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Short filmTranscript
00:02Tonight on Secrets Declassified, government sites so surprising or dangerous that they're
00:09kept from the public. From a luxury resort hiding a government doomsday bunker. If a bomb drops on
00:16the golf course, anyone behind the blast doors would be okay. To an explosive factory where
00:22every shift is life or death. I can't imagine something more stressful than trying to disassemble
00:29a thermonuclear warhead. And even a fake country in Virginia that's really a CIA training camp.
00:36When you cross the border into this fake world, it's Disney World for adults. These are the
00:44astonishing and sometimes terrible places built by governments and the people who work for them.
00:49It's time to bring them to light.
00:59In West Virginia, there's a luxury hotel for the rich and famous that boasts over 700
01:05guest rooms, exclusive restaurants, an 18-hole golf course, and a secret underground bunker
01:12primed for Armageddon.
01:18Nuclear anxiety is peaking in the 1950s. And the U.S. president is concerned about the safety of the
01:27government in the case of nuclear attack. The government has commissioned these bomb-proof
01:32havens for the president and his cabinet. Now they want a bunker for members of Congress.
01:48The Greenbrier is a luxury resort in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. This place is a slice of
01:56old-school luxury where the rich and powerful come to do business and relax. You can find presidents or
02:02celebrities sipping drinks at the bar. It sounds like the perfect place to see out World War III.
02:07It's far enough from Washington, D.C. that hopefully it could escape the effects of a direct nuclear
02:12attack on the capital city, but also close enough that people would be able to escape to it in time.
02:18It's shielded by mountains for extra protection. Perhaps what swings it, literally, is the hotel's
02:25golfing facilities. Eisenhower is a regular on the Greenbrier course.
02:33The government discreetly approaches the hotel for their assistance, and the management of the
02:38Greenbrier are happy to oblige. The only problem is keeping it a secret. An immense construction project
02:46on the grounds of the Greenbrier is sure to get the VIP guests gossiping, so the bucket needs a cover
02:52story.
02:53The Greenbrier gets a brand new extension, the West Virginia Wing. Underneath, a vast doomsday bunker,
03:02unlike any other, begins to take shape. The bunker underneath the Greenbrier Hotel
03:07hosts 153 rooms, spread out over 112,000 square feet. There are two chambers for the House and the Senate,
03:16and there's this vast hall for joint sessions. It's essentially a giant underground capital for the
03:22government to continue functioning in the event of a nuclear war. Beyond these chambers are the
03:28facilities you'd expect in a top-of-the-range government survival bunker, a high-pressure shower to rinse
03:33off nuclear fallout, over a thousand beds for congressmen and women, a hospital, a cafeteria,
03:39and a small arsenal of handguns. Perhaps the most impressive features are two enormous blast doors
03:47to seal congress inside. Each door is 19 inches thick, weighs 28 tons, and they're strong enough to
03:56withstand a nuclear blast from only 2,000 feet away. If a bomb drops on the eighth hole of a
04:03golf course,
04:04anyone behind the blast doors will be okay. And these doors are hidden behind a false wall in the
04:11exhibition hall, just inches away from where guests are mageling. For 30 years, the false wall stands firm,
04:19and the bunker remains secret, until 1992, when rumors finally begin to leak out.
04:27Ted Gup is an investigative reporter for the Washington Post, and an anonymous source tips him off that the
04:35Greenbrier resort might not be all that it seems. Gup speaks to former employees, who confirm that
04:43something mysterious is hidden beneath the West Virginia wing. But for a genuine scoop, Gup needs hard
04:50evidence. So he decides to go stay at the Greenbrier himself, to see if he can get that final bit
04:57of
04:57proof. When Gup meets the manager, he goes straight to the point. He asks, is there a government nuclear
05:05fallout shelter under the hotel? Well, the manager immediately denies this.
05:13Gup doesn't get the answers he's hoping for. But he's determined not to leave the Greenbrier without
05:18his story. Gup visits the office of a maintenance company called Forsyth Associates, who are supposedly
05:26in charge of maintaining the Greenbrier TVs. When he gets to the offices, he sees something strange.
