system, pre-colonial period, it's more personal.
04:27The relationship was more personal.
04:29So, just like what we are having at present in each barangay, especially in the mountain areas or rural areas,
04:39we will see one family name in one barangay.
04:44And to some extent, they are related to each other.
04:46So, with that, they are really mingling, interacting with each other.
04:51So, it's more personal, it's more family-centered because even during that period, the pre-colonial period, when we talk
05:00of Balangay, the boat, who traveled from the different places in the Philippines and even Asian countries, it talks about
05:10how the Filipinos, the locals, relate with each other.
05:14So, in one barangay, they feel accepted, they feel that they belong to one family, there was the unity, there
05:25was, what do you call that one, reciprocity with the role, with how they feel, because it was simply your
05:36life.
05:36So, at that time, when there were conflicts, the babaylan, the datu, the umalahukan, and the elderlies will just be
05:47there, right there and then, settling everything, talking, listening.
05:50And that's why, when we talk of the pre-colonial Filipinos, gone were the days that history will tell us
05:58that history started during the Spanish period because, of course, long before the coming of the Spaniards, history was already
06:05there, civilization was already there.
06:08So, plus, we were already trading with the other Asian countries, so China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asian
06:17countries.
06:17So, in those trading systems, we did not trade goods only, we did not trade goods only, but as well
06:26as our personality.
06:29There were even some documents that would tell us how hardworking and honest the Filipinos were at that time.
06:36They were very good traders.
06:38Historical record will tell us that.
06:40And, of course, we are talking here of many years of pre-colonial period, hundreds of years.
06:47And yet, there was really an international interaction with these people.
06:53So, that's why we also got what these people had at that time, be it goods, trading goods, be it
07:03habits, attitude, and all the positive things that we can see in the Filipino.
07:09And, by the way, while you were saying that, I'm reminded now we call that inclusivity.
07:14Inclusivity.
07:15Yes.
07:16Which is brought by the current globalization.
07:19Yes.
07:19But, I think in the past, I think that's the same word that we use when we say hospitable.
07:25Correct.
07:26But, now we can, actually, thank you for this cover.
07:28I just realized that's also where we are being inclusive.
07:31Yes.
07:32Because we already had exposure.
07:34Interaction.
07:34Interaction, yes.
07:35Now, there were two words that I captured on what you said.
07:39Number one was honesty.
07:41And, I think you have an idea where I'm going to lead from there.
07:45And, then, number two was unity.
07:46Unity.
07:47Let's start with unity, sir.
07:49Okay.
07:49Sige.
07:50So, unity, my God, if we move to the present, and correct me if I'm wrong, some people say the
07:57reason why the Philippines is not as united as we hope it should be, it's because of our archipelag...
08:06Archipelagic condition.
08:08Yes.
08:09Archipelagic condition.
08:10Yes.
08:10That term, no?
08:11Condition in which we're in different islands.
08:14Yes.
08:14But, why was the Filipinos united in the past?
08:17This is still the same island.
08:18Yes.
08:19But, then, when we talk of early training, we are talking here of major places in the Philippines.
08:26But, we speak, we spoke the language, we are speaking the language at present.
08:31So, plus the race in itself, and the good deeds of the people at that time.
08:38So, the unity comes from the barangay system itself.
08:42So, they have to protect their barangay.
08:45They have to make their barangay as good as they can.
08:48No, at that time.
08:50So, they have to be united.
08:51And, they were respecting the different levels or the different, what do we call that one?
08:58Maybe officials?
08:59Like, from the datu to the family members to the town choirs or the humulahukans to the babaylan.
09:06So, it was really a concerted effort of the whole barangay.
09:13So, they have to sustain it, and they have to survive, and they have to make their place a good
09:22one, a better one.
09:23So, that's why they were united.
09:25Then, when it comes to the archipelago condition, we were already traveling from one place to the next, and we
09:32do trading.
09:33We do visiting from one place to the next.
09:38So, the concept of unity was already there.
09:43Through time, even during the Spanish period, or specifically during the revolution, it was difficult for the Filipinos to go
09:52from one place to the next.
09:53Yet, the Katipunan movement spread all throughout the country, because there was the desire to have it.
10:03There was the desire to really be united for one cause, and that was for the Philippine revolution against the
10:09Spanish authorities.
10:10So, I believe, I think there is really that sense of urgency of the Filipinos, especially during the most difficult
10:18times of Philippine history.
10:20So, that one is really a driving force for the unity of the Filipinos.
10:26So, now, combining this context of unity, and then now let's put in honesty.
10:33At what point in our history, and then you can also correct me if my impression of the current state
10:40is wrong,
10:41that change why I don't seem to see Filipinos already as honest as I hope,
10:49and as united as I hoped.
10:52At what point in history that changed that?
10:57Ah, okay.
10:59Unity and honesty.
11:01Yes.
11:01So, corruption, which is usually associated with honesty,
11:07showed remarkable development during the Spanish period.
11:11To some point, it was rationalized in the barangay level because the datos before during the pre-colonial period were
11:20the ones collecting taxes.
11:23And so, later on, they started to, it may be minimal amount, but it was already the start of this
11:30honesty.
11:32Another example is the gallium trade, which was, economically speaking, it was really giving an economic boast to the Philippines,
11:41meaning of world trade, and so on and so forth.
11:44But, it became also the source of illegal migration of the Filipinos, or that the Filipinos would, what do you
11:54call that one,
11:54under the table to the Guardia Civil, buying the buletas or the tickets just to join the gallium trade for
12:01a higher amount,
12:02so that the deference amount will go to the Guardia Civil, or to anybody whom they were braving.
