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Explore the terrifying world beneath the waves as we uncover the dangers of ocean water more corrosive than sulfuric acid and witness explosive eruptions turning the Pacific Ocean into a bubbling cauldron. Brace yourself for a journey into the depths of nature's fury.
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00:02hey don't freak out those red waters you see aren't blood oceans it's just a natural occurrence
00:09called the red tide red tides often happen in Florida especially in the West Florida shelf
00:15and they can stick around for weeks or even months they're basically caused by an increase
00:21in algae levels hence the color those algae produce toxins that can be harmful to marine
00:26life they can also be bad news for us humans causing symptoms like upset stomach and urgent
00:33bathroom trips if you're picking up what I'm putting down volcanoes are super scary but there's
00:42nothing scarier than getting taken out by a pyroclastic flow these fiery flows move crazy
00:48fast and reach insane temperatures like hotter than your oven on a pizza night they're like a
00:54firework show of volcanic eruptions filled with ash lava and hot gas speeding down mountains at 50
01:00miles per hour some researchers claim they might even hit speeds of 450 miles per hour almost as
01:08fast as a passenger jet if you're unlucky enough to be in the path of a flow you're in big
01:14trouble the
01:15heat alone can turn you into a human barbecue even if you try to hide in a building the air
01:21around the
01:22flow can reach temperatures high enough to fry your insides burn your clothes off and leave metal
01:27melted into your skin which almost sounds like a Marvel origin story however a lot of people have
01:33met their end because of these flows but there's one crazy story about a guy named Luger Silbaris still
01:40sounding like an origin story so on the 7th of May 1902 there was a major eruption on the island
01:47of
01:47Martinique the night before Silbaris had gotten into trouble and ended up in jail maybe this is a villain
01:54origin story he'd been locked in a sturdy cell facing away from the volcano the next morning Mount Pella
02:01unexpectedly erupted destroying Saint Pierre within minutes the flows wiped out around 30,000 people but Silbaris
02:10survived in his cell and became known as the guy who lived through doomsday the rescue team found him
02:17four days later by the way the cell still stands today I hope somebody tested him for superpowers
02:27back on August 21st 1986 a guy stumbled upon some animals showing no signs of life on his way to
02:34Neos
02:35village in Cameroon to his shock he later found out that everyone in the village had mysteriously
02:40passed away the same thing happened at Lake Manaun in 1984 turns out those tragic incidents were caused
02:48by something called limnic eruptions which are pretty rare disasters where carbon dioxide suddenly bursts out
02:56of lake waters creating a hazardous gas cloud these type of eruptions usually happen in lakes with high levels
03:03of CO2 which can be caused by things like volcanic gases and high pressure any little change in
03:09temperature or pressure can set off an eruption so experts have started looking into ways to safely
03:15release CO2 from lakes like Manaun and Nyos in order to lower the risk of more disasters in the future
03:24in March 2024 a video captured a terrifying moment of a woman disappearing into a sinkhole while browsing
03:31through a Chinese department store guess she got more than she bargained for haha haha moving on
03:38the scene unfolded as the floor beneath her gave way sending her plummeting into the abyss in the
03:44midst of the chaos another customer frantically ran away before returning to check on the woman who had
03:50fallen their quick thinking and the swift response of emergency crews and firefighters saved the day resulting
03:56in only minor injuries for both women i'm glad that lady checked on her because i would be gone
04:05an anvil cloud is basically a big cloud made of ice particles that forms at the top of really tall
04:11thunderstorms or those huge cumulonimbus clouds the flat top shape is caused by the air rising in the
04:18storm and spreading out when it hits the stratosphere that's why it's called an anvil it looks like the
04:23tool metal workers use duh the air from the anvil cloud is cooler than the stratosphere air which keeps
04:30it from going any higher you can spot anvil clouds from really far away sometimes over 100 miles often
04:37you might see streaks of snow coming from the edge of the cloud known as virga the snow disappears before
04:43hitting the ground because of the dry air if you notice clouds poking through the flat top or bubbling up
04:49it's an overshooting top a sign of a super strong storm anvils are known for producing dangerous
04:56lightning normally lightning comes from the bottom of a storm but anvil clouds can produce really powerful
05:02lightning from the top this lightning can strike out of nowhere even from up to 30 miles away so keep
05:08an
05:08eye on those anvil clouds if you see one forming nearby
05:15lahars are no joke they're basically fast moving super dangerous streams of rock ash and water that
05:22come down the slopes of volcanoes it's important for everyone to be aware of them scientists policy
05:28makers and even us regular folks by understanding how lahars work and their potential impact we can
05:34try to stay safe when volcanoes start acting up saving lives during natural disasters is the name of the game
05:40there are two main types of lahars debris lahars and mudflow lahars debris lahars are full of solid
05:48stuff like rocks and ash while mudflow lahars are more waterlogged and sludgy lahars can be triggered
05:55by the rapid melting of snow or ice heavy rain falling on loose volcanic material or even a crater-like