05:33He sees a wall covered with books on nuclear war in Armageddon. You don't need that if you're building
05:41TV antennas. When he digs deeper, he finds out that many of the people who work at Forsyth
05:46Associates are former U.S. military cryptographers and radio specialists. Turns out Forsyth Associates is
05:53just a front company. Their real job is maintaining the communication for the bunkers.
05:58The Washington Post runs Gup's story on May 31st, 1992.
06:07And the Greenbrier secret is finally unearthed. Within days, the government goes public about the
06:14Greenbrier bunker and announces its deactivation. Today, the bunker is a tourist attraction. For about
06:23$50, you can go tour the halls where the American government might have been reborn after Armageddon.
06:31A luxury hotel might be the perfect place to hide a government bunker.
06:35But in the 1950s, the CIA has to hide something much bigger. A vast college campus set up to train
06:43the next
06:43generation of super spies. At the dawn of the Cold War, the CIA realizes that this is a conflict that's
06:56not going to be fought by traditional soldiers with bullets and bombs, but by covert agents stealing
07:01secrets from under the enemy's nose. When it comes to training spies, though, the Americans are on their
07:08back foot compared to their rivals at the KGB. The KGB has a decades-old infrastructure for training
07:14spies. And CIA is relatively new to the game. So they realize that if they're going to keep up with
07:20their KGB counterparts, they have to step up big. The spycraft skills that could save your life and
07:26maybe even your country isn't something that's taught in any college or university. The CIA brass
07:32realizes that their agents need training to prepare them for the real world, what they're going to face
07:38out there in the field. So in secret, they set up a new espionage university.
07:44The first step is finding the right place for a campus. They need a very large place,
07:50some place secluded, some place cut off, but some place large enough with infrastructure enough
07:55to simulate the activities of a normal city.
07:58They find it at a former naval base called Camp Perry. It stretches for 9,000 acres, more than half
08:06the size of Manhattan. To the outside world, Camp Perry remains a regular naval base, but behind its
08:14fences, the site is transformed into an elite proving ground for spies. Trainees refer to it as the farm,
08:22and generations of spies are secretly schooled here, right up to the present day.
08:30Training begins when students leave CIA headquarters in Langley on a blacked out bus.
08:36The men and women chosen for this are among the most elite. They've gone through rigorous testing,
08:42psychological testing, physical testing to prove that they are truly the best of the best.
08:48When a CIA trainee arrives at the farm, they leave their real identity at the door. They're given a
08:54new cover story that they must maintain throughout the training. They're leaving the real world to go into
09:01a fake world, a fake microstate that simulates life in a foreign country. And it's in this simulated
09:09country that their undercover training begins. The whole location of the farm is one giant set.
09:17There's a town square, a shady downtown neighborhood, suburbs, and then the countryside. Everyone on the
09:24site, from visiting diplomats to the local cafe owner, is a veteran CIA operative playing a role.
09:31There's even a cable news channel reporting on the region's fictional politics. The farm really
09:38is Disney World for adults. In this college, lessons are learned in the classroom. But on the streets of
09:46its fake town, the foundation of undercover work is being able to recruit and handle foreign
09:52intelligence sources. You're looking for people who have access to secrets. The whole time, they're
09:59playing cat and mouse with their rivals and enemies. Other students and operatives who are trying to
10:05catch them out. Outfox and the enemy calls for some of the more advanced maneuvers that a wannabe
10:12James Bond must learn. Your train had to clip a car during a car chase. How to get in a
10:18firefight and not
10:19shoot an armed innocent civilians. How to parachute out of aircraft and survive in the woods on, you know, no
10:26food. You learn all the kind of things that you would see in a spy movie. The recruits are pushed
10:33to
10:33the edge of their wits. After six months of intense blood, sweat, tears, stress, strain, anxiety, this siren
10:43blares out and signals that the simulation is over. And any trainees that are left have made the cut.
10:51The government has never officially admitted it exists at all. Graduates of the farm rarely go on
10:57the record about their experience. Until 2019. Former CIA intelligence officer Amaryllis Fox actually
11:05wrote about all of her experiences at the farm in her book, Life Undercover.