12:09So, at some point, it was rationalized, it was being defended, but in the real sense, that was already dishonesty,
12:18that was already corruption, and it grew, grew, and grew.
12:22The Filipinos also witnessed the corruption coming from the Spaniards, coming from the administrative side.
12:28So, that's why, during the time of our Philippine heroes, that was already the maximum,
12:36or they already came to the point of, parang murasya ka ng highest point of corruption during the Spanish period,
12:44because all types of corruption were already there.
12:47It was really very, very visible.
12:49So, in fact, even some of our heroes were victims of corruption, land grabbing is corruption,
12:57high taxes, corruption, not implementing proper laws to all Filipinos, corruption.
13:04So, it's there. It was there.
13:07So, that's how it started, or that's how corruption or dishonesty,
13:13if we will apply it to the Filipinos, was remarkable.
13:19So, unity, we can…
13:23Although, before we move to unity, there's just something that I also picked from what you said, no?
13:28And I like the term, no, that you use, rationalization.
13:32Yeah.
13:32Because now, at least in every corruption story, there's always rationalization.
13:38I'm doing this for my family.
13:41Yes.
13:41I'm doing this because my mom is in the hospital.
13:44Yes.
13:44I'm doing this because this is for the education of my children.
13:48Hardly anybody will actually say this is a corrupt practice.
13:53There's always a reason.
13:55Yes.
13:55Even in the smaller level or the lower level, like,
13:59I'll get some pens in my office because this will be used by my kids and so on.
14:06And it sounds noble.
14:07Yes.
14:08So, rationalization is always there.
14:11To escape from being labeled as corrupt, dishonest, and so on.
14:17So, if I captured it correctly, before we moved to unity,
14:21a lot of that was institutionalized during our Spanish colonial period.
14:27And onwards.
14:28And onwards.
14:28We'll talk about the onwards.
14:29But let's talk about unity first.
14:31So, what was introduced to the Philippines that all of a sudden,
14:36we're not also as united as we hope we should be in the present.
14:41Yes.
14:48Political high polarization in politics would be one.
14:54Vote buying is another one.
14:57The Padrino system.
14:59I'm sorry.
15:00There's another one.
15:01What else?
15:03Dynasty system.
15:04So, plus, fake news.
15:10And by the way, while you were at that,
15:12when I watched films, historical films,
15:16like General Luna, for example,
15:18and Manuel El Cason also,
15:21I was just saddened when I discovered that
15:25even fake news, Padrino system,
15:28it's already there.
15:32They just did not have social media.
15:36But fake news was all over the place.
15:39Even in the early part of the after death of Christ,
15:45even Jesus Christ was somehow a victim of fake news.
15:50Even other political events or historical events in Europe was a victim of fake news.
15:57So, what is serious in the Philippines right now?
16:05As a history teacher, we are being confronted with fake news and historical distortions.
16:12And that would be very dangerous, not only to the present generation,
16:17but as well as the next generation.
16:19So, that's where we are struggling right now.
16:23Because it's really affecting the mindset of the Filipinos at present.
16:27So, too much dishonesty, too much fake news.
16:33So, we covered, and then we go into onwards later on.
16:37So, we covered already integrity or corruption,
16:42and then unity or the lack thereof.
16:45Now, let's talk about,
16:47is dynasty also part of the Padrino system?
16:51Are they related to each other?
16:53Because our politics also in the Philippines is heavily in their largely dynasties.
17:02Yes.
17:02So, where did this come from?
17:04It's related.
17:07Most likely during the Spanish period,
17:09because the Filipinos only saw the Spaniards as occupying the higher position.
17:15And the Filipinos were just there below.
17:19During the American period also,
17:22there were already Filipinos who occupied the higher position,
17:25but it was assisted by the Americans.
17:29And when we talk of dynasty,
17:31I cannot really exactly pinpoint when it started in the modern Philippine history,
17:38but highly influenced with all those things.
17:41Because the Padrino system is,
17:43that's why sometimes utang na loob can be negative.
17:48Can be.
17:49Yeah, can be negative.
17:50Because too much utang na loob,
17:52even out of context,
17:55is being used because of the Padrino system.
17:57You have to pay back,
17:58you have to pay me this,
17:59and so on and so forth.
18:00I place you in that position,
18:02so you have to give me back.
18:05And then the other thing also,
18:07which I notice in the present,
18:09and then we can trace back on where it's coming from in our history,
18:12is Filipinos in general,
18:14at least the Filipinos I know,
18:16my circle,
18:18tend to judge a politician or a leader
18:23based on personal generosity
18:26rather than actual performance.
18:30I can give context to that.
18:31When we look at a legislator, for example,
18:33a counselor, for example,
18:35or a congressman, for example,
18:37instead of judging on their performance
18:41and how they legislate laws,
18:43normally we judge them,
18:44ay, good na siya because pag fiesta pa kan on me.
18:47Or moninitabang sa ako ang medication.
18:51Or iahaning flyover.
18:53But that's not what a legislative leader is supposed to do.
19:00So where is that coming from?
19:01Why we tend to say a politician is good
19:04because of perceived generosity
19:06rather than actual performance?
19:09Through history.
19:11Because we tend to take a look at the foreigners,
19:15the foreign influence,
19:16Spaniards, Americans,
19:18and other foreigners who came to the Philippines.
19:20That's the difficulty of becoming a public servant.
19:25Because even if the public servant
19:28is really heartily giving it,
19:30he has that capacity,
19:32he or she has the capacity to do that.
19:35He is generous.
19:36But then it will be colored politically.
