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00:00:02Se hace 500 millones de años,
00:00:05es demasiado early en nuestro planeta torturado para que los dinosaurios se haya evolucionado.
00:00:09Pero otros criaturas, extraños y sabrosos,
00:00:13están involucrados en un desastre y desastre de sufríbulo.
00:00:18Ellos pueden parecer como aliens, pero la realidad es que son nosotros.
00:00:23Y no solo nosotros, ellos existen dentro de todas las cosas vivas.
00:00:30Estos son nuestros ancestros principales.
00:00:32Ellos traen en sus genos blueprints que determinarán lo que vamos a ser o si existirán en todo.
00:00:42Es una saga olvidada.
00:00:47Un guerra épica.
00:00:50Un guerra entre monstruos.
00:01:14Our saga begins 4.4 billion years ago.
00:01:18Earth is a toxic, sterile mass of scorched rubble.
00:01:25Meteorites are pelting down.
00:01:29And clouds of lethal acid smother everything.
00:01:34Earth is on a path toward a lifeless future.
00:01:40But all that is about to change.
00:02:00The wandering planet Theia smashes into Earth,
00:02:03fusing the two planets into one,
00:02:06creating a brave new world,
00:02:08our world.
00:02:11Today, Theia lies right beneath our feet.
00:02:19A smaller chunk of Theia later becomes our moon.
00:02:24Comets collide and slowly our oceans form.
00:02:28Life on Earth is about to begin.
00:02:31But who will inherit this blue planet?
00:02:46530 million years ago,
00:02:48nothing lives on land.
00:02:53But underwater, it's a different story.
00:03:06Evolution has been pulsing along here,
00:03:09slowly and steadily,
00:03:10for millions of years.
00:03:13The seas are full of simple, soft-bodied creatures,
00:03:17blindly drifting at the whim of the currents.
00:03:23In the coastal shallows, however,
00:03:25evolution has rapidly picked up the pace.
00:03:35Predators have taken their first bite,
00:03:37and they like it.
00:03:39This is Anomalocaris,
00:03:42the so-called odd shrimp,
00:03:44the first super-predator.
00:03:47This four-foot bruiser owes his success
00:03:50to a monumental evolutionary move.
00:03:57Eyesight.
00:04:00These eyes, composed of many lenses,
00:04:03may look bizarre,
00:04:04but they're far from unique.
00:04:07Many predators are beginning to develop eyes.
00:04:12And so are their prey.
00:04:15The consequences have been explosive.
00:04:25Being able to see and react to enemies
00:04:27fundamentally changes the game
00:04:29between hunter and hunted.
00:04:33The battle continues even today.
00:04:36It accounts for the vast variety of life
00:04:38we see around us.
00:04:41To combat being visible and vulnerable,
00:04:44many creatures in these shallow seas
00:04:46have sturdy skeletons
00:04:48on the outside of their bodies.
00:04:52These armored animals are called arthropods.
00:04:56In the future,
00:04:57they'll give rise to both insects and spiders.
00:05:01But in these crowded waters,
00:05:04there's competition everywhere.
00:05:05And even the mighty Anomalocaris' defenses
00:05:08are constantly put to the test.
00:05:39The Lone vs.
00:05:40The Lone vs.
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00:10:11Es una mejor arma que el Anomalocaris, un estingido de la tamaño de tu brazo.
00:10:18Los escorpios son los mejores predadores en estos waters.
00:10:22Y los escorpios son plentíferos en sus hogares.
00:10:37El escorpio cerró en su siguiente comida.
00:10:50Pero Cephalaspis ha desarrollado un primer sistema de alerta.
00:10:56Especial sensores en su piel detectan las vibraciones de las vibraciones en el agua.
00:11:02Nosotros también beneficimos de este avance de la evolución.
00:11:05Nos hace sentirnos sensibles a la touch.
00:11:19Pero con su defensa de la cabeza, Cephalaspis no puede ser muy rápido.
00:11:24Cephalaspis ha cambiado por mucho tiempo.
00:11:30Cephalaspis ha cambiado por mucho tiempo.
00:11:50Cephalaspis ha cambiado por mucho tiempo.
00:11:54Cephalaspis ha cambiado por mucho tiempo.
00:12:11Cephalaspis ha cambiado por mucho tiempo.
00:12:20More than ten feet long, she's the size of a crocodile.
00:12:33She's turned the tables on Brontoscorpio.
00:12:36Her young will dine out on his carcass for days.
00:12:50In such dangerous seas, there's nowhere to hide.
00:12:55So when breeding season comes, and the Cephalaspis must congregate to reproduce,
00:13:00they manage to head for the one place out of a scorpion's grasp.
00:13:05Fresh water, inland.
00:13:14Earth, 400 million years ago.
00:13:19It's an alien planet.
00:13:21A barren expanse of blistering rock, hotter than the Sahara.
00:13:28This air would be toxic to us.
00:13:31It has less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than today.
00:13:38But some forms of life have gained a foothold in this hothouse.
00:13:43The first pioneering plants.
00:13:47Cooksonia is the first plant to send shoots upwards,
00:13:51mobilizing the extra light to prompt its growth.
00:13:55This upstanding design will eventually lead to our tallest forests.
00:14:10The Cephalaspis convoy plows upriver, away from the sea.
00:14:15They're making the marathon journey back to the very spawning grounds where they hatched.
00:14:21Incredibly, our fish ancestors already use memory,
00:14:25navigating by familiar landmarks, to find their way to their ancestral home.
00:14:31Their armoured heads protect a vital weapon,
00:14:35one of the first complex brains.