11:11The farm is truly a journey that's inspiring and pleasurable more than it is something that's scary and
11:18terrifying. The scary and terrifying part is when you have to use those skills in the real world.
11:27As the blitz hits London, Winston Churchill needs a bomb-proof shelter where he can lead his troops in
11:33secret. He's got 70 rooms, 500 staff, and the strangest thing about it, a private line to the president
11:41inside his restroom.
11:46By 1938, the British government know that war with Germany is on the horizon. And this war is going to
11:53be unlike anything in human history. For starters, the Germans have the aerial capability to rain bombs over
12:00Britain's towns and cities on an apocalyptic scale. To stand any chance of winning the war,
12:07the British government needs an emergency hideout. The safest place is underground.
12:13Halfway between the prime minister's residence in Downing Street and the British parliament sits
12:18the treasury. Here they have a vast basement 10 feet below the ground, which is used to store
12:24thousands of treasury documents. A top secret makeover begins. This underground space beneath the
12:32treasury is divided into 70 hyper-secure rooms. Now this included everything from the cabinet office,
12:39offices for secretaries and switchboard operators, and a dedicated bedroom for the prime minister himself.
12:47The war rooms are kept on standby for a year, until London comes under attack,
12:54and Winston Churchill takes his cabinet underground.
13:00On September 7, 1940, the Luftwaffe dropped a thousand bombs over the capital,
13:07killing 430 civilians and injuring 1,600 people. It's called Black Saturday.
13:16Black Saturday. Black Saturday is only the beginning. 57 consecutive days of attacks follow,
13:22testing the resilience of both London and its leadership as never before.
13:29Despite the hammerings, war rooms and Churchill survive. So, the Germans turn up the heat.
13:36By late 1940, the Germans are using parachute mines, and these weapons descend under an open parachute,
13:43and they're fused such that they will explode at rooftop level, and they'll create a pattern of
13:49destruction that's 300 feet in diameter. They can flatten an entire city block. If a weapon like this
13:54were to explode over the cabinet war rooms, it could bury the prime minister and the entire war cabinet in
14:01one shot. That's a risk that simply cannot be taken. The underground compound is reinforced with a
14:08massive concrete roof, referred to as the slab. That means that the cabinet war rooms can sustain
14:16a direct hit from a 500-pound bomb. During the renovation, Churchill requests the expansion of the
14:22complex itself. It triples in size, making room for 500 personnel working underground 24-7.
14:30Such a bustling underground workspace brings one particular problem that Churchill hates above all
14:37others. Churchill is notoriously sensitive to excess noise, so 500 people working in a busy,
14:45claustrophobic, and echoey underground environment can cause quite a ruckus. To make the boss happy,
14:50several things are put in place. One of them is phones that don't ring, but instead light up whenever
14:58someone is calling, they also import noiseless typewriters from the United States to mitigate
15:04all the noise that will be created inside this underground bunker. The expansion of the cabinet war
15:11rooms brings a new problem. With so many people coming in and out, Churchill fears classified talks with
15:17the U.S. president may be compromised by spies working for the other side. He needs a secure line
15:24of communication with Franklin D. Roosevelt, so he figures, where's the one place I'm not going to be
15:30interrupted or eavesdropped on? The bathroom. Churchill has a new private toilet installed for his personal
15:38use, and inside is actually a phone that connects to an encrypted line direct to the Pentagon in
15:44Washington. So any spy will just assume that the prime minister is taking a bathroom break,
15:48when in reality, he's actually masterminding victory. Kind of goes back to the old adage of
15:54your best ideas happen when you're on the toilet. Perfect example. The cabinet war rooms remained the
16:01beating heart of Britain's war effort for almost six years. Then, two days after Japan's surrender, on
16:09August 16, 1945, the war rooms and its secrets are locked for good. For 40 years, it lays beneath London,
16:19untouched and forgotten. Then in 1984,
16:27the bunker secrets are finally revealed when the Imperial War Museum opens its doors to the public.
16:35Everything is restored to its original state, frozen at the precise moment when the Allies won the war.