19:40So unless it's already a better one
19:45if they will not place any of their pictures
19:48in the goods or anything that they gave.
19:51For the bridge.
19:52Yes.
19:53And I think it will take a longer time
19:57for the Filipinos to realize
19:59that it's the responsibility of the politicians
20:02and that they are using our money,
20:05people's money, through taxes.
20:07So instead of thank you, so on and so forth,
20:10who's who in the locality,
20:12thank you Filipinos.
20:13So that should be.
20:15But it will take time
20:16because it's already being tainted with politics.
20:20And by the way,
20:22because my next question has something to do with
20:24what can we do today?
20:25Because you said that it took time.
20:26But just for context also of our viewers,
20:29where it's coming from is,
20:31my observation,
20:32one of the drivers of corruption also is,
20:35kita pong mga voters or Filipinos.
20:37We would expect a mayor man,
20:40for example,
20:41during fiesta,
20:41i-abrig niya yung gate.
20:43Correct.
20:43And then buffet from breakfast to dinner.
20:46That's a lot of money.
20:47And I don't think there's a rational person
20:51who would actually use his or her pocket
20:53to feed those.
20:55Everybody.
20:55Everybody.
20:56Pero because it's expected of them
20:58to open their gates,
20:59kay garboso man kong dili,
21:01then it's also creating a culture na,
21:05I will just have to secure this money somewhere else
21:08so that I have something to fund the fiesta.
21:10And the rest is history.
21:12Correct.
21:13So now,
21:13sige,
21:14you said that it would take time.
21:15But what would be the actions that we can potentially take in the present
21:20to correct a history that challenge our unity and then challenge our integrity
21:27and challenge our padrino system?
21:30As a history teacher for several years now,
21:36it's really difficult for us.
21:38But we saw hope sa mga students.
21:43So, as always, no, it's already bug-bug sarado na kaayo na siyang statement of Dr. Rosary Sal
21:51that the youth is the youth of the nation.
21:53But we are still keeping in touch with that because so far,
22:00even if we are not discussing topics like this in our case,
22:06they will ask what's your idea about this and so on and so forth and they'll listen.
22:11At the end, like for example, last semester, at the end of the semester, last semester,
22:17I was so touched because there were students who said,
22:19my perspective is now this one, so it has been changed.
22:26So, we will vote for 2028 and so on and so forth.
22:32So, at least there's hope.
22:34So, it will require very passionate history teachers
22:41who are really for the truth and factual to give it to the students.
22:47It will take a courageous history teacher
22:51to present the realities regardless of who's who in history.
22:57I say it's difficult.
22:59It should require courage out of the teachers
23:02because who knows one of your students is a family member
23:06of the ones we were discussing or we are discussing.
23:10So, it will take courage of the history teachers,
23:13passion, courage, and of course, nationalism.
23:17Because you will not be an effective history teacher
23:19if you're not a nationalist.
23:22Because anywhere I go, I already visited some countries.
23:29You know, you will see the difference and you will just say
23:33how I wish these things are there in the Philippines.
23:36But at the back of it, when we come home, it's really our home.
23:41So, the Philippines is really home.
23:42So, that's why some of my friends were asking,
23:48I think it's because of nationalism.
23:52So, I'm grateful that I can travel anywhere in the Philippines.
23:57And I'm teaching my students, our family members,
24:00to go to anywhere in the Philippines so that they can appreciate.
24:04And that they will be grateful that the Philippines is still very, very rich.
24:10It's only the people who are poor
24:12because it's also the people who are making themselves poor.
24:16So, that's part of our being a history teacher.
24:21I'm also an advocate of political education.
24:25So, I've been a volunteer for CISIMPEL,
24:28the political arm of the Archdiocese of Cebu.
24:30Cebu Citizens' Involvement and Maturation for People's Empowerment and Liberation.
24:35So, right now, the Archdiocese of Cebu is already planning for political education
24:40and in preparation for the 2028 election.
24:44So, I love going to the parish.
24:46I've been a volunteer since 1997.
24:50The ones that can give me, or the volunteers, the energy that are really very inspiring
24:59are the very ordinary Filipinos or Subuanun who are the volunteers.
25:05So, at least there's still hope.
25:07And, of course, we are looking into really very factual.
25:12So, that's why I said it requires courage and passion to do these two things,
25:21being a teacher and a volunteer, because the topic is really very, very relevant
25:25and it can cause reactions, responses coming from the listeners, students or people.
25:34Or it can also plant a seed.
25:36And this is a shout-out.
25:38I will have to honor also professors like you.
25:41And, by the way, this is also for students who are watching,
25:45because I'm an engineer by profession.
25:48And some engineers or engineering students would question why do they need to study history, etc.
25:55But this is a sample of what is also an essential piece that we need to know,
26:03even if it's a minor subject.
26:07To some extent, mayroon din ang mga estudyante, anong ihag pong mangyu ko sa Rizal?
26:12Why is it important to study all the life works and writings of Rizal?
26:18So, most of the time associated with no limitang hiriyanel, filibusterismo,
26:22but then the other inspiring writings of Rizal is really there.
26:28So, letters ni Rizal, memoirs or diaries.
26:35The Philippines is really there.
26:37So, he talks about it even before, even during his time.
26:42And yet, we seldom or maybe we refuse to learn from history.
26:48I like to use the term refuse more than we are not.
26:55So, we refuse.
26:57And before we move to my next question, this is also a shout out to one of the professors
27:03that she had a talk when I was fresh out of high school.
27:08And it's also history.
27:10And she was among those.
27:12Her name actually is, I remember her as Professor Danau.
27:17But this was in Mindanao.
27:20And she said something that I did not fully understand.
