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In this engaging video, we explore popular space myths perpetuated by movies and contrast them with the truth, including the real words spoken by Neil Armstrong during his historic moon landing. Join us as we separate fact from fiction in the fascinating world of space exploration!
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00:00Many sci-fi movies can make you believe that everything happening in space is accompanied by some kind of sound
00:07effect, which is a totally false misconception.
00:10In space, no one will hear you scream. There's no air in space. It's an almost perfect vacuum.
00:17And the sound waves don't travel through a vacuum.
00:20They can't reach your eardrums and make them vibrate, sending signals to your brain.
00:25But it's a good thing, especially for astronauts on spacewalks.
00:30If not for the quietness of space, they would be constantly overwhelmed by the noise of solar storms.
00:39Huge space explosions sure look super impressive.
00:42Whether they're scientifically possible or not is another question.
00:47Blasts on our home planet look the way they do because of air and gravity.
00:52You see, the air functions as an oxidizer, and the outward pressure makes everything fly into the air and then
00:59collapse back to the ground.
01:01But this process is very different in space, and it looks even cooler.
01:07If a blast occurred in space, there would still be some fire despite the lack of air, because some kinds
01:12of fuels can act as oxidizers.
01:14But it wouldn't be the fire you're imagining now.
01:18This cosmic fire would look like an expanding ball of light.
01:22It would be a seemingly never-ending process due to microgravity and the lack of air resistance.
01:29Nearby spaceships would be in grave danger since the shrapnel would fly outward until something eventually stops it.
01:39All comets have beautiful long tails.
01:42Huh?
01:43It's nothing but a popular misconception.
01:45In reality, comets are very difficult space bodies to spot.
01:49They usually spend large amounts of time far away from stars.
01:53There, in the darkness of space, they remain rather inactive and completely frozen.
01:59Comets only get tails once they come close to a star.
02:03That's when they start warming up.
02:06This process makes them form some kind of a cloudy atmosphere, which is called a coma, and a distinctive tail.
02:14The tail always points away from the star that influences the comet.
02:18It happens because the tail gets blown in the opposite direction by solar radiation and solar winds.
02:25That's why the tail can often be in front of the comet, not trailing after it.
02:31The inner and outer planets of the solar system are separated by the asteroid belt, a ring of asteroids and
02:37other debris and space objects orbiting around the sun.
02:40While creating movies about space, filmmakers make sure to somehow use this region.
02:47Usually, they show the asteroid belt as an extremely crowded place with dense clouds of huge rocks you have to
02:53skillfully maneuver to get through to the other side.
02:56In reality, if you looked outside your spaceship while flying through this region of space, it would feel as if
03:02you're looking at the sky from Earth.
03:05All because of the ginormous distances in space.
03:08If you decided to cross the asteroid belt, there would be very little chance of a collision with a space
03:14object.
03:15Asteroids there are really spaced out and very far from one another.
03:22Black holes are giant, scary, cosmic vacuum cleaners, they say.
03:26But in reality, black holes are more like fly traps.
03:30They don't look for things to munch on.
03:32Instead, they sit out there quite passively.
03:34Only when a star or any other object comes too close does a black hole spring into action.
03:40Even so, only those space bodies that cross a certain border get ripped apart.
03:46In fact, black holes aren't any different from any other celestial body since their pull is directly proportional to their
03:52mass.
03:53They can't swallow anything bigger than what their size allows.
03:57Even if our sun was somehow replaced with a black hole as massive as itself,
04:03nothing would change for Earth or any other planet in the solar system.
04:07Gravitationally speaking, of course.
04:13Space battles in movies often involve using lasers.
04:17But if you were to see such a fight from up close, you would probably be disappointed.
04:22The thing is, it would be like nothing in movies.
04:25A laser beam is a concentrated burst of energy, and it could indeed be used for many purposes during a
04:31fight.
04:31But a real-life laser beam would be totally invisible in space since there wouldn't be any particles around to
04:39scatter the light and make the beam bright red or green or any other color.
04:46A human would be torn into pieces if they got into open space without a space suit.
04:51Well, contrary to popular belief, taking off a space suit during a space walk wouldn't be as dramatic as it's
04:58often pictured in movies.
04:59A person would just lose consciousness due to a lack of oxygen after 15 seconds of being in outer space
05:06without protection.
05:07But that's if this person breathed out as much air as possible.
05:11Otherwise, this oxygen would damage their lungs from the inside, making them rupture.
05:17After that, without the protection of the space suit, the pressure inside their body would drop.
05:22This would cause even more serious trouble.
05:25And even though this person definitely wouldn't burst, they wouldn't want to stay outside for too long.
05:34People often believe that in space, you experience zero gravity.
05:39Hence, the weightlessness astronauts feel on the International Space Station.
05:43But that's not exactly true.
05:45Gravity is one of the most important forces that exist in the universe.