00:14:37It's got a way of storing experience, what we call memory.
00:14:42This new brain is much more developed than their scorpion rivals.
00:14:48Thanks to these primitive fish, we can think and solve problems.
00:14:55But the fish have underestimated their enemy.
00:15:04It is the arthropods, and not our fish ancestors,
00:15:08who have taken the first momentous steps out of the sea onto dry land.
00:15:18Brontoscorpio has a huge advantage.
00:15:25As well as gills, he has simple lungs made up of hundreds of thin layers of tissue.
00:15:32He can't breathe in and out like we do.
00:15:35He just absorbs the oxygen directly and passively into his system.
00:15:46Equipped to use every last bit of oxygen, and depending on their armour to protect them from the sun,
00:15:51the scorpions patrol the shoreline, scavenging on whatever the sea washes up.
00:16:11Finally, the fish approach their destination.
00:16:14They've navigated their way back to the spawning pool, where their lives began.
00:16:20Weak from their long journey,
00:16:22they now have to cross a strip of exposed rock to reach the pool.
00:16:41The first fish make it through, and start to lay their eggs.
00:16:52But the exhausted Cephalaspis have company.
00:17:06Passing scorpions stumble on the bounty.
00:17:25But the fish have numbers on their side.
00:17:29The clever Cephalaspis have navigated their way here,
00:17:32while the lucky scorpions have simply stumbled upon this feast.
00:17:37They're soon stuffed to the gills,
00:17:39while the endless parade of fish keeps on coming.
00:17:53Though this scorpion is plainly hungry, he's not feeding.
00:17:59He's a prisoner in his own skin.
00:18:04His rigid skeleton is a trap.
00:18:07It can't grow with his body.
00:18:12He needs to shed his old exoskeleton,
00:18:15then grow another one to accommodate his larger body.
00:18:20For such a large creature, it seems an eternity.
00:18:24An eternity during which he's totally vulnerable.
00:18:38Next morning, there's no movement in the spawning pool.
00:18:44The scorpion has missed his chance.
00:18:52The Cephalaspis has survived.
00:18:54They've laid their eggs, and are returning to the sea.
00:18:58Brain has triumphed over brawn.
00:19:01And soon, they won't be such easy targets.
00:19:05Evolution will give our fish ancestors weapons to fight back with.
00:19:14Our ancestors, the Cephalaspis,
00:19:17have managed to secure a strong foothold in the evolutionary chain.
00:19:21Over the next 100 million years,
00:19:24various fish species will modify their front gill arch
00:19:28to form the first jaw,
00:19:30studded with the very first teeth.
00:19:33Some even develop tougher bones and muscles
00:19:36in their fins and shoulders,
00:19:38which become the first limbs.
00:19:41This is where our arms and legs began.
00:19:45They're armed and dangerous.
00:19:48And at long last,
00:19:49our ancestors can safely haul themselves out of water.
00:20:03This is the giant amphibian, Hynurpeton.
00:20:07For the next 300 million years,
00:20:10this is the prototype land dweller.
00:20:12A tetrapod.
00:20:13He's got four feet.
00:20:28Hynurpeton are about five feet long,
00:20:31much larger than most amphibians today.
00:20:36They've carved out a living here along the water's edge.
00:20:44Some of their arthropod enemies are now land dwellers.
00:20:47But unfortunately,
00:20:48the air doesn't have as much oxygen as the water,
00:20:52which means the arthropod's primitive lungs
00:20:55can only absorb enough oxygen to fuel small bodies.
00:20:59To adapt,
00:21:00they've had to reduce their size.
00:21:02And now their role has been reversed.
00:21:06Paybacks are as ancient as time itself.
00:21:10And arthropods are now a big part of the amphibian diet.
00:21:14Still,
00:21:15for Hynurpeton,
00:21:16life is never easy.
00:21:21For this
00:21:22is a whole new world.
00:21:35In the last 50 million years,
00:21:38plants have developed into the first trees.
00:21:43And with nothing around to eat them,
00:21:45they've grown into vast forests,
00:21:48virtual factories pumping out huge amounts of oxygen.
00:21:56Hynurpeton has developed complex lungs
00:21:58to take advantage of this new oxygen.
00:22:03His lungs are sacs, just like ours.
00:22:06And he breathes like we do,
00:22:09forcing air in and out under pressure,
00:22:11so his blood can absorb more oxygen.
00:22:15Today,
00:22:16we still rely on lungs
00:22:18very similar to the ones developed
00:22:20in this strange amphibian.
00:22:22But while Hynurpeton has the ability
00:22:25to breathe on land,
00:22:26he's still water-bound.
00:22:29His skin is thin
00:22:30and doesn't retain much moisture,
00:22:33so he has to keep it wet.
00:22:40The water is where the food is,
00:22:42but now,
00:22:44it has become a place to fear.
00:22:54Fish
00:22:55are now our ancestors' enemies,
00:22:58and they're no longer
00:22:59in our line of descent.
00:23:02Primitive sharks
00:23:04are constantly on the move
00:23:06with lethal intent.
00:23:21In this era,
00:23:23sharks are small fry
00:23:25in comparison with other flesh-eating fish.
00:23:29The Hyneria weighs two tons
00:23:32and is 15 feet long.
00:23:39She's an insatiable carnivore.
00:24:04Hynurpeton's amphibian limbs
00:24:05are his saving grace
00:24:07for now.
00:24:12As the burning sun sets,
00:24:15Hynerpeton can spend
00:24:16more time on land.