27:25I always believed every history books that I read in high school
27:29until she introduced a concept in my head to be more mindful about the leanings of the author of the
27:37book.
27:38And that to me was like foreign until she planted that seed.
27:42And that's the content of readings in Philippine history, which is now offered in the tertiary level.
27:49But it's dangerous because we've heard that it will be going down to the senior high school
27:57or the status is not really that strong.
28:02So, because when we talk of readings in Philippine history offered in tertiary,
28:05this is already the higher form of Philippine history wherein we are focusing on the original documents,
28:12which is more interesting because even newspapers.
28:17So, we are asking our students to research in the library, in the Cebuano Study Center,
28:23to take a look at the newspapers, be it 1900s, whatever is the newspaper,
28:29because it's the source, one of the source of the original documents.
28:33So, we are also looking into interviews of people who witnessed the incidents.
28:40So, right now, diminishing Filipinos who witnessed World War II, but we still have,
28:49whose ages are already in the late 80s or 90s.
28:52So, they have to be interviewed.
28:55We have to talk to them because it's really very interesting.
28:57More people already are still alive who witnessed 60s, 70s, 80s, and we can talk to them about so many
29:06things
29:07because in my age also, I can see the difference every decade.
29:11So, in our culture, environment, behavior, and many other things.
29:16So, it should be recorded.
29:18So, original documents, artifacts, that's the focus of readings in Philippine history.
29:23And this is another endorsement to students who are watching.
29:33Professor Lila, for example, what she just said, this is the essence of research.
29:38Why do we have to look at different sources, etc.
29:43But, the critical thinking that we've been talking today, this is what research can do for us.
29:50When we read multiple sources, that's when we would see the difference.
29:54Correct, yes.
29:55Rather than relying in just one, which is applicable to Facebook.
29:59But anyway, let's move to the next topic.
30:03There's a common observation, and you can correct me if this observation is wrong,
30:07that the Filipinos, when we are outside the country, we follow rules strictly.
30:15But, when we are in the Philippines, that's not exactly the case.
30:20First is, do you agree with that observation?
30:22Yes, I agree with that.
30:24So, even in the Philippine context, the first time I went to Palawan in Puerto Princesa,
30:30this was still in the 90s.
30:32They were implementing anybody who will throw trash along the street, cigarette butt, candy wrapper,
30:40or were fined with 200 pesos, I think.
30:44So, at that time, 200 pesos was already something.
30:47And, they really implemented it.
30:50And so, that's what I also saw in the other, I'm seeing in other countries.
30:55So, if the implementation is really strong, then people will follow.
31:00So, when you go to Singapore, for example, it's really very strict.
31:04If you go to the other countries, European countries, the streets are really very, very clean,
31:10and they have all those trash cans there.
31:13So, you have to follow.
31:14So, automatically, when the law enforcement is really effective,
31:20it's being implemented rightfully and effectively, then people will follow.
31:26So, that's what I'm seeing with the Filipinos.
31:30But, here, sad to say,
31:32mahangyo, mahangyo, maanggod.
31:34So, masabot-sabot.
31:37That's, actually,
31:39Sige, and then you can correct me if I'm wrong,
31:40because this one provided another layer to my impression.
31:44Kaya, kung maanggod, I would assume na,
31:45ah, it's because Filipinos,
31:48di baingon sila na doha kuno ka motivators,
31:50either carrot or stick.
31:51And then, that's led me to the conclusion na,
31:54ang Filipinos, stick, git siguro atong motivator.
31:57Okay?
31:58If we go out of the country, stick man.
32:01Heavier penalties, enforcement, so we follow.
32:03What are your thoughts about this?
32:05Are we really a stick people,
32:07or are we a carrot people?
32:09In general, lang.
32:10In general, maybe stick.
32:12But, I'm seeing more and more Filipinos following rules right now.
32:16Like, for example, clean go.
32:19Clean as you go.
32:20So, last year, it was something new to many.
32:23Now, we are following.
32:24Especially in fast food.
32:25Yes.
32:26So, segregation of garbage.
32:30Waste.
32:31So, even in our barangay.
32:34So, every morning, mag-shagit na.
32:37Malata, dili, malata.
32:39So, eventually, if this is really considered as a strict implementation,
32:46consistent implementation of laws,
32:49then Filipinos will be trained about it.
32:51Because we have to go back to the pre-colonial period.
32:54Nga naman, ang mga Filipinos were considered as law-abiding citizens,
32:59honest people, hardworking, good traders,
33:02and what came along the way.
33:05So, this is the difficulty of learning history or history as a subject.
33:13Because we have to learn from the past.
33:15If not, nothing will change in a society.
33:20Has discipline a concern, even in the past?
33:29And how did our colonial experience provided a strain?
33:36Why discipline is also not to the level that we hope to be in the present?
33:41When we talk of colonization, the discipline is there, especially to the colonized.
33:46But then there's also the desire of the colonized people to go out from their shell.
33:51With all the restrictions, I have to be a Filipino.
33:55I have to do this.
33:56This is my property.
33:57This is my place.
34:00So, I can do anything about it.
34:03But sad to say, through time,
34:07Filipinos, one, maybe is poverty.
34:10But I know poverty should not be an excuse.
34:12So, there is the need for the Filipinos to revitalize what we used to have,
34:18what we used to be, many years ago.
34:23But, of course, there are already Filipinos who are very good in doing this,
34:29the positive way.
34:31So, just like what I've said a while ago,
34:34when I went to Puerto Princesa many years ago,
34:38people there were saying,
34:39we are strictly implementing the laws for the localities.