16:44After World War II, the United States engages in a race to stockpile the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons,
16:51buildings. Building the most destructive warheads on Earth requires a new kind of top-secret factory.
16:56A place so dangerous, it comes with a chilling fail-safe. One wrong move, and it self-destructs.
17:07By the early 1950s, we're in the beginnings of the Cold War, and both the Americans and the Soviets
17:14have the bomb. So, in order to regain nuclear superiority, the U.S. goes all in on maximizing
17:20production. The attitude from American military leaders is this. If we can't have the only nuclear
17:26weapons, then we have to have the most. A few hundred warheads won't cut it. The U.S. wants
17:34thousands. You're creating these things in volume, in a factory packed full of volatile materials.
17:41One false move, and you'll have a nuclear fireball on home soil. A site this hazardous needs to be remote,
17:49secure, secure, and secret. The Atomic Energy Commission of the AEC begins scouting for suitable
17:55sites. One facility that ticks all the boxes is an old World War II munitions plant in the Texas
18:01Panhandle, 25 miles from Amarillo. It's called Pantex. During the war, thousands of workers,
18:10mostly women, packed munitions and shells here. But now, the factory is closed. The AEC spends 25
18:18million dollars renovating the old factory, and in 1951, the U.S. has itself a brand new nuclear weapons facility.
18:27Workers at Pantex quietly and efficiently assemble the world's most lethal product,
18:33while trying not to blow themselves up. Workers assembling the warheads must perform what's called
18:40the mating process, when the explosives and the nuclear materials are brought together
18:44inside the warhead. If there's one accident, it's going to set off a chain reaction that will produce
18:51a nuclear explosion. A single second of human error could wipe out a large portion of the Texas
18:57Panhandle. To avoid this nightmare scenario, Pantex builds six new bunkers for assembling these warheads
19:04called Gravel Gerties. Each Gravel Gertie is a steel-reinforced concrete lab where the technicians
19:12work, and above them is what amounts to a mountain of gravel held in place by steel cables. Inside the
19:19lab,
19:20three workers assemble the nuke. And this process is so sensitive that one of the workers' jobs
19:26is just to read the instructions step by step as the other two workers carry out their direction.
19:33One false move from a tired technician, the whole facility goes out. Hence the merciless fail-safe.
19:41If there's an accidental detonation, the explosion will snap the steel cables supporting the roof.
19:48The entire chamber is then buried under thousands of tons of gravel. The design traps the radioactive
19:56material, reducing fallout by 90 percent. However, it also entombs the three workers who triggered the
20:03explosion. It's a literal death trap. The possibility that each shift could be their last hangs over the
20:10heads of the Pantex workforce. And yet production rates rocket. Pantex is producing 2,000 nuclear warheads
20:19a year. The U.S. arsenal swells to 37,000. That's enough to destroy not only the Soviets, but every
20:28civilization on the face of Earth. For four decades, Pantex fuels the nuclear stockpile. Until the end of the
20:36cold war forces a sudden U-turn. The slowdown in missile production makes the world safer. But for
20:42workers at Pantex, the danger levels skyrocket. Nuclear weapons that were manufactured in some
20:50cases decades previously have to come into a manufacturer for disassembly. I can't imagine
20:57something more stressful than trying to disassemble a thermonuclear warhead. Nuclear weapons aren't
21:04designed to be disassembled. And some of these have been sitting around for up to 40 years.
21:08They've degraded. And some of their explosives are not as stable as they once were. Now it's turned
21:14over to Pantex and go, here's the problem. You solve it. You take it apart. And try not to have
21:19an explosion.
21:22It's not just the nukes that are passed. They're used by a date. At this time, Pantex is over 50
21:28years old,
21:28and it's in desperate need of an upgrade. But instead, they're rushing to complete the materials.
21:34The rush is so intense that in 1996, factory workers blow the whistle.
21:42The New York Times publishes some astonishing and disturbing claims that at Pantex,
21:47the equipment is faulty and safety measures are being ignored.
21:53For the first time, the public is alerted to a nuclear threat on their own doorstep.
