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Dominant monkeys use high branches to reach lily flowers safely, while lower-ranking ones risk diving for roots....
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00:15Even before we knew we were related, we'd always known there was part of them in us and part of
00:23us in them.
00:31We can see ourselves in their faces.
00:37We share a long family history, a sense of adventure, courage, a society and its battles.
01:00There is an understanding of life and death here.
01:06What makes us human may not be uniquely human after all.
01:14There are wild monkeys all around the world, yet only recently have we discovered just how extraordinary they are.
01:34Jodhpur in India and the monkey gods are awake.
01:42Monkeys were here first.
01:46We have a handful of other closer cousins, rare forest apes.
01:51But monkeys represent the blueprints on which we are all based.
01:59Some monkeys live with us and perhaps live more like us than any other animal.
02:18We have no idea what they think and feel.
02:22We can, however, guess.
02:26And there are lots of different scientific theories.
02:33We do know they want to find out about everything.
02:36whatever the risks.
02:45Toke macaques will try anything new, imagining rewards behind every closed drawer, tasting every new food.
03:03Beans!
03:05Beans!
03:07Beans!
03:10Beans!
03:13Beans!
03:14Beans!
03:3140 million years ago, in the ancient tropical forests, there were monkeys.
03:44Our monkey ancestors may have looked a little like this, tiny.
03:51In the tropical forests of Ecuador lives the pygmy marmoset, the smallest monkey in the
03:57world.
03:59It's the size of a hamster, and it hunts like a cat.
04:05Yet this monkey is closer to us than to cat or hamster.
04:10The eyes face forward and see in 3D and colour, and have a powerful brain behind them.
04:17Hands have fingerprints and claws along fingernails.
04:25Being able to grasp physical objects also helps your understanding.
04:29You learn things are there even if you can't see them.
04:35Navigating around a tree is more complicated than flat ground.
04:44Marmosets hold places and objects in their minds.
04:52Once you can picture things, you can perhaps imagine improvements.
04:57The marmoset family seem to.
04:59Then, they farm sap from trees.
05:02Taking bites out of the bark has no immediate benefit.
05:06The bark is spat out.
05:09The family makes ordered holes, like planting a field of cabbages.
05:14A few days later, a harvest of sugary gum has emerged.
05:25Planning ahead is clever, but so are your neighbours, waiting for you to do all the work.
05:33The family next door launches raids every few days.
05:43The owners are chased off, and the invaders gobble up as much sap as they can.
05:56The owners scent mark, which seems to give them new confidence.
06:00They rally their forces, charge, and chase off the neighbours.
06:24A long time ago, the monkey mind turned to improving their world.
06:30And farming and warfare took root.
06:36A long time ago, monkeys lived together to defend food and watch for predators.
06:42And numerous little societies sprang up.
06:55Each species made its own discoveries and customs.
07:00Marmosets and tamarins will often share child care.
07:05The female emperor tamarin nearly always has twins, and she persuades two males to help look after them.
07:15Their mother carries them with the two fathers, neither certain of paternity, obediently in tow.
07:22When mum wants to offload the kids, she signals to her mates, with her tongue.
07:38An obsession with the young, we now realise, is one of the things that is basic to all monkeys.
07:58The infants have a father each to look after them, so mum goes to feed on nectar.
08:06There's something curious about monkey babies.
08:09The silver leaf monkey, for example, has orange young.
08:13It's risky, with predators around, it advertises defencelessness, but to the family it says,
08:20help me, help me, look after me.
08:24Adults respond by worrying more and devoting more time than if the baby wasn't so obviously vulnerable.
08:33So young monkeys can stay being babies longer.
08:39Childhood in monkeys is not primarily about a growing body, but a growing mind.
08:44A young brain searches for understanding in slow stages, hands reaching out, working out what things are and how they
08:52work.
09:17A baby monkey slowly builds its understanding of the world and of others around them.
09:27As physical growing slows down, so monkeys have time to wise up.
09:36Like a non-means, how to do yoga.
09:54Awareness dawns in infancy.
09:58Intelligence awakes and takes control.
10:17These white-faced capuchins in Central America are very clever.
