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00:01In 1926, Ireland conducted its first census as an independent nation.
00:08One hundred years later, the National Archives have made that census freely available online across the world.
00:17For this series, six of us, including myself, Eileen Walsh, have been given the privilege of opening these books
00:25and to reflect on some of the lives captured in those records a century later.
01:00Before it is digitised and made available online, the 1926 census is stored in a room.
01:071,300 boxes documenting nearly three million names.
01:13The entire country in one room. It's very odd.
01:18So this is Leitrim. So these are the L's. Kilkenny.
01:26And every single person who lived in the country at the time is written on a line in here somewhere.
01:33Every single person.
01:35This is the first time we would have filled out these forms as an Irish state.
01:44Most people in the country will have family on these pages that they would have known and they would have
01:52loved and they would have, you know, had as part of their lives.
01:57Amongst these boxes, one of us wants to look inside the entries for Cork City.
02:03Mick Lynch is Britain's most recognisable trade union leader.
02:07Born in London to Irish parents, he credits his father for shaping his sense of social justice and fairness.
02:15I got a passion from my dad. He was always a bit of a fighter.
02:19He was very committed about what trade union is and what solidarity is.
02:24You know, I wouldn't like to let him down on that score. So that's why we kept going.
02:29I know you were only sort of 16 when your dad died.
02:32So you probably didn't, you know, get a chance to know much as an adult.
02:36But I was just wondering what you're hoping to sort of find out when you go back to Cork.
02:40I want to find out about Gunpowder Lane, which is quite an evocative place, the place he was born.
02:45I'm told it was very run down, probably called slums now.
02:51And also, my dad was called Jackie Lynch, and there was another fellow from across the river, across the river
02:58Lee, called Jack Lynch, who became the Taoiseach.
03:01I want to see why their lives developed in different ways.
03:07They always used to refer to Ireland as home. They didn't say, you're going back to Cork, you're going back
03:11to Cross McGlynn.
03:12They say, are you going home? But we were London. It's quite a strange thing.
03:16I suppose we had more of a London Irish identity than a British identity, which is still true.
03:20They were very patriotic in the naive sense of just being very devoted to the country.
03:27But my mother also said Ireland never did anything for me.
03:31And my dad, as far as I can remember, never expressed any interest in going back to Ireland.
03:39Down this way is where I used to live, which is an area called the Warwick Estate, which we moved
03:44into in 1962.
03:47We were living in the flat just across the road there, in the lower one.
03:52There were seven of us in there, four of us in the bedroom, and my sister had her own one,
03:56and my mum and dad had their bedroom.
04:01So this was the back of the estate. When we were kids, this was all open.
04:04It's always smaller than you imagine.
04:07You know, when we were kids, this seemed like a great big playground for us.
04:13Irish people here had their own churches, their own schools, their own music, their own pubs and all the rest
04:18of it.
04:19So we were a distinct element in the working class, but we weren't a separate element of the working class,
04:24if you know what I mean.
04:25And I think that was one of the strengths of London and many British cities, that Irish people could come,
04:31you could get work, and you could live a life that maybe you couldn't live in either.
04:36My dad liked the community.
04:39I think he was affable, I think he was fairly popular, but I never really knew him as a man,
04:44so I was always a child.
04:46For me, he's more of a myth, I suppose.
04:54Jack Lynch, the Taoiseach, went on to the highest office of the state and very high profile.
05:00While half a million people of my dad's generation and half a million people of the next generation, every ten
05:05years, Ireland was sending most of its people abroad, or very many of its people abroad.
05:10It had to shed people, and they shed them all over the world, which is now called the Diaspora.
05:16I don't even know what Diaspora means, but apparently I'm part of it.
05:33The Diaspora means a lot of people want to know what to do.
05:39It's very valuable that Diaspora is a really valuable one of us.
05:40And he's been able to control the problem of Diaspora's development, and he's been able to use it all.