22:01The site is still in operation, with as many as 2000 warheads still waiting to be disassembled.
22:14If the Soviets send assassins to try and kill you not once, but 22 times,
22:19it makes sense to build a secret underground hideout. But that doesn't mean it can't be comfortable.
22:25This is the story of how one European dictator commissions his own private super bunker
22:30to the tune of 20 billion dollars.
22:36After World War II, Yugoslavia is led by a socialist dictator by the name of Josip Braz.
22:43He is better known to the world as Tito.
22:46Yugoslavia is independent from both Western Europe and the Soviet Union.
22:51But this comes at a cost. Stalin hates Tito and is out for blood.
22:56The Soviet leadership has orchestrated over 22 assassination attempts on Tito, so he must be
23:02thinking it's only a matter of time until this time runs out.
23:07Tito believes a Soviet attack on Yugoslavia is imminent, which would trigger a global response.
23:13World War III could kick off in his backyard.
23:17Tito begins to prepare for the worst with a near impossible solution.
23:22He decides to build an impenetrable retreat that has to be strong enough to withstand a nuclear blast,
23:29but big enough to hold his entire government.
23:32The only way to meet Tito's demands is to tunnel under a mountain.
23:36Tito's engineers pick a site near the village of Konyich, and the reason is because it's remote and shielded by
23:42the mountains.
23:43Plus, its central location makes it pretty accessible for government ministers who are in a mad rush to take shelter.
23:49The question is, how do you hollow out a mountain in secret?
23:54To maintain total confidentiality, Tito enforces extraordinary security protocols.
23:59He does not employ locals.
24:01Instead, he brings in construction workers from other parts of the country who won't be able to recognize the location.
24:07As an extra measure, they travel in blindfolds or in blacked-out vehicles to the location.
24:13The site is cordoned off from the public, and an immense tunneling project begins.
24:22Workers are using explosives to slowly and methodically burrow within the mountain.
24:27It's brutal and dangerous work.
24:30In fact, later testimonies claim that barely a single shift passes without someone getting killed.
24:37As the deaths stack up, so does the cost.
24:41Tito pours the equivalent of $20 billion into the tunnel.
24:45And, meter by meter, this hidden fortress takes shape.
24:49The entrance to Tito's bunker admits you to a horseshoe-shaped 200-meter-long tunnel that's carved into the mountain.
24:58It has 100 dormitories that are capable of housing 350 of Yugoslavia's political and military elite.
25:06In every way, this facility is designed to provide for the continuity of government and the eventuality of a nuclear
25:12war.
25:13The base is fitted out with the latest Cold War tech.
25:16It contains five operational centers with a cryptography center and even a fully equipped hospital operating room.
25:23The most iconic gadget is straight out of a spy movie, The Red Telephone, which will ring when nuclear Armageddon
25:31kicks off.
25:32If that happens, Tito can sit out the end of the world in relative luxury.
25:38The rest of the survivors will have to slum it, but Tito gets a private residence in the heart of
25:43the mountain.
25:44It consists of five rooms, including an office and a bedroom, with the bunker's only double bed.
25:50The inside of the bunker is vast, but the entrance is hidden to the outside world by a stroke of
25:57genius.
25:57It's camouflaged behind the facade of three regular-looking houses.
26:03Tito's impossible dream is finally completed in 1979, 26 years after construction began.
26:11But Tito never gets to take the grand tour.
26:14He dies in 1980.
26:15The secret bunker is fully operational, and the Yugoslav government keeps it on standby.
26:22Then, 40 years after construction began, an incredible order is given to blow this thing apart.
26:31In the early 1990s, Yugoslavia, as it used to be known, is torn apart as a result of a civil
26:37war.
26:38And Tito's bunker is right in the middle of the conflict.
26:41For the past 12 years, the bunker has been looked after by one of Tito's trusted servants, Colonel Garbovica, who's
26:48now with the Serbian army.
26:50Bosnia troops are advancing toward the complex, and Colonel Garbovica is given an order to demolish the entire facility with
26:58explosives.