06:01eruption the volcano's characteristics and presence of water are key factors in how lahars form and move
06:08downhill when lahars come barreling down mountains at speeds of up to 120 miles per hour carrying loads
06:15of debris it's a recipe for disaster unless you have a surfboard but i doubt you'll have a surfboard
06:21on a volcano just saying also it won't work going to the beach for a sunny vacation is the best
06:32there's
06:32nothing like basking in the sun feeling sand between your toes and hearing waves crash against the shore
06:39but even though it's all relaxing and picture perfect always keep an eye on the water and never turn your
06:44back on the ocean you may know about rip currents and tides but have you ever heard of square waves
06:51it's a real thing and it can be pretty scary square waves also known as cross seas happen when two
06:57swells meet forming a unique square pattern that looks like a checkerboard they can be found along
07:03coastal areas and while they are rare they can create waves up to 10 feet high and make it tough
07:09for
07:09boats and swimmers to maneuver if you find yourself in the water with square waves you might feel like
07:14you're fighting against two different currents the best thing to do is to not go too far out to begin
07:19with and get out of the water as soon as the waves become too strong square waves are more dangerous
07:25for
07:25boats and ships so it's best to stick to the shallow waters and stay safe
07:33whirlpools and maelstroms are powerful natural forces that have scared sailors for years they
07:39happen when certain weather and current conditions come together just right most of them are safe if
07:44you stay away but let's see what they really are and how they form a whirlpool is basically water that
07:51starts spinning when two currents meet or one current hits something solid like a wall they can be
07:56big or small depending on the speed of the water and waves most aren't dangerous but there are also
08:02maelstroms which are large forceful and violent whirlpools caused by ocean tides and narrow straits
08:10tidal currents in places like norway's saltströmen and mockströmen can create massive whirlpools
08:17scotland's core of reckon whirlpool is one of the world's largest other examples of whirlpools can be found
08:23in japan canada and new zealand are they portals they're definitely not portals
08:32researchers have recently looked into ancient underwater volcanic eruptions and how they
08:37affected earth's climate they studied materials from bronze age eruptions to learn more about their scale
08:43dangers and impact on climate for example one eruption about 3 600 years ago in the agean sea
08:50caused chaos in santorini the study focused on this event to understand its importance
08:55by analyzing volcanic deposits the researchers gained insights into how future eruptions could
09:01affect climate they discovered that sediment waves from shallow underwater eruptions could lead
09:06to tsunamis and impact the ocean floor these findings help us understand how underwater volcanic
09:12eruptions relate to the marine environment which can help us predict climate changes in the future
09:22if all the volcanoes on earth suddenly erupted together it'd be loud we'd also have around 1500 of
09:29these formations bursting at once now normally it's just 10 to 20 volcanoes that are active each day
09:35but what would the world look like if they all blew their tops simultaneously
09:42geologists think it wouldn't be pretty even if only the land volcanoes erupted together it would set off a
09:48chain reaction way worse than anything we've ever seen before the two big problems would be ash and
09:55volcanic gases while the explosions and lava would be damaging for people nearby the real danger lies in
10:01what happens next a thick layer of ash would cover the planet blocking out sunlight completely no sunlight
10:08means no photosynthesis which means crops would fade away and temperatures would drop considerably and all this
10:16ash cloud could remain in our atmosphere for up to 10 years now ash aside there's also acid rain to
10:23worry about volcanic gases like hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide would mix with the atmosphere
10:29and fall back down as acid rain this type of weather would harm the groundwater and ocean surfaces
10:35even if humans would find a way to survive up to this point we'd have no corals and no other
10:41sea
10:41creatures around scientists have seen similar events in earth's history at a smaller scale big volcanic
10:48eruptions have been linked to mass extinctions when mount pinatubo erupted in 1991 it cooled parts of the
10:55world for two years but the extra carbon dioxide from these eruptions could also heat the planet the same
11:02way we turn our stoves to broil for that extra crispy layer on our casserole
11:09geologists also mentioned that there's evidence in our atmosphere that stuff like this may have
11:14happened in the distant past during the cretaceous period carbon dioxide levels were way higher than
11:20today which made it difficult for marine life to thrive who would survive all this probably just some
11:27extremophiles these organisms that survive in harsh conditions like hot springs or deep undersea vents
11:33as for humans we could all lay low in underground bunkers until things clear up or build multiple
11:40space stations that could fit us all yeah right the chances of all volcanoes erupting at once though
11:48are very slim whoo that's because there isn't one giant source supplying all the volcanoes on earth
11:54each one of these openings has its own deposit of magma except for a few cases where they indeed share
12:00the
12:01supply for example in 1912 nova rupta in alaska erupted alongside another volcano sharing magma
12:09scientists have also found evidence of magma hiding under volcanic areas like under the top how