34:46So, even in some markets,
34:47they're peripheral areas.
34:50And so, they have to clean their assigned area.
34:53Or else, they're not going to be able to do it.
34:55So, it's okay.
34:58So, I don't want to put you on the spot.
35:02But the intent is really sincere.
35:05It's not really just to put you on the spot.
35:08Because you mentioned it's good for us to at least go back to pre-colonial.
35:14So, just before,
35:15what did each colonizer bring into the picture?
35:21Okay.
35:22That brought us to where we are today.
35:25And then, just for context,
35:26and then you can correct me also,
35:28because my lolo used to tell us
35:31that if the Japanese occupation was extended,
35:36we could have been more disciplined than we are today.
35:40So, that's the context of
35:42So, that made us into who we are today.
35:50So, let's start with,
35:51parallel and positively,
35:52we'll start with the negatives.
35:54The negatives.
35:55What did they introduce?
35:57Spanish period,
35:58because that was the longest,
36:00we had a tendency to rely to somebody.
36:04to more powerful than us.
36:07The, what do you call that one?
36:11The concept of,
36:12or the development of self-pity,
36:15discrimination.
36:16So, Filipino, Raco,
36:18Cibuano, Raco,
36:19sila ang mga Spaniards,
36:20and so on and so forth.
36:21Pagkabot sa mga Americans,
36:22same thing.
36:24These are the white men people,
36:26and Filipino, Raco.
36:27Oh, imported.
36:29Kanira ako ang ma-afford.
36:30So, even the skin color.
36:33So, guapa ang mga puti,
36:35guapa ang mga Espanyol,
36:36mestiza,
36:37ang mga Americans,
36:38kaya puti,
36:38even the Japanese.
36:40But ako, kayumanggi,
36:41I'm only the second class citizen.
36:44The concept of colonization.
36:47In every colonization,
36:48there is always the colonizer conflict.
36:53And colonized.
36:55So, which means the colonizer is really higher.
36:59The colonized, lower.
37:01So, that concept,
37:02lower ako kay sa colonizer.
37:05So, that value of self was developed by the Filipinos through time.
37:12When the Americans came,
37:14the same thing happened.
37:15I cannot do it.
37:15We cannot do self-governance.
37:17Because we would always rely with the constitution presented to us,
37:23but the Americans.
37:24We cannot do self-governance.
37:26So, we have to look up to them,
37:28and so on and so forth.
37:29So, this really has something to do with colonization
37:33and being the subordinate or the colonized countries.
37:36And then, we can pause before you move to the Japanese.
37:38Because I just captured something.
37:39I think that,
37:40and correct me if I'm wrong,
37:41I think that's also where it's coming from.
37:43Kanang,
37:43when Filipinos are employed in global companies,
37:46napag-i-tendency may uingon ang,
37:49kanang,
37:50Filipino pa rihupod na ko, no?
37:51Okay, wala po kong the way I say that.
37:53But Filipino pa rin ako mga,
37:54I cannot do it kay Dimang Goon.
37:56Ako ang manager.
37:57Correct.
37:57I cannot do it kay Dimang Goon CEO.
37:59Yes.
38:00When, you know,
38:02bihasad na,
38:03gihikan, no?
38:03Yes.
38:04Oh,
38:05that's it.
38:06And then,
38:06the concept of
38:07the colonizers are better than us.
38:11So,
38:11they have advanced civilization,
38:13advanced technology,
38:14and so on and so forth.
38:15And the Filipinos were left behind
38:17to that dilemma.
38:19Yeah.
38:20So,
38:20even during the Japanese period.
38:23And to think,
38:24we already were civilized.
38:26Correct.
38:26Even before colonization.
38:28Yes, we were traders.
38:29We were traders.
38:30And our museum,
38:31the artifacts inside our museum
38:33are the best evidences
38:34for that glorious civilization
38:36of the Philippines.
38:37Sige,
38:37let's move to the Japanese.
38:38What did they introduce?
38:40Negative sa?
38:41Negative,
38:42of course,
38:42the fear.
38:43No,
38:44because it's World War II
38:45and the bombing
38:45and so on and so forth.
38:47The fear
38:47and the atrocities
38:50done by the Japanese
38:51imperial soldiers.
38:55Kana.
38:56And at that time,
38:57Filipinos were already
38:58tired of foreigners.
39:01No,
39:01so in fact,
39:01when we talk of
39:02dissident
39:03and reformative
39:04religious movements,
39:05it grew
39:06in number,
39:08higher in number,
39:091900s to
39:10after World War II.
39:12Because when we talk
39:13of stress
39:14in a society,
39:15Filipinos tend to,
39:17or people,
39:18really tend to go back
39:19to the previous civilization,
39:22which was considered
39:23as the glorious civilization.
39:25Kana.
39:26Autrocities of the Japanese,
39:28the fear
39:29of World War II,
39:30it's different
39:31and good
39:31with the
39:32Spanish colonization,
39:34American colonization,
39:35and Japanese
39:37because it was
39:38World War II
39:38and the bombings
39:39were experienced
39:40by the Filipinos.
39:42So,
39:43other than that,
39:44when we talk
39:44of discipline,
39:46the Japanese
39:46were really,
39:48to some extent,
39:49cruel to the Filipinos
39:50of implementing
39:51the discipline.
39:53yet,
39:54most probably,
39:56it gave positive
39:57impact after the war.
40:00Which is what
40:01my lolo would say.
40:02Sige,
40:03now let's move
40:04to the positive.
40:05Sige,
40:05sige.