26:59This is an agonizing order, because Garbovica has spent 12 years taking care of this complex.
27:07When his unit plants the explosives and prepares to leave, he makes a decision that could cost him his life
27:14for treason.
27:15He quietly cuts the cables connected to the explosives, and he saves Tito's bunker.
27:21The underground complex is taken by Bosnian troops, who retain it as a secret military installation until the end of
27:30the civil war.
27:32In 2011, it's finally decommissioned, and the government opens its doors as a museum and art space.
27:39Locals get to explore the secret labyrinth that's been hiding behind these houses for 60 years.
27:51A quiet neighborhood in Germany is the last place you'd expect to find a sinister CIA program.
27:57It's a site that brings together Soviet spies, LSD, and a Nazi scientist, intended on mastering mind control.
28:09During the early years of the Cold War, the CIA is more and more obsessed with interrogation techniques.
28:16They want to be able to manipulate the enemy who falls into our hands, and then they also want to
28:21figure out ways to reinforce the will of our personnel who might fall into enemy hands.
28:26Reinforce their ability to resist interrogation techniques that the enemy might expose them to.
28:32The only way to figure out how best to serve both of those masters is to conduct psychological experiments.
28:38The CIA sets up a top secret program to explore methods of mind control.
28:43It's called Project Bluebird.
28:46These experiments can be conducted in a regular laboratory.
28:50Obviously, they have to be done in a classified environment.
28:53A sort of black site that governments typically turn a blind eye to.
28:57So, Project Bluebird is taken out of the U.S. to battle-scarred West Germany.
29:03At this time, part of Germany is still under American occupation after World War II.
29:08The U.S. military have a site in a quiet town just north of Frankfurt.
29:12It's called Camp King.
29:15Camp King has been in use since World War II.
29:17It was used for imprisoning and interrogating Nazi leaders.
29:20Camp King has the perfect infrastructure for psychological experiments.
29:26It has secure cells, housing for staff, and even a hospital.
29:31But it's most vital asset, absolute privacy.
29:35The locals are used to seeing the Americans from Camp King around.
29:39They don't ask questions about what they're doing inside.
29:41A project needs a lead scientist.
29:43Someone willing to turn a blind eye to medical ethics.
29:49Turns out that the chief medical doctor at Camp King has quite the resume.
29:54Dr. Walter Schreiber is the former Surgeon General of the German Army.
29:58Walter Schreiber oversaw horrific medical experiments at Dachau and Auschwitz.
30:04Under his watch, concentration camp prisoners are frozen, injected with hallucinogens, and even dissected to track gate green.
30:15Experiments that end in slow and painful death.
30:20Schreiber was picked up by U.S. military intelligence after the war.
30:24Now his skills are put to use on Project Bloomberg, running Camp King's experiments in mind control.
30:31This includes hallucinogenic drugs.
30:34It includes hypnosis.
30:36The idea is to break the prisoner from his own mind and do what the CIA wants.
30:42The secure facility has a ready supply of test subjects.
30:47His current inmates are Soviet defectors, spies, and refugees.
30:52People who could be considered expendable.
30:55They could be treated inhumanely or die during trials.
31:00And who would know?
31:02The subjects are described as experienced professional type agents.
31:07Suspected of working for Soviet intelligence.
31:10In one case, doses of drugs and hypnosis induce a deep trance.
31:16One spy remains on it for two hours and then completely forgets the experience.
31:20But mastering mind control proves elusive.
31:25So new instruments are brought in.
31:27And the facility expands its operations.
31:30They generate a new set of tests to try on their subjects.
31:34Included exposure to gases, irradiation by infrared and ultraviolet light,
31:39pressure chambers, sonic torture, and dietary manipulation.
31:43Prisoners are often subjected to multiple combinations of these experiments
31:46until they can't take any more.
31:52Experiments at Camp King continue for the rest of the decade,
31:56when they are quietly drawn to a close.
31:58But the CIA's obsession with drugs and hypnosis is far from over.
32:04The experiments with mind control inform the administration
32:09of the mother of all Cold War psychological projects, M.K.Ultra.