10:22In fact, capuchin monkeys have a larger brain for their size than any of our closer ape cousins.
10:30One group near the coast is able to track the tides.
10:36When the water retreats, clams are exposed and easy to collect, but not so easy to open.
10:48The trick is to roll and bang the clams hard and often for a long time.
11:10The thought of what's inside is what keeps them going.
11:13It's hardly fast food.
11:18Monkeys like us imagine food they can't yet see, and it drives them on.
11:28After ten minutes, the clams start to weaken and the capuchins can pull open the shells.
11:35If you're disappointed, it can only be because you've imagined more.
11:44Opening clams is just the beginning.
11:46Some troops have discovered how to get the best out of termite mounds, or reach water by
11:52using their tail as a sponge.
11:56The young learn from their parents.
11:58They have what scientists call a culture, monkey culture.
12:06But the most important things for monkeys to understand are their fellow monkeys.
12:12Outsmarting each other can make the difference between life and death.
12:22Most animals are wary of outsiders and defend their territory.
12:27In monkeys, this has become a battle of wits.
12:33The capuchins move around like chess pieces, testing their defenses, trying to trap unwary scouts.
12:52Previous battles and old grudges fuel the aggression.
12:59In monkey society, everyone is an individual and different rules can apply.
13:05Friends fight for each other.
13:09Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them.
13:24Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them.
13:30Our feelings for friends and enemies are chillingly similar.
13:36Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them.
13:36This is part of our nature, too.
14:07The
14:21More capuchins are killed by each other than by any predator.
14:30The invaders retreat with nothing gained from the battle except injuries.
14:37If murder and morality have roots in our past, then so too does compassion.
14:45The fighters return and are soothed and nursed.
15:05This is a world of
15:30Hounds that, when they were tiny, explored the world and opened a mind,
15:34and now demonstrate a gentle understanding of others.
15:52Grooming does more than clean wounds and remove parasites.
15:57It shows respect and affection.
16:04Monkeys' attention to their health goes even further.
16:07Some monkeys have discovered a few simple medicines.
16:11The leaves of the piper plant are antiseptic
16:14and used by people here in Costa Rica as an insect repellent.
16:19When a capuchin finds a piper plant, they all become very excited,
16:24sharing, rubbing, disinfecting and turning it into a party.
16:28Self-medication becomes a social event.
16:33We do the same.
16:34Think of tea and alcohol.
17:00A need to try everything is an extraordinary way to survive in the jungle.
17:10Here are leaves that can cure disease or repel insects, feed you or poison you.
17:24Knowledge, technology and culture are rooted here in the forest in the hands of monkeys.
17:39In Sri Lanka, toke macaques fish for caterpillars.
17:45The caterpillars hang from the end of silk threads, but monkey hands can reel them in.
17:56Local knowledge and their unique culture are what they live by.
18:02They know a nearby lake is guarded by a six-foot monkey-eating monitor lizard.
18:16Trust monkeys to find a way to reach the delicious lily flowers, safe from the monitor lizard.
18:24Only the highborn, the dominant in the monkey society, are allowed to use these overhanging branches.
18:37Those at the bottom of the social scale have to take bigger risks.
18:46They take turns to watch for the monitor lizard.
18:51While the guards are alert, it's pretty safe.
18:57These lower-ranking toke macaques will actually dive for lily roots and bulbs.
19:04Little of this amazing behavior is instinctive.
19:07It was discovered, learned and passed down the generations.
19:10Little of this kind of patterns.
19:12Keeping an eye out for your family and friends is an important part of their culture too.
19:28Instincts in animals generally are automatic, restrictive but reliable.
19:33But learning can be forgotten and concentration can lapse.
20:07Shhh, shhh, shhh, shhh, shhh.
20:15Shhh, shhh.
20:36What must a monkey guard feel when a youngster is lost on their watch?
21:11We can't know what they're thinking, but they behave in a way that we imagine we recognize.
21:21Another of the troop has been killed in a fight.
21:28He was the leader.
21:29It was a battle for control of the group.
21:34They are unusually silent as they gather around.
21:38The victorious new leader watches from the side.
21:42His injuries ignored.
21:43He does not interfere.