40:06Kaya,
40:06mula man sya ka nang,
40:07there was a glorious
40:08pre-colonial Philippines
40:10and then medyo
40:11naguba,
40:12as we move on
40:14with our
40:16colonization period.
40:17But sige na lang,
40:18what did we get
40:19positively,
40:20positive?
40:20Out from our
40:21colonial experiences.
40:22Yes,
40:23yeah,
40:23of course,
40:24for the Spanish
40:26period,
40:28I'm a Catholic,
40:29so Philippines
40:30is a highly
40:30Catholic nation.
40:31So,
40:32that could be one.
40:34Second,
40:37except for,
40:38di lang nato i-appel
40:39ang mangutang
40:39during fiestas,
40:41but then,
40:41of course,
40:43lingaw ang fiesta.
40:44It's not only,
40:47it's for
40:48honoring the saints
40:50and of course,
40:51for family,
40:51family banding
40:53community.
40:54Correct.
40:54And even
40:55when we,
40:56even during
40:58the pre-colonial
40:58period,
41:00we are,
41:01we're fond of
41:02celebration.
41:02So,
41:03it's an innate
41:04of the
41:04Filipinos.
41:06And of course,
41:07I love
41:08heritage,
41:08so all the
41:09heritage
41:09sites
41:11and items
41:11here all
41:12throughout the
41:12Philippines,
41:13our history,
41:14and most
41:16importantly,
41:17positive during
41:17the Spanish
41:18period for
41:19more than
41:19300 years
41:20was the
41:21existence of
41:22our heroes.
41:23And this
41:23should be
41:25taught and
41:27relearned by
41:28the Filipinos
41:29over and
41:29over again
41:30because
41:30every time
41:31makakita ganit
41:32kog news
41:33nga,
41:33mag-away,
41:34nag-unay
41:35ang mga
41:35politicians.
41:36May ngayon po nga,
41:37how I wish,
41:38Bonifacio
41:38and Jose Rizal
41:39and all the
41:40heroes that
41:41we know of
41:41are still
41:42present to
41:43intervene with
41:44these people
41:44because their
41:45sense of
41:46nationalism was
41:47really very,
41:48very high.
41:50So,
41:50wala pag yung
41:51makakumpere
41:52ato nila
41:52with all
41:53the,
41:55what do you
41:56call that
41:56one,
41:56forces
41:57surrounding
41:58the Filipinos
41:58at that
41:59time.
41:59It was
41:59really at
42:00its highest
42:00level,
42:01ang nationalism.
42:02And that,
42:04because of
42:05this,
42:06kanang
42:06heightening
42:07stresses in
42:08the government,
42:09challenges
42:09during the
42:10Spanish
42:10period,
42:11Filipino
42:12sense of
42:12nationalism,
42:13na abot
42:13to see
42:14as highest
42:14point towards
42:15the end
42:16of 1800s.
42:17And that
42:17should be
42:18considered
42:18and should
42:19be valued
42:20by the
42:20Filipinos
42:21at present.
42:22Kedi yud
42:22lalim
42:23magpakamatay
42:23sa Pilipinas.
42:25Very true.
42:26Yeah,
42:26so,
42:27during the
42:28American
42:28period,
42:29same thing.
42:30So,
42:31at least
42:32we have
42:33more
42:34improved
42:35educational
42:36system,
42:37government
42:37system,
42:39our
42:39democratic
42:39type of
42:40government,
42:41our
42:41constitution,
42:42self-governance
42:44eventually,
42:45and the
42:46culture in
42:47the
42:47Philippines
42:47influenced
42:48by the
42:49American
42:49period.
42:51And again,
42:53Filipinos
42:53who excel
42:54in fighting
42:55for the
42:56Philippines
42:56through time,
42:57even during
42:58the Japanese
42:59period.
42:59Kaya daghan matag
43:00mga gerillas.
43:01And for
43:02us,
43:03when we do
43:03cultural heritage
43:04mapping
43:05in one
43:05locality,
43:06for example,
43:07we would like
43:08to look
43:08for the
43:09guerillas
43:09because
43:10these
43:10were the
43:12unsung
43:12heroes
43:12of
43:13Philippine
43:13history.
43:14And they
43:15suffered a
43:15lot.
43:16So,
43:17only very
43:17few names
43:18are there
43:19in the
43:19historical
43:20books.
43:20But,
43:21when we
43:22interviewed
43:22them,
43:23we really
43:23learned a
43:24lot.
43:25So,
43:26to top it
43:27all
43:28through time
43:29and with
43:29the different
43:30civilizations
43:31or colonizers
43:32or foreigners
43:33who came to
43:34the Philippines
43:35with all
43:35the challenges,
43:35that's one
43:37thing that
43:37I really
43:38value in
43:38history,
43:39the heroism
43:39and nationalism
43:40of the
43:41Filipinos
43:41through time
43:42just to
43:43fight for
43:44our country
43:45or our
43:46independence.
43:47If you
43:47could see
43:48from my
43:48facial expression
43:49before I
43:50ask you
43:50the last
43:51question,
43:51this
43:51conversation
43:52has been
43:53very helpful
43:53to me
43:54because
43:56among
43:57the
43:57takeaway
43:58while you
43:59were
43:59responding
44:00to that
44:00question
44:00is more
44:02on
44:02nationalism.
44:03If we
44:03look at
44:04the present
44:04if I
44:05look at
44:06the present
44:07I'm
44:07frustrated
44:08already
44:08about
44:09what's
44:09happening.
44:11But to
44:11your
44:11point,
44:12the
44:14revolution
44:15whether
44:16that's
44:17the
44:17American
44:17revolution
44:18or
44:18the
44:19Spanish
44:19revolution
44:20that was
44:21also
44:22frustrating
44:22for the
44:23Filipinos.