05:45While he's been able to control the steps of his life, his life is an important thing to just癒,
05:45He's been able to do this...
05:46I don't know what he's been able to do with someone else on the next generation.
05:48That's right.
05:49It's been a long time for a long time.
05:53I've been working with Gormla Nihúrishq.
05:54West of London, in East Connemara,
05:58broadcaster Gormla Nihúrishq
05:59has her own questions of the 1926 census.
06:05I've been working with Gormla Nihúrishq
06:08and with English.
06:11But I think that Gormla Nihúrishq
06:14was part of the 1928 census.
06:16And they were sent to Gormla Nihúrishq
06:20to send Gormla Nihúrishq
06:23I've been working with Gormla Nihúrishq
06:30And I've been working with Gormla Nihúrishq
06:34to get him as a third as well as
06:36a second or third.
06:40We are working on 14.
06:42I'm a small student, I've been a comedy college.
06:47If I could make a college,
06:50I've been a hard week,
06:52I don't know,
06:53if I could have a chance.
06:54I don't have to be able to fill out the chat to put the phone in.
06:57But I think I'm going to be the way to help.
07:00I'm going to be the way to help.
07:02I'm going to be the way to help.
07:04And I'm not going to be able to help.
07:08I'm not going to be the way to help.
07:36Girmla is with her brother Lachlinn to learn more about their family's townland.
07:40She's not the same.
07:42And she's not the same as her husband.
07:47She's not the same.
07:49She's a great girl and she's a great girl.
07:53And she's not the same as her family.
07:59She's a great girl.
08:06She's a great girl.
08:07She's a great girl.
08:13And her life's worth.
08:20True.
08:21We are still in the morning.
08:24We are still here.
08:25We are here.
08:28Do you remember us?
08:32Yes.
08:33Do you remember us?
08:36Yes.
08:37Yes, yes.
08:38Yes, yes.
08:39We are still here.
08:39We are still here.
08:41We are still here.
08:46We are still here.
08:51There is a big deal in that.
08:53It needs a lot of time.
08:55I mean, it's as tough.
08:59It is all over time.
09:00Please do it.
09:01There are some things.
09:02I think we are a little bit more
09:03to the gallery.
09:04I have a whole bunch of them.
09:06We have to do it and they will never
09:07be able to do it...
09:12I see she's a big boy born and baby
09:17And there is a long way to live in the country
09:19She's a great country
09:23She's a big boy
09:26She's a great country
09:28I love because of this country
09:29She's a big boy
09:30She's a great boy
09:31She's a great boy
09:34She's a big boy
09:36She's a lovely boy
09:41She's a great boy
09:42...and I was working on my work.
09:45And I was not working.
09:48I was working on it.
09:49And I was working on it.
09:50And I was working on it.
09:52And I was working on it.
09:53And I was working on it.
09:53And I was working on it.
09:56I was working on it.
10:03The National Archives is undertaking a major task.
10:07Carefully restoring and preserving the 1926 Census.
10:11Bringing this fragile piece of Ireland's history to life.
10:16We have 2,496 bound volumes of Census forms
10:22that we need to conserve prior to digitisation.
10:27That's over 700,000 forms.
10:30We're very conscious that with each page we lift and conserve
10:35it's holding somebody's story.
10:38And Mick Lynch is one of the first people to look inside those books.
10:43He wants to see the Census pages for his father's home,
10:48Gunpowder Lane, in Cork City.
10:52Well, you develop these pictures, don't you?
10:54I've never seen an actual photograph.
10:58Yeah, I've got a picture of these fairly poor,
11:03poor-conditioned housing.
11:05But they did continue living there for quite a while.
11:07People may have been very loyal to it and loyal to their neighbours
11:11and the community that they were in.
11:16There are many people that have got seven and eight
11:21people living in the household.
11:23They all seem to be Roman Catholic.
11:26And none of them seem to have the Irish language, from what I can see.
11:31They're all two-room houses.
11:36It's very obviously working class.