21:49Some who brought about the old leader's downfall are now tender and respectful.
22:03For many years, he had been an ally or a mate.
22:09He'd been a caring father to a whole generation of young.
22:41CLARES
23:02As scientists trace human qualities and feelings further back in time,
23:08so modern monkeys seem less animal, more like rediscovered relatives.
23:16Many are very rare, like the golden lion, tamarind.
23:21There's so much to discover.
23:23Why does the white wakari in the Amazon think a red face a good sign?
23:31Or the golden snub-nosed monkey in China have blue eye shadow?
23:37Why does the emperor tamarind have a moustache?
23:42The weirdest may be the proboscis monkey in Borneo,
23:46with a nine-inch nose and a fermenting stomach like a cow.
23:53Perhaps the most beautiful is the duke monkey of Cambodia.
23:59Every monkey has its own different character and story.
24:10Howler monkeys call to declare territory.
24:15Lions roar and nightingales sing for the same reason.
24:21Howlers have a silent duet too.
24:24It's a love song, though in us it would be considered a little rude.
24:53All animals instinctively pair together.
24:57But if monkeys are at all sensitive,
25:01if they can guess what another monkey may be thinking,
25:04if they have memories and make plans for the future,
25:08it must be surprisingly close to how we feel.
25:21They may be jealous of him, tsk.
25:23You'd want to be jealous of him.
25:32You can't even say that if monkeys head with gold.
25:32You have to die only of the dolls.
25:32You see them be jealous of him.
25:33Who's the one we know?
25:41You must be jealous of them.
25:43We give words to thoughts and feelings.
25:48Without words, is thinking even possible?
25:53The jungle, to us, may seem a cacophony of meaningless sounds.
26:06Each animal listens to its own calls and usually tunes out the rest.
26:12But some monkeys are multilingual.
26:23Gwynens live here and there are several species of them.
26:27Each has its own calls for communicating with other members of its troop.
26:36These Diana monkeys have joined an army of other Gwynens, a united nation of monkeys,
26:42and that requires them to understand each other.
26:48On the forest floor live sooty mancubes.
26:51They specialize in gathering fallen nuts.
26:55Above are red colobus, spot-nosed and putty-nosed Gwynens, black-and-white colobus,
27:03Campbell's Gwynen, and the Diana monkey, which live mainly in the upper canopy.
27:10These monkeys all behave as though they're one troop, moving through the forest together,
27:15resting together, and all looking out for predators.
27:20On the forest floor, the sooty mancubes can rely on the eyes and ears above and relax thanks to the
27:27alliance.
27:31If a red colobus spots something like a snake, it gives the red colobus alarm call for snake.
27:40A spot-nosed Gwynen reacts immediately.
27:43If a Diana monkey high in the trees see an eagle, the alarm goes up, eagle, and all the monkeys
27:50look up.
27:51Each species has a different alarm call, but they all understand each other.
27:56With eight different monkeys and about fifteen calls each, that's a hundred and twenty different sounds.
28:04The mancubes see a leopard.
28:06All the other monkeys call leopard in their own way, but there are other calls in there too.
28:12Diana monkeys have been the most studied.
28:14Their ability to understand other species gives scientists a running translation of other monkey calls.
28:23If Diana monkeys hear a string of calls by a Campbell's Gwynen, say, they behave as if they were hearing
28:29a sentence.
28:30Some calls add detail, may be, or not urgent.
28:34With another Gwynen, if the sounds are in a different order, it means something else.
28:40Grammar, the basis of true language, was once thought of as uniquely human.
28:46Chimps have not yet been shown to have this ability in the wild.
28:50Only monkeys and people.
28:53Diana monkeys also have a voice box more like ours, so alarm calls may be only a small part of
29:00their vocabulary.
29:03If talking is an ancient monkey ability, we should find something similar in other monkeys around the world.
29:11In forests from Africa to South America, scientists have found monkeys whose calls refer to predators.
29:19But do they ever use sounds for things when they can't see them, when they're just thinking about them?
29:30The white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica live by streams full of danger.
29:36They're nervous, maybe imagining death lurking under every log or pile of leaves.
29:42They too have put sounds to some of their fears, and have different calls for different predators.