44:24But it
44:24brought
44:24out
44:25the best
44:26in a
44:26few.
44:27And
44:27these
44:28are
44:28the
44:28nationalists.
44:30when you
44:30were
44:30saying
44:31that
44:31it
44:31also
44:31became
44:32a
44:32challenge
44:32to
44:32me
44:32that
44:33hopefully
44:33for our
44:33viewers
44:33who are
44:34watching
44:34it's
44:34frustrating
44:36part of
44:37our
44:37history.
44:38But yeah,
44:38it can
44:39also bring
44:39out the
44:40nationalists
44:41in us
44:42and the
44:42best
44:43nationalists
44:44in us.
44:44Hopefully.
44:45Hopefully.
44:46I can
44:46even see
44:47what is
44:49saddening
44:49right now
44:50is I
44:50can even
44:51see
44:51indifference
44:52of the
44:52Filipinos.
44:53The
44:54Filipinos
44:54remain
44:54silent
44:55with all
44:55this
44:57magic
44:57that's
44:58going on
44:59in the
44:59society
45:00with all
45:00the
45:00circus.
45:01and
45:03it's
45:04for me
45:04indifference
45:05which is
45:05more
45:06alarming.
45:07But
45:09I really
45:10do hope
45:11that
45:11history
45:12will
45:12teach
45:13us
45:13a
45:13lesson.
45:14So
45:14hopefully
45:15all the
45:16challenges
45:17that we
45:17are facing
45:18in our
45:18society
45:18at present
45:19will also
45:20be the
45:20driving
45:20force
45:21to be
45:22united
45:22once
45:23again.
45:23No
45:24color,
45:25no
45:25political
45:25color,
45:26but
45:27united
45:29for
45:29one
45:30cause.
45:30What
45:31is
45:31dragging
45:32the
45:32Philippines
45:33down
45:33at present
45:34is
45:34really
45:34corruption.
45:36So
45:36no
45:37political
45:37colors
45:38but
45:38it would
45:39be
45:39against
45:40corruption.
45:41So
45:41hopefully
45:42we will
45:43take a
45:43look at
45:44Philippine
45:45history
45:45and
45:46take a
45:47look
45:47again
45:47of
45:48how
45:48the
45:48heroes
45:49that we
45:50know
45:50of
45:51at
45:51present
45:51be it
45:52they are
45:53really
45:53very
45:53popular
45:54and
45:54some
45:54heroes
45:55in the
45:55Philippines
45:56we have
45:57to learn
45:57from
45:57them
45:58so
45:58that
45:58we
45:58will
45:59continue
45:59loving
46:00the
46:00Philippines
46:00it's
46:01frustrating
46:02it's
46:03madismaya
46:03but
46:06then
46:07of
46:07course
46:07we
46:08have
46:08to
46:08so
46:09that
46:09we
46:09can
46:10keep
46:10track
46:10with
46:10what's
46:11going
46:11on
46:11in
46:11the
46:11Philippines
46:12and
46:13we
46:13have
46:13to
46:13learn
46:14from
46:14it
46:14so
46:16for
46:17me
46:18I
46:19take
46:23that
46:24challenge
46:24as a
46:25history
46:25teacher
46:25teacher
46:26and
46:26as
46:26a
46:27volunteer
46:27so
46:28in
46:28my
46:28way
46:29I
46:29really
46:30have
46:30to
46:32take a
46:32look at
46:33history
46:33as
46:33factual
46:34and a
46:34learning
46:34lesson
46:35to
46:35everybody
46:36and
46:37in
46:37the
46:37same
46:37manner
46:37that
46:38you
46:38have
46:40created
46:41at
46:42at
46:42least
46:42a
46:43bit
46:43more
46:43fire
46:44and
46:44me
46:44I
46:45hope
46:45the
46:45viewers
46:45also
46:46were
46:46able
46:46to
46:47pick
46:47that
46:47up
46:47so
46:47now
46:48my
46:48last
46:49question
46:49for you
46:50at
46:50least
46:50for now
46:50because
46:51I
46:51think
46:51we
46:51will
46:51have
46:51more
46:52conversations
46:52in
46:52the
46:53future
46:53my
46:53last
46:54question
46:54for
46:54you
46:55now
46:55is
46:56a
46:56usual
46:57question
46:57I
46:57would
46:58ask
46:58economists
46:59when
46:59they
46:59take
47:00a
47:00look
47:00at
47:00the
47:01present
47:01situation
47:01I
47:02would
47:02always
47:02end
47:03the
47:03interview
47:03with
47:04if
47:04you
47:04are
47:04to
47:04speak
47:05to
47:06a
47:0725
47:07year
47:07old
47:09Filipino
47:10at
47:10this
47:10time
47:11do
47:11you
47:12still
47:12recommend
47:12that
47:13they
47:13stay
47:13in
47:14the
47:14Philippines
47:14so
47:15for
47:16you
47:16I'll
47:16paraphrase
47:17that
47:17given
47:18all
47:18that
47:19you've
47:19studied
47:20in
47:20our
47:20history
47:21which
47:22gives
47:22you
47:22an
47:22idea
47:23on
47:23where
47:23we
47:23are
47:23in
47:23the
47:24present
47:24and
47:24where
47:24we
47:24will
47:25be
47:25in
47:25the
47:25future
47:25if
47:26you
47:26are
47:26to
47:26speak
47:27to
47:27our
47:2725
47:28year
47:28old
47:29viewers
47:30what
47:31should
47:31give
47:32them
47:32confidence
47:34to
47:35stay
47:35in
47:35the
47:35Philippines
47:36because