00:24:19This stretch of shoreline
00:24:21is his territory
00:24:22and a big attraction
00:24:23for the opposite sex.
00:24:33Hynurpeton females
00:24:34are picky
00:24:35and only mate with males
00:24:37who can defend their turf.
00:24:40Mating season is short,
00:24:42and though he doesn't know why,
00:24:44this male's future
00:24:45depends on passing on his genes.
00:24:52Tonight could be his last chance.
00:25:03As nightfall approaches,
00:25:05so does the competition.
00:25:11Another male has his eye
00:25:12on this prime stretch of beach.
00:25:30To avoid injury,
00:25:32the males compete
00:25:33in a display of strength
00:25:34in a strange sort of push-up contest.
00:25:43Even though our male is victorious,
00:25:46he just may have missed
00:25:48his chance to mate.
00:25:50And the nightfall brings no security.
00:25:53So many teeth
00:25:54are on patrol.
00:26:01Don and all the females
00:26:03in our Hynerpeton's territory
00:26:05have mated and moved on.
00:26:08He seems to have missed out,
00:26:10but nevertheless continues
00:26:12serenading the deep waters.
00:26:21When a female
00:26:22finally answers the call,
00:26:24he wastes no time.
00:26:33But reproduction, too,
00:26:35has a cost.
00:26:36For this is when
00:26:37they are completely vulnerable,
00:26:39the bulk of their attention,
00:26:40elsewhere.
00:26:42Amphibian eggs are soft,
00:26:44and their young have gills,
00:26:46not lungs.
00:26:47So the eggs must be laid in water,
00:26:49where amphibians
00:26:50are most vulnerable.
00:27:05Inera can attack
00:27:06like a killer whale
00:27:07after a seal.
00:27:09Sometimes she misses.
00:27:11In fact,
00:27:12most attacks
00:27:13are just close calls.
00:27:14But she has remarkably
00:27:16powerful fins
00:27:17y nunca desistirá.
00:27:36Este es el final de este Hynurpeton.
00:27:43Pero los amfibios están en el momento de encontrar
00:27:45una manera de dejar el peligro de la agua para la buena.
00:27:50La clave para el futuro está en sus higas.
00:28:01En el tiempo, los amfibios desarrollan un rato,
00:28:04rato, rato, rato, rato, que protege los jóvenes de la luz.
00:28:09Ahora sus higas pueden ser colocados en la tierra.
00:28:12Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:14Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:15Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:19Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:21Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:24Los amfibios de la tierra.
00:28:32Los amfibios de la Trabaja.
00:28:33Sus amfibios van a llegar aliles de la tierra.
00:28:39Los amfibios al cratópe.
00:28:51¡Gracias!
00:29:12Carboniferous means coal-producing and all this luxuriant growth will someday be a massive vein of underground coal.
00:29:22These 150-foot giants towering above this swamp may look like modern trees, but they're actually distant giant relatives of
00:29:32ferns.
00:29:35Even the air is alien.
00:29:38Over one-third is pure oxygen, much higher than at any other time in history.
00:29:45This atmosphere has fueled the growth of new supersized arthropod predators.
00:29:59This is Mesothelae, a spider the size of a human head.
00:30:06She'd be hunting animals the size of house cats if she were alive today.
00:30:12She's an ambush predator operating from an underground lair.
00:30:19Safe in her burrow, she feels the tension in her carefully laid trip lines.
00:30:26These allow her to pick up vibrations from the outside world.
00:30:30Vibrations caused by wandering meals.
00:30:44Petrolachosaurus, a small reptile, is hunting the forest floor.
00:30:50Unlike our amphibian ancestors, he has tough scaly skin which traps moisture inside his body.
00:31:00Because he doesn't dry out in the sun, he can venture away from water.
00:31:05But that means encountering new predators.
00:31:35The reptile outruns the spiders.
00:32:05no existe
00:32:14at first the spider's armor prevents her from squeezing in
00:32:17but she's not giving up easily there must be a way
00:32:39later in her lair mesothelae will continue to inject her victim with digestive juices
00:32:44just like a modern spider
00:32:51the arthropods aren't the only thing that flourishes in the swamps
00:32:56the carboniferous is one of earth's greenest times
00:33:02it's this very surge of plant life that has filled the air with an abundance of oxygen
00:33:08fueling the arthropods growth spurt
00:33:19while the swamps damp conditions are perfect for plant growth
00:33:23the water levels are unpredictable
00:33:25and suddenly they're on the rise
00:33:32the spider lugs her dinner home
00:33:34but something's wrong
00:33:46her burrow is flooding
00:33:48she'll have to evacuate
00:33:52she doesn't have the ability to dig
00:33:54so she'll have to search for another hole
00:33:58but outside she's vulnerable to larger predators
00:34:03it's a nightmare
00:34:09meganura is an imposing dragonfly
00:34:11queen of the carboniferous skies
00:34:17with a wingspan of about three feet
00:34:20she's the size of an eagle
00:34:22and eats like one
00:34:30high above her kingdom
00:34:31she's normally invincible
00:34:33but trouble's brewing
00:34:38the flood was created by an approaching storm
00:34:42the super oxygenated atmosphere
00:34:45which has helped fuel the growth of insects and arthropods
00:34:49is highly volatile
00:34:51a lightning strike could trigger an explosion
00:34:54the fuel rich swamp is a time bomb
00:34:57ticking away as the storm draws closer
00:35:02the rising water level is perfect for one group of hunters
00:35:06amphibians