29:50A call goes up, snake!
29:53The whole troop leaps out of the water and up into the trees.
30:00They soon calm down.
30:02Once noticed, most predators are of little danger.
30:07The warning system is built on trust and honesty.
30:11Yet, very occasionally, some monkeys deliberately shout an alarm call when there is no snake there.
30:18The reason for this deception lies in the fact that monkey society is very competitive.
30:25The leaders often take food from subordinates.
30:29The problem for a low-status monkey is not just finding food.
30:33It's hanging on to it, and sometimes they have to be a little crafty.
30:41Suppose a subordinate is acting a little strangely, watching the others closely.
30:50He then could, without any obvious panic, call snake, and everybody leaps out of the water.
31:02While the others are looking for snakes, he could sneak down and recover a fallen bird's egg he could have
31:09been hiding.
31:19The leaders slowly return to the pool.
31:22It seems that lying may be as old as language itself.
31:27If our little manipulator is spotted with his egg, he's in big trouble.
31:38This sort of deception has been noticed in several species.
31:42It shows they imagine things when they are not visible.
31:47And it implies that they are beginning to think about what each other may be thinking about.
31:56Millions of years ago, some monkeys reached this point and then took another huge leap into the unknown.
32:05They left the forest.
32:23Open grassland is a hard place in which to survive.
32:27Fruits and flowers are scarce.
32:30There's nowhere to escape.
32:32And some very dangerous predators.
32:51Baboons have grown larger than forest monkeys and 80 or so baboons stick together for defence.
32:59They are wary and aggressive.
33:07The big males will often go on the attack.
33:11The big males will often go on the attack.
33:11No! No!
33:12I can message withiler alert with ramifications of weapons guard.
33:19There are no responses to reproduce these animals.在沖�
33:19rank 或论盒案 ah不是你看着。是在沢山屆
33:41poster在沃山上
33:47The young are helpless.
33:50Most animals here run from birth.
33:53Gazelles and baboons feed together, both watching for predators.
34:00The baboons make do with tough plants, insects and grass mainly.
34:08The fawns assume the baboons are allies and don't realize that monkeys also eat meat.
34:38When our ancestors left the trees, we changed too and became more predatory and dangerous than the apes and monkeys
34:47we left behind in the forest.
34:53There's more to learn in larger and more volatile societies.
34:58All monkeys can be murderous, but baboons seem closer to violence, as though anger and frustration were just under the
35:06surface.
35:08The lower ranking males find failing ambition very stressful and become neurotic with high blood pressure and ulcers.
35:18High ranking males are dictatorial bullies while their power lasts, but when deposed, become ill and have symptoms of depression.
35:31Baboon society shares many of our problems. We're psychologically similar.
35:37Of course, there are huge differences, but if you want to imagine your early ancestor on a hunt, think baboon.
35:51I come.
35:52Hier irmãos.
35:57Asgame HO.
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36:03There sounds like 미국 Darwin should be cast Soap.
36:10And there is an exhaustive pitDEN at the podium.
36:10Where does the sixth Soap.
36:11And there is more or money?
36:12Way acc�를 come to王朝 okers and líder from London.
36:15Let's go play!
36:15Let's play asBob.
36:15It's not asique.
36:15But, as
36:50A clever political mind is essential in large groups, so the cleverest monkeys should
36:57be found in the biggest troops, equivalent to our towns or cities.
37:06In the Simeon Mountains of Ethiopia live huge herds of geladas.
37:14Speeded up, they move like an army.
37:41Groups of mothers and their young, Ahara, gather together to form troops of up to 800 monkeys.
37:52Geladas' hands are usually busy plucking grass instead of grooming, so to keep in touch,
37:58geladas have become the chattiest of all monkeys.
38:03The gossipy banter can sound to scientists like sentences with words or even names for
38:10each other.
38:11Most agree it's often used to defuse tension.
38:19And in geladas, there's a lot to be tense about.
38:26There are gangs of young males trying to steal away the women from the family harems.
38:34Each handful of females is guarded by a single male, the harem master.
38:43The spare boys try and tempt the girls away, hoping the resident father figure doesn't notice.
38:54The males flash teeth at each other.