05:50Thanks to it, the moon orbits Earth and the sun doesn't float away, out of our home Milky Way galaxy.
05:57Astronauts on the ISS do experience the effects of gravity.
06:00But that's not full-fledged.
06:02It's microgravity.
06:04The gravity on the space station is only 10% weaker than the gravity on Earth's surface.
06:10But astronauts are constantly in freefall.
06:13The spacecraft, people inside, and all the objects aboard keep falling forward, not down.
06:19But around our planet, following a specific orbit.
06:23And since they're all falling together, the crew and the stuff inside seem to be floating.
06:29That's why astronauts can move things as heavy as hundreds of pounds with their fingertips.
06:34And even though microgravity is often called zero gravity, they are very different things.
06:43A light year must mean time, right?
06:46Not really.
06:47Light years actually measure distance.
06:49NASA's definition of a light year goes like this.
06:53The total distance that a beam of light moving in a straight line travels in a year.
06:58And since light moves at a speed of 186,000 miles per second, a light year equals almost 6 trillion
07:06miles.
07:10It may seem as if the sun is always on fire.
07:14At least that's what it looks like in pictures and in movies.
07:16But in reality, our star is a giant ball of gas.
07:21Nuclear reactions happening in its core at all times make the sun burn.
07:26Every second, hundreds of millions of tons of hydrogen are converted into almost as much helium.
07:32During this process, huge amounts of energy are released as gamma rays.
07:37Then these rays turn into light.
07:40In other words, the sun does emit blinding light and incredible heat, but it's not actually on fire, because no
07:47oxygen is involved in the process.
07:51The speed of light is believed to be the ultimate barrier for people when it comes to space travel, and
07:57it's often thought to be impassable.
08:00There are many theories about what it might be like to reach that speed, but none of the equations account
08:05for going above it.
08:07And still, we know that at least one thing in the universe is faster than the speed of light, the
08:12rate of its expansion.
08:14Yep, the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light, baffling astronomers and casual sky watchers alike.
08:22Or at least we can say so in terms of the speed of different objects, like faraway galaxies relative to
08:29each other.
08:30At the moment, it's not something scientists understand well.
08:33The rate of the expansion of the universe is proportional to how far something is, too.
08:38The farther it is from us, the faster it's moving away.
08:42But even though we don't get the mechanics of it yet, we've got our proof, even though it's theoretical so
08:48far,
08:49that some particles might be able to travel faster than the speed of light.
08:54Some scientists think there could be more things out there in space that could challenge this speed barrier.
08:59All we need to do is find them.
09:06That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
09:13Is one of the most famous quotes of all time.
09:16But was it really what Neil Armstrong uttered on July 20th, 1969,
09:21as he set foot on the moon for the first time in human history?
09:26It looks like it both is and is not.
09:30Thousands of people back on Earth who were following the historical event live,
09:34heard the phrase without one small detail, the indefinite article A.
09:44There's no such thing as small details when it comes to grammar,
09:48and the absence of A slightly changed the meaning of the whole sentence,
09:52since man and mankind became synonyms in that case.
10:05Neil Armstrong himself told the press after the Apollo 11 mission that there definitely was an A there,
10:11but people just didn't hear it.
10:1330 years later, at the event's anniversary,
10:17Armstrong couldn't hear the article while listening to the recording of that famous transmission.
10:24He explained that he wasn't the most articulate person,
10:28and he left a lot of syllables out.
10:30So it could have been a suppressed sound,
10:32and the voice mic simply failed to pick it up.
10:35But he insisted that A had been intended,
10:39as without it, the statement wouldn't have made sense.
10:43In 2006, a computer programmer backed up Armstrong's words with some digital magic.
10:49That's one small step for man.
10:52He ran the audio through some software that singles out nerve impulses,
10:56and saw it in the graphic form of sound waves.
10:59It became obvious that there was a 35-millisecond-long bump of sound between for and man.
11:06It was too brief for other humans to hear,
11:08but Neil clearly did leave room for an A.
11:13Several years later,
11:15Ohio State University studied the speaking patterns of Central Ohioans,
11:19like the first man on the moon,
11:21and noticed that they often leave out words like,
11:24for, and A.
11:26In a BBC documentary,
11:28Armstrong's younger brother Dean mentioned that he had seen the quote written on a piece of paper months before the
11:34mission.
11:35Whether it really happened or not remains a mystery,
11:38because he had never mentioned it before the documentary.
11:42Like with many famous quotes,
11:44people tried to find some symbolism behind Armstrong's words.
11:48One of his biographers suggested that the quote was inspired by the astronaut's love for J.R.R. Tolkien's books.
11:56There was a similar line in The Hobbit.
11:59Not a great leap for a man,
12:01but a leap in the dark.
12:03He found that connection because Armstrong had a Tolkien-themed email address in the 90s,
12:09and after retiring from NASA,
12:11moved with his family to a farm dubbed Rivendell.