00:35:07while creatures like these have continued to thrive
00:35:11over the last 60 million years
00:35:13their thin skins still restrict them to the water's edge
00:35:17they have however become powerful predators
00:35:20ready to ambush anything that wanders within reach
00:35:30the homeless spider tries her luck further inland
00:35:33but other mesothelae have crowded into the forest floor
00:35:38they don't like to share
00:35:45neither does arthroplora
00:35:47he's a distant relative of modern millipedes
00:35:51but about 10 feet long
00:35:55he can rear up tall enough to stare down a human
00:35:59although he's vegetarian
00:36:02his experienced jaws can deliver a powerful bite
00:36:13with the rising waters
00:36:16arthroplora's foraging leads him into dangerous territory
00:36:35in this clash of the titans
00:36:37the arthropod's armor is his best defense
00:36:48unless it gets split
00:37:00impaled
00:37:01his soft inurts provide a feast for this amphibian
00:37:07still the storm is building
00:37:09the squalls of lightning move ever closer
00:37:14just in time
00:37:16mesothelae finds another hole
00:37:21she evicts a petrolacosaurus
00:37:23but reptiles don't need burrows to avoid danger
00:37:27they have speed on their side
00:37:32meanwhile the spider cleans out her new home
00:37:35and begins to rig her new trap
00:37:49night falls
00:37:50and mesothelae settles into her new silky home
00:37:56she tests the new trip lines
00:37:58they're already keen to the possibilities outside
00:38:04the storm is very close now
00:38:08lightning strikes ignite the oxygen laden air
00:38:15the giant dragonflies are forced down
00:38:18from the forest canopy seeking refuge below
00:38:22an unexpected feast for the water predators
00:38:33amid the chaos
00:38:35mesothelae seems safe in her bunker underground
00:38:40but this storm is a big one
00:38:43it's gonna be a rough night
00:38:52the morning after the storm
00:38:54a huge fire ignited by lightning
00:38:57has devastated mesothelae's neighborhood
00:39:03there are no signs of life above ground
00:39:12however a petrolacosaurus must have managed to outrun the flames
00:39:19only to plop right into the spider's lair
00:39:33mesothelae's hole was baked by the inferno
00:39:41it's a spider roast for the reptile
00:39:48the era of the giant bugs is coming to a close
00:39:51the climate is drier
00:39:53the atmosphere is losing oxygen
00:39:56the monster insects and spiders
00:39:59can't survive the change
00:40:01but with their more efficient hearts
00:40:04and waterproof skin
00:40:05our versatile ancestors flourish in the new dry climate
00:40:11now evolution responds once again
00:40:14to fundamental changes in the environment
00:40:17without restrictive armor
00:40:20the reptiles can easily grow to enormous sizes
00:40:25their muscles and bones broaden and extend
00:40:31their bodies mushroom into huge new shapes and forms
00:40:38our distant ancestors have come a long way
00:40:42they've now conquered the land
00:40:53the world's first large reptiles have arrived
00:40:58but they're not closely related to dinosaurs
00:41:01they're something completely different
00:41:13these are the reptiles that have spread all across the globe
00:41:24275 million years ago
00:41:26hadaphosaurus bask in the early morning sun
00:41:30they're 10 feet long
00:41:32as bulky as hippos
00:41:34and like them they're vegetarians
00:41:41this life is a constant battle
00:41:43not only with predators
00:41:44but with the elements
00:41:47the climate swings wildly between seasonal extremes
00:41:51from sweltering summers
00:41:53to bitter cold winters
00:41:56a new species of plant has evolved
00:41:59able to withstand this cold dry atmosphere
00:42:04primitive conifers
00:42:06plants that bear cones for transporting seed
00:42:11in this unforgiving world
00:42:13creatures must be tough and adapt easily or die out
00:42:18the largest insects have died off since their carboniferous glory days
00:42:24but the reptiles have prospered by finding a passive way to regulate their body temperature
00:42:34adaphosaurus are sluggish in the autumn morning chill
00:42:37but they'll soon warm up
00:42:39thanks to the huge sail on their backs
00:42:45their backbone has tall spines
00:42:48connected by a thin membrane of blood-filled skin
00:42:52to heat up
00:42:53they simply turn their sails toward the sun
00:42:56like a solar panel
00:43:00this large surface area can also lose heat fast
00:43:04if the adaphosaurus need to cool down
00:43:12staggeringly
00:43:13these almost absurd sailbacks are related to us
00:43:18they're part of a very special group of creatures
00:43:21called synapsids
00:43:22or mammal-like reptiles
00:43:25thanks to adaphosaurus
00:43:27we have control over our body temperature today
00:43:34but adaphosaurus aren't the only sailbacks
00:43:37and their greatest threat
00:43:39comes from one of their own
00:43:52this is dimetrodon
00:43:54a vicious carnivore
00:43:56the biggest carnivore reptile on earth
00:44:02she'd normally attack adult adaphosaurus
00:44:05but today she wants to avoid injury
00:44:08she's pregnant
00:44:09and must be more prudent
00:44:15so she finds a smaller more pliant target
00:44:41this is only a mock charge
00:44:43a tactic to disperse the group
00:44:45and expose the vulnerable young
00:44:49the panicking adaphosaurus flush their sails with blood
00:44:52flashing an eye spot
00:44:54to distract the predator's attention
00:44:56from their vulnerable heads
00:44:59but dimetrodon sees through the ruse
00:45:22she focuses in on her victim