47:36we
47:37will
47:37get
47:37better
47:38in
47:38time
47:40always
47:40in
47:41every
47:41end
47:42of
47:42semester
47:43I
47:43would
47:43always
47:43tell
47:44my
47:44students
47:44I
47:45hope
47:45you
47:45learn
47:45from
47:46me
47:46I
47:46hope
47:46you
47:46learn
47:47much
47:47more
47:47I
47:48hope
47:48you
47:48learn
47:48from
47:48Philippine
47:49history
47:51have
47:52the
47:52chance
47:53to
47:53go
47:53around
47:54the
47:54Philippines
47:54first
47:55when
47:55you
47:55graduate
47:55please
47:57have
47:58the
47:58chance
47:58to
47:58go
47:59around
47:59the
47:59Philippines
47:59first
48:00before
48:01any
48:01other
48:01country
48:02so
48:03that
48:03you
48:03will
48:03realize
48:04how
48:04beautiful
48:04the
48:05Philippines
48:05is
48:05how
48:06rich
48:06the
48:06Philippines
48:07is
48:07how
48:08beautiful
48:08the
48:08Filipinos
48:09are
48:09innate
48:10and
48:11so
48:12that
48:13you
48:13will
48:13really
48:14appreciate
48:14Philippines
48:15and
48:15you
48:15will
48:15realize
48:16that
48:16the
48:16Philippines
48:17is
48:17still
48:17very
48:17rich
48:18it's
48:19only
48:19the
48:19people
48:20who
48:20are
48:20poor
48:21but
48:22but
48:22I'm
48:23also
48:23considering
48:23that
48:24our
48:24current
48:24generation
48:25the
48:25younger
48:26generation
48:26are
48:26already
48:27very
48:27open
48:27minded
48:28and
48:28we
48:28have
48:29even
48:30educational
48:31system
48:32so
48:32we
48:33already
48:33have
48:33internationalization
48:34it's
48:35easier
48:35for them
48:35to go
48:36outside
48:36the
48:36Philippines
48:37learn
48:38relearn
48:38between
48:39but
48:40I
48:40always
48:40tell
48:41them
48:41please
48:41come
48:42back
48:42to
48:42the
48:42Philippines
48:43and
48:43love
48:44the
48:44Philippines
48:45even
48:46to
48:46my
48:46nieces
48:46and
48:47my
48:47nephews
48:47I'm
48:47saying
48:48that
48:48even
48:49if
48:49you
48:49are
48:49there
48:50in
48:50the
48:50other
48:50countries
48:51be
48:51proud
48:51that
48:52you
48:52are
48:52a
48:52Filipino
48:52and
48:54then
48:54you
48:54come
48:54back
48:55so
48:55that
48:55the
48:56Philippines
48:56will
48:56be
48:56great
48:57again
48:58I like
48:58the
48:59word
48:59again
49:01it's
49:02positive
49:03thank you
49:04for joining
49:05us
49:05today
49:05and
49:06I
49:06think
49:06this
49:06is
49:07just
49:07the
49:07first
49:07of
49:08the
49:08many
49:08conversations
49:09we
49:09will
49:09be
49:09having
49:10and
49:10thank
49:11you
49:11for
49:11awakening
49:12even
49:12a
49:12portion
49:13of
49:13a
49:14nationalist
49:15in
49:16me
49:16so
49:18thank
49:18you
49:18very
49:19much
49:19Professor
49:19Laila
49:20for
49:20joining
49:20us
49:20today
49:21and
49:21thank
49:21you
49:22to
49:22Coffee
49:22First
49:22for
49:23supporting
49:23conversations
49:24that
49:25matter
49:26we
49:27often
49:27ask
49:27why
49:28corruption
49:28persists
49:29why
49:30discipline
49:31seems
49:31easier
49:32abroad
49:32than
49:32at
49:33home
49:33or
49:34why
49:34progress
49:34sometimes
49:35feels
49:35slower
49:36than
49:36we
49:37would
49:37like
49:38these
49:39questions
49:39are
49:39not
49:39merely
49:40political
49:40or
49:41economic
49:41they
49:42are
49:42also
49:42historical
49:44understanding
49:45our
49:45past
49:45may
49:46not
49:46provide
49:46all
49:46the
49:47answers
49:47but
49:48it
49:48can
49:48help
49:48us
49:48better
49:49understand
49:49that
49:50the
49:50choices
49:51we
49:51make
49:51today
49:51will
49:52become
49:53the
49:53history
49:53the
49:54future
49:55generation
49:55inherits
49:57tomorrow
49:57so
49:58I'm
49:58DJ
49:58Moises
49:58this
49:59has
49:59been
49:59beyond
50:00the
50:00headlines
50:01let's
50:01continue
50:01to
50:02look
50:02deeper
50:02and
50:03think
50:03deeper
50:04have
50:05a
50:05better
50:05afternoon
50:12it
50:13starts
50:13with
50:13a
50:14fresh
50:14shot
50:14of
50:14espresso
50:16bold
50:17rich
50:18pulled
50:19just
50:20right
50:21then
50:23comes
50:23the
50:23milk
50:23steamed
50:24smooth
50:25creamy
50:25and
50:26balanced
50:27the
50:28perfect
50:28latte
50:28is not
50:29brushed
50:30it
50:30is
50:30crafted
50:31one
50:32cup
50:32at a
50:33time
50:33your
50:34perfect
50:35latte
50:35is
50:35ready
50:36coffee
50:37first
50:37then
50:38everything
50:39else
50:40is
50:43good
51:03to
51:05eat
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