12:14It was also the name of a valley and the home of Elrond,
12:19the half-human, half-elf from Lord of the Rings.
12:23Armstrong himself denied that connection since he hadn't read any of Tolkien's books before going on the Apollo 11 mission
12:30to the moon.
12:32Others believe the quote was based on the NASA memo.
12:36Going to the moon was no walk in the park,
12:39so it was important that the first person there pronounces some iconic words about it being a historic step forward
12:45for all mankind.
12:47Again, the astronaut denied having any memo.
12:51He later shared that it had just been the most logical and right thing to say.
12:57Armstrong literally had to go a long way to make that legendary step.
13:03He took his first airplane ride at the age of six in a Ford trimotor plane with his father,
13:08and that's when he fell in love with aviation.
13:12He was an active Boy Scout and earned the highest possible rank.
13:16Eagle Scout.
13:18On his 16th birthday, he became a licensed student pilot before he got his driver's license.
13:25He then went on to study aeronautical engineering.
13:28His program involved two years of university studies at Purdue University,
13:34then leave for two years of flight training and one year of aviator service before returning to finish his final
13:40two years.
13:42While at Purdue, Armstrong joined a fraternity and wrote and directed a musical for the school varsity varieties.
13:49He was investing so much effort in his version of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs that he got a
13:54C that term,
13:55in psychology for engineers, a C in aircraft vibrations, and a D in electrical engineering.
14:02During his aviator service, Armstrong had to eject from the plane over the water.
14:08The winds were taking his parachute back to land.
14:11When he thought that was it, his friend from flight school in a service vehicle picked him up and saved
14:16his life.
14:17Armstrong came back to Purdue, completed his degree, got married for the first time, and became a civilian research pilot
14:25right after.
14:26The couple moved to California, and whenever he flew over their house,
14:30Neil would tip the wings for his wife and son on the ground to see it was him.
14:35He had over 1,100 flight hours testing various supersonic planes and the X-15 rocket plane.
14:45He wasn't able to apply when the U.S. Air Force was recruiting for the first Man in Space Soonest
14:51program in 1958
14:52because they didn't accept civilian test pilots.
14:57In April 1962, NASA accepted applicants again for Project Gemini, and this time he was eligible.
15:05Neil handed in his application past the deadline, so it was only thanks to a flight simulator who had known
15:11him
15:11and slipped the application in the pile that he got into the space program.
15:16Back then, he wasn't considered NASA's number one pilot and flew as a backup crew.
15:24In 1966, Armstrong became the first American civilian in space,
15:29and together with David Scott, pulled off the first manual space docking maneuver.
15:34And that's where things have gone wrong.
15:37After docking, a rocket thruster had a meltdown, and the spacecraft started spinning uncontrollably.
15:44They had to separate from the Agena.
15:46Armstrong took back control of the Gemini spacecraft, and they managed to perform an epic emergency splashdown in the Pacific
15:53Ocean.
15:55Then, it was time to choose who was going to become the first human on the moon.
16:00It had to be a civilian, and the decision-makers at NASA chose Armstrong for that honor.
16:06Some people believed it was because he had a likable personality, quiet confidence, and was working hard on the way
16:14to the stars, literally.
16:16To prepare the astronauts for landing the lunar module and the reduced gravity they'd experience, NASA ordered practice vehicles to
16:24be built.
16:25In early May 1968, at just 98 feet above the ground, Armstrong's vehicle started rolling without control.
16:34He had to act quickly and eject to save himself.
16:38Later analysis proved that if he had done it just half a second later, that would have been his final
16:44moments.
16:49On July 16th, 1969, Armstrong, along with other members of the mission, took off for the moon.
16:57NASA built the Saturn V, the most powerful rocket that had ever flown successfully, to take them there.
17:04It was as tall as a 36-story building.
17:08Four days later, they reached their goal.
17:12After spending 21 hours and 36 minutes there, leaving their footprints, which are still visible on the moon's surface,
17:19collecting surface samples, taking photos, and testing scientific instruments, and headed back to Earth.
17:27Armstrong didn't enjoy public attention that much, so he decided to take up a teaching career.
17:33He became famous worldwide, but he still had to work hard to defend his master's thesis
17:39at the University of Southern California.
17:42He then retired from NASA and moved back to Ohio with his family, where he would teach for the following
17:48eight years.
17:49He didn't cut the connections with NASA altogether and worked with them on several commissions,
17:55helping the investigations into both the Apollo 13 malfunction and the tragic Challenger space shuttle incident.
18:02In 1985, Armstrong journeyed to the North Pole with a group of fellow explorers.
18:08It made perfect sense that he wanted to see it not only from space, but from the ground level.
18:15For his giant leap for mankind, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom,
18:21the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, and the Congressional Gold Medal.
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