00:45:47as well as her sheer size and power
00:45:49dimetrodon has developed a taste for blood
00:45:54as a mammal-like reptile
00:45:56she's begun to evolve two kinds of teeth
00:45:59incisors for tearing off chunks of flesh
00:46:02and serrated cheek teeth
00:46:04that slice and dice
00:46:07dimetrodon means two-toothed
00:46:09humans have inherited this same specialized equipment
00:46:15the young adaphosaurus didn't stand a chance
00:46:20this is an essential kill for the dimetrodon
00:46:24she will need a good store of energy
00:46:26for building her nest
00:46:27and laying her eggs
00:46:37the smell of blood
00:46:39the smell of blood has attracted more dimetrodon
00:46:41highly aggressive males
00:46:56the female knows better than to defend her kill
00:46:59she's more worried about protecting her unborn offspring
00:47:05by the time the group is finished
00:47:07there'll be little left for the smaller scavengers
00:47:10while lions today eat 70% of a carcass
00:47:14dimetrodon are known to eat 90
00:47:19they'll only eat intestines
00:47:21after shaking out the waist
00:47:24dung is the one thing a dimetrodon can't stomach
00:47:37after losing her kill to the male dimetrodon
00:47:41the female heads off to her nesting mound
00:47:53there she digs a large nest
00:47:58and starts to lay her eggs
00:48:13she covers her brood carefully
00:48:15ready to begin guard duty
00:48:20but thieves lurk in the shadows
00:48:25like this carnivorous amphibian
00:48:30but he's too small to take on the female dimetrodon
00:48:34he'll have to bide his time
00:48:36until she turns her back
00:48:39the mother constantly monitors the nest's temperature
00:48:44temperature control is vital for these mammal-like reptiles
00:48:48even before they hatch
00:48:50the mother piles on more dirt
00:48:52if the eggs get too cold
00:48:54and removes a layer
00:48:57if they're too warm
00:48:59without maintaining the proper temperature
00:49:02her offspring would die
00:49:06it's going to be a long seven months
00:49:18the seasons pass
00:49:20and autumn becomes a ragged and bitter winter
00:49:31the landscape
00:49:32is transformed
00:49:39most creatures seek shelter
00:49:43silence is thick on the land
00:49:47in this dormant world
00:49:49the lone dimetrodon keeps her appointed vigil
00:49:52even though her strength is slowly draining away
00:49:56she's starving
00:49:58this is the most critical time for her young
00:50:01the temperature can plummet to dangerous levels
00:50:05some may never hatch
00:50:19finally winter melts into spring
00:50:31in the morning sun
00:50:32the Adaphosaurus feed on the thriving conifers
00:50:40the trees are well adapted to
00:50:42and able to withstand this dry climate
00:50:47they also have extremely tough durable leaves
00:50:50making them particularly difficult to digest
00:50:56to grind down the tough plant
00:50:58the Adaphosaurus have developed specialized teeth
00:51:01and a strong jaw
00:51:03they are some of the first vertebrates
00:51:05to be able to digest plants
00:51:07which is more difficult than digesting meat
00:51:10the Adaphosaurus advanced stomach
00:51:12acts as a processing factory
00:51:14in which nutrients are extracted
00:51:16from the vegetable fibers
00:51:19as the hot midday sun climbs
00:51:22the herd makes use of the shade
00:51:24resting to digest
00:51:25and ruminate on the day
00:51:27while they protect their sails
00:51:30from the heat
00:51:45there's much activity back at the nesting mound
00:51:47and it's not the mother who's digging
00:51:52another female is desperate to lay her eggs
00:52:00if she takes over the mound
00:52:02she'll dig out and kill the incubating young
00:52:05already inside
00:52:11our female may be weak
00:52:13but she won't give up her nest
00:52:15without a fight
00:52:20it's a contest between two life forces
00:52:23each desperate to see her genes prevail
00:52:26it's a battle neither can afford to lose
00:52:43back at the nesting mound
00:52:44just one female remains
00:52:51it's our resident mother
00:52:53she's managed to outlast her rival
00:52:58but not without a sacrifice
00:53:01wounded
00:53:01she won't be able to defend her eggs
00:53:04or herself for much longer
00:53:08and the thief
00:53:09is still lurking in the shadows
00:53:11waiting to seize his chance
00:53:22as summer arrives
00:53:23the Adaphosaurus are thriving in the heat
00:53:30the young have grown
00:53:32and test out their newfound strength
00:53:44sadly our mother dimetrodon
00:53:47is near the end
00:53:50so weak
00:53:51she's utterly helpless
00:53:53as another intruder attacks
00:53:59fortunately
00:54:00this large male
00:54:02has got his teeth
00:54:03into something more substantial
00:54:04than her young
00:54:05the thieving amphibian
00:54:07caught as he tried to steal
00:54:09the mother's eggs
00:54:12the precious eggs
00:54:13are safe
00:54:14and ready to hatch
00:54:17the mother can hear them squeaking
00:54:20she's beat the odds
00:54:23once she knows the eggs are hatched
00:54:26her maternal bond is severed
00:54:29unlike her mammal descendants
00:54:30she won't nurture her young
00:54:32her instinct now
00:54:34is to find food
00:54:36and save herself
00:54:58without their mother's protection
00:55:00these youngsters will take on
00:55:02the world alone
00:55:08they instinctively take their first steps
00:55:11out of the nest
00:55:12and then
00:55:13it's a jailbreak
00:55:14for the tree line
00:55:20danger is always worse
00:55:22when it comes cloaked
00:55:23in a familiar form
00:55:27adult dimetrodon
00:55:28are cannibals