12:15volcanic zone in new zealand this magma can spread out horizontally for long distances but is still just
12:21a local feature even if we consider all the magma under top how as one system it's not connected to
12:28other
12:28volcanic areas like indonesia or the philippines because the great majority are isolated volcanoes
12:34can't sync up to erupt at once the magma comes from different processes like mantle decompression
12:41or adding water to the mantle through subduction there's no way to make all these different
12:45volcanoes erupt together because of how tectonics work
12:51now that doesn't mean we won't see interesting volcano activity in the future
12:56take an underwater area near british columbia where recently about 200 small earthquakes per
13:02hour have been noted deep beneath the pacific ocean floor off the coast of vancouver island
13:08magma is set to erupt heating the water so much that it'll bubble like soda however this event will
13:14likely go unnoticed by anyone other than scientists the anticipated eruption will most likely happen around
13:21three miles below the ocean surface scientists explained that the earthquakes range from negative
13:27to 4.1 magnitude meaning only those nearby would feel any tremors this unusual activity gives us a rare
13:35opportunity to study how the earth's crust forms the magma beneath the ocean floor is estimated to be
13:42almost 1500 degrees fahrenheit but will cool rapidly upon eruption and contact with water this runny rock
13:50will solidify upon contact with the sea floor turning black quickly this event will be useful for a
13:56biologist too who will have the opportunity to study the marine animal's response to any changes like run
14:05antarctica often seen as a vast icy continent also holds a volcanic surprise beneath its frozen surface
14:12researchers have identified over 130 under the western ice sheet alone making it the largest volcanic
14:19region on earth most of these volcanoes about 90 were only recently discovered in 2017 but could any of
14:27these antarctic volcanoes actually erupt well it depends on which volcano we're talking about while
14:34these formations are relatively young in geologic terms it's hard for scientists to tell if they're still
14:40active or not there are only two confirmed active volcanoes in antarctica deception island and mount
14:46eribus the latter standing tall as the highest peak on the continent has been continuously erupting since
14:53at least 1972 it's known for emitting gas and steam and sometimes even throwing out rocks in what are called
15:00strombolian eruptions one of its most notable features is a persistent lava lake in its crater
15:06a rare phenomenon due to specific conditions needed to keep the surface molten for instance it's fueled by a
15:14steady supply of magma from deep within the earth's mantle this continuous inflow of molten rock provides
15:21the material for the lava lake to exist it also features low ambient temperatures despite its location
15:27in antarctica eribus has relatively mild temperatures in its summit region because of the heat generated by the
15:34volcanic activity this allows the lava lake to remain liquid rather than freezing over deception island another
15:42active volcano last erupted in the 70s while it's currently not showing signs of imminent eruption
15:48it's being monitored closely for any concerning activity apart from these two being confirmed to be
15:54active antarctica is dotted with fumaroles openings in the earth's crust that release gases and vapors
16:01sometimes these fumaroles can create icy towers reaching heights of 10 feet
16:08what we should focus on is maybe super volcanoes they're this type that has the potential to produce
16:15the most massive and destructive eruptions unlike the typical one which has a single vent super
16:21volcanoes have a vast magma chamber beneath the surface spanning tens or even hundreds of miles in
16:27diameter their eruptions can have catastrophic effects on the surrounding area and even impact global climate
16:33patterns because of the amounts of ash and gases they spill out into the atmosphere
16:39one famous super volcano is the yellowstone one which some say is gearing up for another eruption
16:45it has the capacity to unleash a colossal eruption spewing over 240 cubic miles of material
16:53as much as we'd like to predict its behavior volcanoes don't stick to a calendar
16:57hmm on the contrary eruptions simply happen when there's enough magma beneath the surface
17:03there also needs to be enough pressure for the magma to travel upwards as far as we can measure
17:09these conditions are not currently met at yellowstone sure many volcanoes operate on a cyclical pattern
17:15but that doesn't mean yellowstone is overdue in fact yellowstone has had just three major eruptions
17:22over the past 2.1 million years also the term super volcano refers to the formation size not
17:32necessarily how fussy it is yellowstone's monitoring is extensive tracking seismicity ground deformation
17:39thermal emissions gas water chemistry and surface changes signs of an eruption would include thousands
17:46of earthquakes over a short period we'd also see deformation on the ground and weird gas emissions ahead of time
17:53stable as it might look like for now the consequences of it having a major eruption could look ugly
17:59ash dispersion could blanket a 500 mile radius potentially disrupting midwest agriculture and clogging waterways
18:06ash and gas emissions into the stratosphere could induce global climatic effects making our planet colder for
18:14several years and yes we've seen some research that it shows there's more liquid molten rock under the
18:20yellowstone volcano than scientists believe but that doesn't translate to imminent danger
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