32:16In 1993, the U.S. returns Camp King to the German government
32:21and build houses on the site.
32:23Families move in, oblivious to its gruesome history.
32:27Until 2002, when German researchers uncover the full details of Camp King's experiments.
32:35And the new residents learn the terrifying truth
32:38about the place they now call home.
32:44In the 1940s, the U.S. sets up a weapons research lab in Los Alamos
32:48that covers a sprawling 40 square miles.
32:51But the Soviets, they go bigger, 75 times bigger,
32:56with a secret weapons facility 3,000 square miles in size.
33:00The question is, how do you keep that hidden?
33:06By the end of World War II, both the United States and the Soviet Union
33:11recognize that missiles will dominate the future battlefield.
33:16The Soviets have captured existing examples of the German V-2 rocket,
33:21the world's first ballistic missile.
33:22In addition to that, they have captured German scientists.
33:27The Soviets want to use the V-2 rockets to help them develop a new missile defense system.
33:33The problem is, they have nowhere to launch them.
33:37They want to test these bad boys out.
33:39The thing is, they've got to do this away from the eyes of the West.
33:42They need something private, something secure.
33:45In May 1946, the Soviet command signs off the location of their new facility.
33:52And to ensure total secrecy, it's in one of the most isolated stretches of the country.
33:58The Soviets choose a remote location in the south, in the desert, very close to the Kazakh border,
34:03at a place called Kapustyan Yard.
34:05It's 600 miles from Moscow and 60 miles from the nearest town.
34:11The extreme isolation is its major selling point and biggest problem.
34:16There's no roads, no rail, no power.
34:20I mean, there's nothing out there but empty horizon,
34:23which is perfect for secrecy and volatile rocket tests,
34:26but it's terrible for a massive construction project on an ambitious deadline.
34:30It's also a horrendous place to work.
34:32In the summer, temperatures can get well over 100 degrees Fahrenheit,
34:35and in the winter, it plummets to below freezing.
34:38Stalin wants rockets in the sky as soon as possible,
34:41so he hands the project to one of his finest commanders,
34:45General Vasily Ivanovich Svozniuk.
34:48Wozniak is a man who thrives on the impossible.
34:51He's legendary for his iron will and genius for logistics.
34:59Wozniak is sent to this remote site, and he immediately gets to work.
35:03He builds a tent city to house all of the workers,
35:06and then builds roads and rail lines to bring in all of the construction material
35:10they're going to need to make this base a reality.
35:13Wozniak's team may be sleeping in tents on the desert floor,
35:16but in just two months, they built a launch pad and a command center.
35:20The new Soviet weapons program is ready for takeoff.
35:23In October of 1947, the secret base at Kapustin Yar launches its first ever rocket,
35:30a refurbished German B-2 that flies for almost 200 kilometers.
35:35After that, the Kapustin Yar base expands rapidly.
35:39A new town is completed, and it becomes the cradle of Soviet missile development,
35:44all hidden from Western eyes.
35:47In the Cold War, nothing remains secret forever.
35:50Whispers of a Soviet missile base sent Western governments scrambling for photographic evidence.
35:56And in 1959, the British sneak across the Iron Curtain, or rather, above it.
36:04On December 6, 1959, a British pilot sets off towards the Soviet desert.
36:10They're flying an aircraft that the world has never seen, the U-2.
36:14The U-2 is the pinnacle in aerial espionage.
36:17It's designed to fly so high with such high-resolution cameras
36:21that it should be able to photograph this new site
36:24while staying clear out of the way of any possible Soviet missiles.
36:29It passes right over Soviet territory,
36:32and it comes back with the first high-quality photographs of Kapustin Yar
36:37to reach the West.
36:39The photos collected by the U-2 are absolutely critical.
36:43They tell the Western allies exactly what type of technology the Soviets have developed.
36:48They tell them exactly what type of fuel they're using.
36:51They tell them the vital things that they need to know
36:53about Soviet missile technology and capability.
36:58Kapustin Yar is no longer a secret,
37:01giving the West a vital window into the Soviet missile program.
37:06But U.S. surveillance doesn't slow down progress.