00:55:48not all the young are helpless
00:55:50some instinctively know
00:55:52how to defend themselves
00:55:55the youngsters roll themselves
00:55:57in dung
00:55:58something the adults abhor
00:56:03the stench
00:56:04may give them enough of an edge
00:56:06to make it to safety
00:56:27one adult is almost unspeakably driven
00:56:30by her hunger and desperation
00:56:32the mother
00:56:34she'll weed out the weak among her own offspring
00:56:37sounds difficult
00:56:38though it helps her species as a whole survive
00:56:43and once more
00:56:44the mammal-like reptiles adapt
00:56:46tightening their grip on the land
00:56:51their legs grow straighter and longer
00:56:54making them more upright
00:56:57they're faster
00:56:58and their backbones and muscles are stronger
00:57:01they even start to look like mammals
00:57:06to house a larger brain
00:57:08their skull bones expand into an enormous head
00:57:12and their jaw bones are packed with huge sharp teeth
00:57:18a new age of reptiles has dawned
00:57:20and the world will never be the same
00:57:30after 270 million years of evolution
00:57:32the war between predator and prey
00:57:35is now a battle for survival
00:57:37against the elements
00:57:41the entire planet is entering a crisis
00:57:43one that will decimate the great reptiles
00:57:46and wipe out 90% of life on earth
00:58:05all the continents on earth
00:58:07had by this time drifted together
00:58:08to create one giant landmass
00:58:11called Pangea
00:58:12and at its center
00:58:14is the largest desert
00:58:15the world has ever seen
00:58:18it's brutal and unrelenting
00:58:20only the toughest of animals will prosper
00:58:23it's perfect for reptiles
00:58:29this is a one-ton Siberian scutosaurus
00:58:32the lizard with scuts
00:58:34or plates
00:58:35a distant cousin of turtles
00:58:37although he has no shell
00:58:39his back is covered in hard bony plates
00:58:42lucky for him
00:58:43because these sand dunes
00:58:46hide a fearsome predator
00:58:50this old male has been separated
00:58:52from the rest of the group
00:58:53and now his keen nose
00:58:55senses danger
00:59:09once he wears himself out
00:59:11he's vulnerable
00:59:31his attacker is a carnivorous gorgonopsin
00:59:41the gorgonopsin is fast
00:59:44powerful
00:59:45and equipped with an arsenal of weapons
00:59:47never seen before
00:59:56exhausted trapped and injured
00:59:58the old scutosaurus has no fight left
01:00:27this gorgonopsin's huge jaws
01:00:30come complete with a pair of fangs
01:00:32five inches long
01:00:34she has developed the first saber teeth
01:00:37a lethal weapon
01:00:39that future mammal predators
01:00:41will also bring to bear
01:00:51in this bleak landscape
01:00:53the reptile's biggest battle
01:00:55is now with the elements
01:00:56a massive surge in volcanic activity
01:00:59is beginning to superheat the atmosphere
01:01:04creating the highest temperatures
01:01:06ever known on earth
01:01:11each year the deserts spread
01:01:14even here in siberia
01:01:16far north of the equator
01:01:17animals are forced to cluster around
01:01:20without any lasting source of water
01:01:29the huge female gorgonopsin has come looking for a drink
01:01:33to wash down the scutosaurus
01:01:36the smaller gorgonopsin gathered at the hole
01:01:39will do well to keep out of her way
01:01:4120 feet from head to tail
01:01:44she's the top predator on earth
01:01:46there'll be nothing even close
01:01:49until the dinosaurs evolve
01:01:51in 30 million years
01:01:54unlike the dinosaurs
01:01:56these early reptiles
01:01:58are more similar
01:01:59to our mammalian ancestors
01:02:00rather than to lizards and crocodiles
01:02:03they may not have fur
01:02:05but they've already evolved
01:02:07scent glands in their skin
01:02:09this way everyone can tell
01:02:12when gorgonopsin is around
01:02:20despite the presence of these heavyweights
01:02:22smaller creatures also eke out a living
01:02:25around the water hole
01:02:28diictodon is a tough little burrower
01:02:30just a foot and a half long
01:02:36they pair off in spiral burrows
01:02:38that remain cool
01:02:40even in a desert furnace
01:02:41it may remind you of a mammal
01:02:44but it's a reptile
01:02:45and although it will be 30 million years
01:02:48before the first true mammals appear
01:02:50there are already some family resemblances
01:02:53still diictodon's hearing
01:02:57is linked to tiny bones in his lower jaw
01:03:00one day these will evolve
01:03:03into our middle ear bones
01:03:04something no other reptile has
01:03:11several pairs of diictodon
01:03:13live around the water hole
01:03:14and compete furiously
01:03:16for the sparse vegetation
01:03:18in and around their homes
01:03:20these little reptiles
01:03:22are no stranger to confrontation
01:03:30these clashes are one reason
01:03:33why both males and females
01:03:35sport a pair of short tusks
01:03:48there is however one big advantage
01:03:50to living in a crowd
01:03:51if a neighbor spots danger
01:03:53everyone soon knows about it
01:03:58a female gorgonopsid has come to investigate
01:04:13these are the wolves of their time
01:04:15named after the legendary gorgon
01:04:18whose fearsome gaze could kill
01:04:25a single snap of those punishing jaws
01:04:28would crush any diictodon
01:04:30if it could be caught
01:04:31but tiny mouthfuls are more trouble than they're worth
01:04:36the gorgonopsid knows that if she hangs around the water hole long enough
01:04:41eventually larger prey will come to her
01:04:44and here memory and strategy