11:37You can only go by the occupations.
11:39Many of the people are labourers, out of work for six months.
11:43And that seemed to be fairly common.
11:46A key labourer, Dennis Regan, out of work for four years.
11:51So it must have been fairly hard.
11:53And wages would not have been high
11:55in a period where there's plenty of people out of work
11:57and looking for work.
12:01Now, here we have Lynch.
12:04So there's seven people, six children and a mother.
12:09Andy Lynch, who's my grandmother,
12:10and she was 41 years and 10 months.
12:14And her eldest daughter was 23, which is Mary, my Aunty Molly.
12:20And she was helping her in the house.
12:22My Uncle Paddy, who's 15 and a half, more or less,
12:26but already working as a leather sorter.
12:30Everybody else is still a school child, I suppose.
12:35And my dad, John Lynch, on this form,
12:38he was three years and eight months.
12:41And it says at this time, both parents alive.
12:45Which doesn't correspond with my understanding.
12:49I thought my grandfather had died in 1925.
12:55It says widow.
12:59That's a bit of a conundrum.
13:02On hand to help Mick is Zoe Reid,
13:05the National Archives' keeper of manuscripts.
13:08It's got down that both parents are alive.
13:11I know that that's not true, so...
13:13Yes, and obviously, Annie's put herself down as a widow.
13:16Yeah.
13:17So it is slightly inaccurate.
13:19Now, have you noticed anything else about the form
13:21that doesn't look as it perhaps should?
13:24So here you have, this is the guard, and so it was James Moraine,
13:29and he's given his guard a number.
13:30Yeah.
13:31And here you have Annie Lynch.
13:34So it says, I declare that this schedule is correctly filled up
13:37to the best of my knowledge and belief.
13:40Signature of the household, Annie Lynch.
13:43But there is a little mark, which is a cross,
13:47and it says her mark.
13:51So that would probably mean that she couldn't have filled this in
13:54because she was illiterate or couldn't write, at least.
13:57So the guard filled out the form, and he made a couple of mistakes.
14:01OK.
14:02Well, he's under pressure.
14:03He's under pressure.
14:04Should have been out arresting people and not filled it in forms.
14:07But, I mean, it's just, it's a lovely...
14:08It tells so many...
14:09It tells so many stories.
14:12She was quite a character, I'm told.
14:15She was from another age, I think,
14:16even by the time the 60s came around.
14:20She looked and would have appeared
14:22like somebody from a different era entirely.
14:26And I suppose it existed in a world where you don't speak,
14:28you don't read and write, would have been a challenge.
14:32But I don't think that stopped her from being
14:35quite a high-profile person in that district.
14:38What I think, as well, is a three-year-old
14:40with only one parent and limited prospects,
14:45because you know what's coming after the...
14:48at the end of the 20s is the Great Depression.
14:51It would have been a struggle, I should think.
14:53And he did say to me, you know, it was a struggle.
14:57The only person that stayed in Ireland and in Cork
15:00was Molly, the older daughter.
15:02They all left, which was the nature of the...
15:06of Cork City at that time.
15:09I want to see the area.
15:10I understand that it was cleared a while ago,
15:13but there may be some remnants of it.
15:16I mean, maybe I have to find out what it was actually like.
15:21Well, it's an unusual struggle for freedom in Ireland
15:24because you had people who were not ideological,
15:27from my reading.
15:28They didn't seem to have a vision of what Ireland was going to be.
15:32It became an even more conservative country
15:36than it had been before under the British state,
15:38which is quite a remarkable achievement, really.
15:41You get independence and you actually, in some ways,
15:46take the country into an economic decline.
15:57Dermot Bannon is returning to a place very close to his heart.
16:02Modelligo, County Waterford.
16:04This is my granny's house.
16:07When I say house, I always saw it as a shop.
16:10There used to be a HB ice cream sign out here
16:12and it was permanently left out here
16:14because granny's shop was open all the time.
16:16She was an integral part of the community when I was growing up.