38:58They may fight, but it's usually just showing off in case the girls are watching them.
39:04There's a lot of flirting on both sides.
39:08And then, if an innocent-looking female is tempted to wander off past her guardian, he has to decide what
39:15to do.
39:17Girls mostly sneak off secretly for affairs.
39:21This is a blatant challenge to his authority.
39:27The illicit couple just sit.
39:30The suitor seems to be using his hand to hide his grimace.
39:34He probably doesn't want trouble.
39:37Chimps, baboons and macaques may also try to look innocent when they break the rules.
39:44This is a complicated social problem.
39:48Using your brain to control societies is called Machiavellian intelligence,
39:53after a 16th century courtier who wrote on manipulating political power.
39:59Instead of launching into an attack, the politician here tries to grab a baby.
40:05Monkey etiquette dictates nobody attacks anyone holding a baby, so they're like living flak jackets.
40:12The mothers are worried and quickly scoop up the youngest.
40:18Here, the two males face each other.
40:21The family man backs towards one of his more loyal wives, calling for support.
40:28One of the youngsters suddenly switches from mother to father.
40:33This should calm things down.
40:36With the youngster attached, the father's protected and the harem should unite.
40:44But it can go wrong.
40:58The youngster is slipping off. The family are frantic.
41:06The harem master has no protection from attack.
41:17The bachelor is finally driven off with a little help from the mothers.
41:26But the fathers are meant to guard the precious young.
41:29He knows he's in all sorts of trouble.
41:32If the infant dies, the mothers may not support him again.
41:43Our brain too wrestles with our own similar problems.
41:47We are as social and as competitive.
41:59Intelligence sweeps in through monkey evolution to apes and us and leaves a chilling legacy.
42:10Becoming clever can mean being controlling, stressed, perhaps unhappy.
42:16The females are plotting, worrying for their young.
42:20He worries about other males stealing his girls.
42:24All of them are thinking about whom they can trust.
42:31Is this the pinnacle of monkey brain power?
42:35Monkeys also set us on a path towards cooperation, planning, tool making and technology.
42:42The cleverest monkey perhaps took that path too.
43:01The cleverest monkey has no idea.
43:02Stone slabs have been found in the forests of Brazil that have been worn into hollows.
43:08Apparently by prehistoric people using stone hammers.
43:20It turns out they were not made by humans at all.
43:26A bearded caputory monkey starts the processing of palm nuts by tapping them to see if they are ripe.
43:40There are only 20 or 30 monkeys in a group with fewer social pressures.
43:47They are thinkers and doers, not chatterers.
43:52The ripest palm nuts are stripped of their outer case, ready to be dropped onto the ground to dry out,
43:59which will take about three days.
44:02Each stage seems very well coordinated.
44:06A routine in a monkey culture, choreographed to perfection.
44:11Tapping again tells the monkeys which ones are ready.
44:42To be continued, like, five minutes later.
44:45BIRTHER CHIRU vendo
44:45The next stage may take place at the other end of the valley, the nut-cracking site.
44:51The hammers are of a harder stone, brought up from the riverbeds by the monkeys.
44:57They're heavy, some as heavy as the monkey itself.
45:03Palm nuts are extremely hard and difficult to crack open.
45:07It only works if you get it exactly right.
45:18Somehow, these clever monkeys get amazingly good at it.
45:45The next stage of the mountain is the most important part of the mountain.
45:55Collecting a ripe nut has taken days of harvesting, testing, ripening, transportation, collecting tools and choosing sites.
46:05Not forgetting years of learning in the nut-cracking school.
46:17The year two class is still wrestling with the basics.
46:26The sounds echo through the forest.
46:34Jaguars know it's monkeys at work.
46:39The capuchins always select their sites carefully, preferably below the edge of the escarpment.
46:47But it's more than just an escape route.
47:08We are increasingly realizing we are not the only intelligent knife on the planet.
47:14We are now at work.
47:30We are now at work.
47:43The story has ended up with us seeing ourselves in their faces.
47:51We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human isn't just human after all.
48:18We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human is human after all.
48:21We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human is human.
48:38The Afrocast of Atla shall and have been human after all.
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