01:04:47are moving towards something very like intelligence
01:04:55250 million years ago
01:04:57back in the siberian desert
01:04:59the female gorgonopsid waits for her next meal to come along
01:05:03and steals a drink from the water hole
01:05:05but there is another lurking resident beneath the surface
01:05:11a desperate one
01:05:12much less suited than the gorgonopsid to the changing climate
01:05:16it lies in watery ambush
01:05:19like a crocodile
01:05:25a giant amphibian labyrinthodont
01:05:28so-called because of its maze-like tooth structure
01:05:32but she's picked the wrong target
01:05:40this ambush was probably hopeless from the start
01:05:45for generations
01:05:46this water hole supported a menagerie of animals
01:05:50including several other labyrinthodonts
01:05:53but this one's the very last
01:05:56and as the water she depends on disappears
01:06:00she's doomed
01:06:10now the wet season arrives
01:06:12but there's no rain
01:06:15all life is under pressure
01:06:18entire species are dying out at a rate that won't be matched
01:06:21until today
01:06:25the water hole is nothing more than a large puddle
01:06:33diictodon are more adaptable than most
01:06:35they can dig deeper to escape the heat
01:06:38carving out tunnels in the rock-hard mud
01:06:45but the great amphibian labyrinthodont is in trouble
01:06:48and as she grows weaker
01:06:50gorgonopsid watches and waits
01:06:54it's a morbid game of cat and mouse
01:07:03but life here is about to change for everyone
01:07:27a migrating group of scutosaurus
01:07:30has sniffed out the water hole
01:07:41it's possible they smelled the water several miles away
01:07:44and this could very well be the first drink they've had in almost six months
01:07:56desert plants are a poor source of nutrients
01:07:58but scutosaurus are designed to squeeze out every ounce
01:08:03although they cannot chew
01:08:05their huge stomachs hold stones they've selected off the desert floor
01:08:10called gastropods
01:08:12they help grind up the vegetation
01:08:14and so become smooth and unnaturally rounded in time
01:08:25the tough little diictodon are used to avoiding danger
01:08:31gorgonopsid too keeps her distance
01:08:34she won't dare attack a group this large
01:08:36that knows how to defend themselves
01:08:47it's a standoff
01:08:56ironically
01:08:56the scutosaurus are a greater threat to life around the water hole than any predator
01:09:04within a few days they drink it dry
01:09:06and move on in their eternal quest for food and water
01:09:19suddenly
01:09:19the water everywhere
01:09:21goes missing
01:09:23and all life
01:09:24is threatened
01:09:27a global drought
01:09:29is obliterating millions of years of evolution
01:09:32life itself
01:09:34is on the brink
01:09:49for animals that don't migrate
01:09:51the situation's lethal
01:10:02hunger drives the gorgonopsid back to the diictodon
01:10:05and this time
01:10:07she tries to dig them out
01:10:17but the diictodons keep mining away
01:10:21their tunnel below the sun-baked earth
01:10:23is deep enough to keep them safe
01:10:28instead
01:10:29the gorgonopsid's nose leads her back to the dried up water hole
01:10:34she senses things are not as lifeless as they seem
01:10:52the labyrinthodont
01:10:54just before the water hole dried up
01:10:56must have burrowed into the damp mud
01:10:58forming a cocoon in a last-ditch attempt
01:11:01to wait out the drought
01:11:14but in her dazed state
01:11:16she's helpless as the gorgonopsid eats
01:11:19and drinks
01:11:34eventually storm clouds gather
01:11:37but instead of rain
01:11:39they bring a torrent of sand
01:11:50the sandstorm sweeps in
01:11:52burying the water hole completely
01:12:13the vast deserts continue to spread
01:12:16and earth's atmosphere is charged by pollutants
01:12:20snuffing out entire ecosystems
01:12:24even the mighty gorgonopsid
01:12:26at last succumbs
01:12:29with no prey
01:12:30even she could not survive
01:12:33mummified in the sand
01:12:35she will soon return to the dust
01:12:37from which she came
01:12:40over the next few million years
01:12:42the earth will nearly suffocate
01:12:44under the oppressive heat
01:12:45and a mass extinction will descend
01:12:48even greater than the one
01:12:50that will destroy the dinosaurs
01:12:51the future belongs to a tiny group of survivors
01:12:55small enough to adapt and wait it out
01:12:59the diictodons carry on digging
01:13:02throughout the drought
01:13:03this pair has unearthed plant tubers
01:13:06which hold enough water and nutrients
01:13:08to keep them going
01:13:09for a long, long time
01:13:19since the enormous drought began
01:13:21millions of years have gone by
01:13:24now the climate shifts again
01:13:27it's the dawn of a new age
01:13:29and the reptiles are among the first to recover
01:13:32and repopulate the empty earth
01:13:35from creatures like little diictodon
01:13:38larger, stronger herbivores evolve
01:13:40these tough forerunners of mammals
01:13:43seem poised to seize control for good
01:13:46but they are in fact destined
01:13:48to play out their final scene
01:14:01240 million years ago
01:14:03earth is just beginning to recover
01:14:07the deserts are shrinking
01:14:08and huge forests of primitive conifers
01:14:12start to recolonize the land
01:14:18in these new forests
01:14:20plant eaters are the first to prosper
01:14:22like most of the large reptiles
01:14:25they may resemble dinosaurs
01:14:26but Lystrosaurus are more closely linked
01:14:30to mammals and to us
01:14:34incredibly, their vast numbers