16:20She was Modelligo.
16:21Well, that's what she told me.
16:25This is where my dad grew up.
16:26So this is my dad's home place.
16:29When I think of old rural Ireland and what it was like
16:32and the kind of community and how people were,
16:37this for me was like a bridge to that.
16:40We came down here for every summer.
16:43This is where it all started.
16:44We still tell stories about,
16:46did you steal from granny's shop?
16:47I stole from granny's shop.
16:48What did you rob?
16:49I robbed everything.
16:50You know, so I would have spent a huge amount of my childhood
16:53down around here and in Dungarvan,
16:55which is a couple of miles that way.
16:57And in Kappa Quinn where I had other cousins,
16:59which is a couple of miles that way.
17:04When we kind of look back in time where we talk about the big grand towns,
17:09we talk about the tenements.
17:10But if you took a cross section through this town of what I think is a very average Irish town
17:16for a hundred years ago,
17:19what was it like?
17:21Dermot is beginning his search through the 1926 census,
17:25one of the earliest snapshots of an independent Ireland.
17:30In these pages, he hopes to uncover the character and personality here as it was a century ago.
17:36This is Barrick Street.
17:39A lot of those houses have been demolished.
17:41And that was the kind of the town edge.
17:43It would all be in very small houses.
17:46Eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen.
17:51Guess how many rooms?
17:53Fourteen people living in a four roomed house.
17:56It's a very, very, very busy street.
18:00They're all working locally as well.
18:02They're all labourers either on farms or they're working in the bacon factory.
18:06This is Thomas McCarthy.
18:07His eldest daughter is nine.
18:09The youngest is one.
18:11And he's retired.
18:12Oh, look, he's 66.
18:15God almighty, he got busy later on in life, didn't he?
18:20This for me is now an opportunity to start to put names and people and families to the buildings.
18:33We'll go to Main Street.
18:36An insurance agent and a carpenter and a housekeeper said these would have been a well-to-do family.
18:42Licensed Fintner.
18:43So this is a business owner, 47 years, Thomas Griffin.
18:48Here's the next page, another licensed Fintner.
18:50Twelve rooms.
18:51So they must have kept people as well.
18:54Wow, do you know, actually, I started on Barrick Street.
18:58Within a one minute walk, the houses, the businesses are so much bigger.
19:02It's like there's two separate classes living cheek by jowl.
19:05Like, here's four people living in a twelve-roomed house next to twelve people living in a four-roomed house,
19:12like, three steps away.
19:20Dermot meets up with local historian Kevin McCarthy to get a better sense of what Capacuin was like 100 years
19:27ago.
19:28Capacuin was a very busy town in 1926.
19:32Things like the railway and the river would have been hugely important here.
19:36So for centuries and centuries we were a river port.
19:40We used to export and import goods from Bristol particularly.
19:44Yeah.
19:45What the railway also did was it brought visitors, it brought tourism in a way that probably never happened before.
19:51The big employer in situ in the town was certainly the Bacon Factory.
19:56Capacuin Bacon Factory, Capacuin Bacon Factory, Capacuin Bacon Factory.
20:00There's such a huge amount of them worked in the Capacuin Bacon Factory.
20:04Built by the Keane family.
20:06Keane's were, I'm going to say, homeless in 1926, actually, because Capacuin House, the home of the Keane's, had been
20:12destroyed by fire in 1923.
20:15The Irregulars set fire to it because Sir John Keane had been deemed pro-treaty.
20:22Four kids.
20:23Well, they're not kids, they're 26, 20.
20:27I'm surprised, just looking through here, we kind of think this, you know, older kids living at home is a
20:35kind of a contemporary phenomenon.
20:37But there's an awful lot of single kids still living at home with parents back in 1926.
20:45Four, five, six kids.
20:47How many rooms?
20:52This says 15.
20:54That can't be right, can it?
20:5815 rooms.
21:01Keane's, that's the Keane's.
21:03That's John Keane.