37:10The desert base continues its operation
37:12and remains the beating heart of Russian weapons innovations today.
37:19There's a facility in Utah that's bigger than the Pentagon,
37:23with restricted access, no windows,
37:26and a secret objective,
37:28reportedly to spy on us all.
37:34In the early 2010s,
37:35deep on the salt flats of Bluffdale, Utah,
37:38construction begins on a sprawling 240-acre complex.
37:42Now, this is not a secret complex.
37:44It can't be a secret.
37:45The place is over 50 times the size of the U.S. cabinet.
37:48Officially, this complex is known
37:50as the Intelligence Community Comprehensive
37:53National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center.
37:55Locals just call it the Utah Data Center.
37:58This giant complex is a national security agency site
38:01for cyber defense.
38:03Today, surveillance, sabotage,
38:05and even terrorist attacks
38:06can be carried out remotely.
38:07The NSA says the Utah Data Center
38:10is designed to protect everyday Americans
38:12from cyber attacks.
38:13The latest sprawling data facility
38:15barely makes the headlines,
38:17which might be just what the NSA wants,
38:19until journalists begin to question
38:21the unprecedented scale of the site.
38:25At the heart of the construction,
38:26four vast data halls are being built,
38:28each 25,000 square feet.
38:31These will be filled with cutting-edge computer servers
38:34and hardware that will devour 65 megawatts of power.
38:39It will come with an electricity bill
38:41of $40 million a year,
38:45and keeping those servers from overheating
38:47requires 1.7 million gallons of water every day.
38:52It's a technological marvel
38:54that you can't see without top-level clearance.
38:57Security is fortress-level,
38:59with biometric access,
39:0124-7 surveillance,
39:03and barriers that can stop a 15,000-pound truck
39:06moving at 50 miles per hour.
39:08So why all the secrecy?
39:10When journalists crunch the numbers,
39:13they realize that the Utah Data Center
39:15can store an unimaginable amount of data.
39:19Some estimate it's yottabytes,
39:21a trillion terabytes.
39:23To put that into context,
39:25that's the equivalent of two trillion laptops.
39:28This site could hold more information
39:30than we ever thought possible
39:32and still have space for more.
39:34It begs the question,
39:36what exactly is the NSA going to store
39:39on those servers?
39:40In 2012,
39:42journalists for the New York Times
39:44pick up the trail
39:45when a retired NSA technical director
39:48named William Binney
39:49steps out of the shadows
39:51and blows the whistle.
39:53In the late 90s,
39:55Binney created a program called ThinThread
39:57that searched everything on the Internet
39:59for anything that was potentially harmful,
40:01like terrorist attacks
40:02or any other security attacks.
40:03His program protects the privacy
40:05of innocent civilians
40:07by encrypting anything
40:08that isn't suspicious
40:09while honing in on potential bad guys.
40:12Binney claims that after 9-11,
40:15the safeguards were removed
40:17and parts of ThinThread
40:19were used in a sweeping surveillance program
40:22on all U.S. citizens.
40:25In August 2012,
40:27the New York Times publishes
40:28Binney's revelations.
40:31He contends that
40:33the Utah Data Center
40:34is part of a massive government effort
40:37to store troves of data
40:39collected on Americans
40:41without warrants
40:42and against the Constitution.
40:46According to Binney,
40:48every message you send
40:49is recorded,
40:51saved, and stored
40:52work at places like the Utah Data Center.
40:56Allegedly,
40:57it's the last part
40:58of the NSA's mission
40:59to own every digital communication
41:01without oversight
41:02and be accessed by NSA analysts
41:05all over the country.
41:06The secret activity
41:08in those immense data halls
41:09remains highly controversial.
41:12To its supporters,
41:12it plays a vital role
41:14in keeping the country safe.
41:15To its detractors,
41:17is the real-world embodiment
41:19of Big Brother.
41:22From impenetrable bunkers
41:24to high-security science labs,
41:27governments perform
41:28their most covert activities
41:30behind gates and fences
41:32and top-secret sites.
41:34But no door stays locked forever,
41:36and the truth gets out
41:38in the end.
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