01:14:36make them the most common animal on earth
01:14:38ranging from what is now Antarctica
01:14:40across Africa and India
01:14:42to Siberia and China
01:14:45never again will a single species
01:14:48do so well
01:14:50deep within the forests though
01:14:53a rival is evolving
01:14:54a new type of animal
01:14:56destined to change the face of life on earth
01:15:07he may not look like much of a threat to the larger dominant reptiles
01:15:11but the key to his success is in his hip
01:15:16the way his thigh bone is attached
01:15:18allows him to run on two legs
01:15:20freeing his hands
01:15:28this kind of agility in reptiles
01:15:30has never been seen before
01:15:32and gives Euparcharia an edge
01:15:48Euparcharia is the foundation for a new group of reptiles
01:15:51the dinosaurs
01:15:57giants such as Tyrannosaurus and Brontosaurus
01:16:00can trace their family tree
01:16:02back to this little insect hunter
01:16:15the huge numbers of Lystrosaurus
01:16:18eat up so much vegetation
01:16:19that they constantly migrate to find fresh food
01:16:24they follow the seasonal rains
01:16:26and each year they find themselves
01:16:29at the edge of a huge cliff
01:16:30in the mountains of what is now Antarctica
01:16:36the only way down for these cumbersome animals
01:16:39is through a deep ravine
01:17:02the herd moves mostly at night
01:17:05and come sunset
01:17:06they begin the dangerous descent
01:17:11it will take several hours for all of them to pass through the ravine
01:17:15and in some parts there's only space to move in single file
01:17:19which leaves them very vulnerable
01:17:36Lystrosaurus have sharp eyesight
01:17:38and a very good sense of smell
01:17:41but in these cramped conditions
01:17:43it's hard to spot trouble ahead
01:17:51they're being watched by a vicious nocturnal hunter
01:17:54a therocephalian
01:18:01Lystrosaurus are tough opponents
01:18:03but this hunter doesn't rely on power to make a kill
01:18:17the attack is quick and seems unsuccessful
01:18:21but therocephalian's secret weapon is a poisonous bite
01:18:25although its venom is more lethal than a king cobra's
01:18:29it's not injected
01:18:30it just leaks into the bite wound
01:18:32like the modern komodo dragon
01:18:34then it migrates into the victim's bloodstream
01:18:42the predators need only wait for it to take effect
01:18:55the therocephalian's close in for the kill
01:19:01with no social bonds
01:19:03the herd moves on heedlessly
01:19:12dawn
01:19:14and the herd of Lystrosaurus
01:19:16have made it down the cliff
01:19:17but there's no rest for the weary
01:19:20they need to cross the river
01:19:22but its banks are lined with menace
01:19:27casmatosaurs are among the earliest ancestors
01:19:30of crocodiles and alligators
01:19:33their strange overbite is designed to be prehensile
01:19:36to hold on to prey
01:19:38like a raptor
01:19:39they don't normally gather in such numbers
01:19:42but they're here for a special event
01:19:44the annual migration
01:19:46of the Lystrosaurus
01:19:51for the Euparkaria
01:19:53this river's no place for hunting insects
01:19:57but he has speed on his side
01:20:08as the sun rises
01:20:09the casmatosaurs enter the water
01:20:15some of them haven't eaten
01:20:17since last year's migration
01:20:18it's time to feed again
01:20:32the front of the vast group of Lystrosaurus
01:20:35finally reaches the edge
01:20:43they're strong swimmers
01:20:45but drowning is not the issue here
01:20:52they linger at the water's edge
01:20:54reluctant to go in
01:20:57for reptiles
01:20:58they have relatively large brains
01:21:01and they may remember
01:21:02what happened last year
01:21:06but with more and more Lystrosaurus
01:21:08pushing from behind
01:21:09the backlog will soon force them in
01:21:18on the other side
01:21:19lush grazing beckons
01:21:21and eventually the first one takes the plunge
01:21:25it's not as if they're blind to the danger
01:21:27it's just that if they don't cross
01:21:30they will simply starve
01:21:34a strong swimmer
01:21:35he quickly makes it across
01:21:50more and more Lystrosaurus
01:21:52press into the river
01:21:55while the predators
01:21:56are honing in
01:22:21the first swimmer has made it
01:22:23and quickly hauls himself ashore
01:22:26but many of the group
01:22:27will not be so lucky
01:22:28związare at the riverker
01:22:30yeah
01:22:31eh
01:22:41huh
01:22:42yeah
01:22:44me
01:22:49Ooo
01:22:51bloody
01:22:52yeah
01:22:52yeah
01:22:52I
01:22:55I
01:22:57I
01:22:58I
01:23:12¡Suscríbete al canal!
01:23:29Although many Lystrosaurus are gone, it's a paltry loss, a fraction of the entire group.
01:23:40Still, the glory days of these strange mammal-like reptiles will soon be over.
01:23:53As life continues to rejuvenate after the great drought, the battle for survival intensifies.
01:24:05Eupar Caria may have only had a small part so far, but he's just the beginning for a new age
01:24:11of lethal predators.
01:24:24His descendants will be known as the most notorious killers of them all.
01:24:33The dinosaurs.
01:24:44Their unique ability to stand upright and their agility and cleverness gives the early dinosaurs a competitive edge over our
01:24:53four-legged mammalian ancestors.
01:24:56Repressed by these swift killers, our ancestors are outcompeted and reduced to small nocturnal creatures lurking in the shadows.
01:25:09But their time will come.
01:25:11For the next 170 million years, however, the world belongs to the dinosaurs.
01:25:47THE CHIRP
01:25:48CC por Antarctica Films Argentina
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