21:05Ah, so these aren't kids at all, these are servants.
21:09So this is, this is the big house.
21:11And this really does stand out when you're, when you're, when you're looking through the book.
21:16There was an industrial school in Capacuin.
21:17Yeah, if you look there, yeah, right beside the railway station.
21:19It was right in the centre of the town.
21:21Yeah, that would have opened in the 1870s.
21:23So the industrial schools are a legacy from our British past.
21:28But the irony is that in 1926, there were more kids in Ireland in industrial schools than there were in
21:34the whole of the United Kingdom, which had a population at least seven times greater than us.
21:42In search of Gunpowder Lane, Mick is retracing the streets of Cork, where his father would have walked as a
21:49child.
21:51So we're on the corner of 98th Street, which was Hospital Lane.
21:55Into the buildings behind here was Gunpowder Lane and a few other lanes.
21:59My dad used to speak about it when he was a youngster.
22:02And this whole area was where he grew up and where he scrabbled around and tried to emerge from whatever
22:08life court gave him and, and came to us.
22:11But yeah, it's, it's fairly evocative, I think.
22:19The first impressions are that the lanes were obliterated.
22:24I don't know if, if the housing was that, that decrepit or they just reached their end life.
22:39I've got an iPad with an old map of the area and Gunpowder Lane would have run directly across here.
22:46And we think number 10 on the census would have been somewhere dead in the middle.
22:50The front doors would have been where I am here.
22:52And then the houses would have gone that way up towards Bandon Road.
22:57So that's about as close as I can get. I think we found it.
23:04But these council or corporation flats that came up are now, ironically, looks like they're getting ready for demolition.
23:11So they didn't last that long.
23:16So my dad on the census would have been three years and eight months just coming up to four.
23:21In some senses, he was a free state baby, I suppose.
23:24He was born in August 22 and the free state finally got crystallised in December, I think, of that year.
23:31So he was born into what was supposed to be a new island.
23:33But I'm not, I'm not sure it delivered that for him.
23:37It delivered, you know, migration.
23:39But maybe that was what he wanted to do.
23:41It's easy to blame the state. It's easy to blame circumstances.
23:44But some people want to go, don't they? And that's the, you know, there's always a motivation like that to
23:49see what the world's like outside.
23:54It's a shame that heritage has been lost.
23:56So in Cork City, you'd never know that Gunpowder Lane was there and the other lanes that were around.
24:01So that's a bit of a shame.
24:02We've got a lump of tarmac instead of a landmark that we might have, might have had to preserve that
24:08bit of history.
24:17Gormla is keen to learn more about the poverty and immigration that shaped life in Connemara.
24:25What's the name of God?
24:27I don't know how much it is. I don't know how much it is.
24:31I don't know how much it is.
24:32I don't know how much it is.
24:33I don't know how much it is.
24:36The number of rooms occupied by each family.
24:40Three. Four. Three. Three. Three. Three. Three. Three. Four. Three. Five.
24:45When I've heard quite a lot about the 음 header there's aeness that are differing,
24:56There's one another.
24:57There's some other part.
25:00There's only three people that have tried to do,
25:04but we want to be honest.
25:08And I'm sure we're going to make a major part of our family
25:11in a place like us.
25:14I'm here.
25:15We're going to be a farmer and home duties,
25:19and we're not waiting for them to just be alone.
25:22And I'm sure we're going to be assisting farm work.
25:25Assisted on brothers' farm.
25:27Assisted on father's farm.
25:29I'm here to help people who are living in the world.
25:37And I'm here to help you.
25:43I'm here to help you.
25:47Five acres.
25:50Ten acres of milk.
25:52Eight acres.
25:55Nine acres.
25:56Eleven acres.
25:58I'm here to help you.
26:02Her search has become personal.
26:05She's now turning to her own family records.
26:11I'm here to help you.
26:16I'm here to help you.
26:18I'm here to help you.
26:18I'm here to help you.
26:20I'll be here for some years.
26:23I am here to help you together...
26:24I'm here to help you.
26:27I will help you.
26:28I don't know if I can do this.
26:33In a way of publishing.
26:34And I don't know if I can do this.
26:38I'm going to tell you.
26:41I'm not sure if I can do this.
26:43I can do this.
26:46And I'm not sure if I can do this.
26:51If you want to be a part of your book,
26:54then I can't afford it.
26:58Oh, that's not what I'm going to do.
27:02I'm not going to do anything like that.
27:05That's not what I'm going to do.
27:06Because that's not what I'm going to do.
27:13I'm going to go back to that.
27:19I'm not going to go back to Granadine.
27:31I'm not going to go back to Granadine.
27:43I'm going to go back to Granadine.
27:48I'm going to go back to Granadine.
28:06I'm going to go back to Granadine.
28:11I'm going to be having a new house for me.
28:19You're so happy that I'm going to go back to Granadine.
28:22I'm going to go back to Granadine.
28:29It's not a problem. It's not a problem for me.
28:41It's a privilege.
28:46It's a privilege to be a part of my life.
28:50She had she was told.
28:54And I was very happy.
28:58And I realized she was a good man...
29:02and I had to go off her own.
29:06And I wanted her to be married.
29:09Well, I don't know what that was.
29:12I knew I was a very old lady.
29:18and I'd like to thank you for being here.
29:28Mick has arranged to meet with his cousins
29:31to discuss what he has discovered in the census records about their family.
29:36So we've been looking at the census from 1926, as you know,
29:41and this is the result for our family in Gunpowder Lane.
29:44All the people that we expected to be there are there,
29:48which is good news, I suppose.
29:50So your mum, Mary Lynch, my Auntie Molly, is there,
29:54and then my dad, John, who's known as Jackie to all of us,
29:59he was just under four years old.
30:01Annie Lynch, Annie McSweeney.
30:03We've got a couple of still pictures of her.
30:06It's later in her life, I imagine it's in the 60s.
30:09She looks like she's from another age compared to us.
30:11She is.
30:12Even in 1966, she's from another...
30:14Did you feel that she was like that, or did you feel she was more of a real person
30:19rather than just a picture that you'd get?
30:20No, she was a real person, a very real person, very well-spoken, very well-read.
30:27She taught me how to read, and I was sat in the reading about four and a half.
30:32Yeah, but at this time, she wasn't able to read herself.
30:35Yeah, but she learned.
30:36She learned later.
30:37She learned later.
30:37She did.
30:38That's remarkable.
30:38And she had the life in times of Daniel O'Connell.
30:45Really?
30:45Which was that thing.
30:46Yeah.
30:46I always remember it.
30:47But she went on to learn to read later.
30:49Oh, she was a great reader.
30:51That's tremendous.
30:56What was that like as a community?
30:58It was brilliant.
30:59There was no kid in there who was short of food coming out of school.
31:03Yeah.
31:04Somebody came up with it, even if it was only a slice of bread.
31:07Did you get a sense that it was a struggle, or did you...?
31:10It was a big struggle.
31:11I mean, everybody struggled to make.
31:13Yeah.
31:13Make money, you know.
31:15But in some ways, the community made up for that.
31:17They did.
31:18Everybody, as I said to everybody, helped one on the road.
31:21But now, this is all former...
31:24They've knocked it down in the 60s, all of this block here that you lived on.
31:28But our history and the struggles of your mum and yourselves and granny and all these people on there,
31:34there's no mark.
31:35All we've got to remember our family is a lovely family.
31:37They just ran it on completely.
31:39Yeah.
31:50It's hard to really explain just how much is involved.
31:55I think the general public, they'll open a beautiful image,
31:59they'll be able to download a lovely colour PDF,
32:01but they won't realise how many hands have been through the cataloguing,
32:05the conservation, the digitisation.
32:09Dermot Bannon continues to explore the census records for Capa Quinn,
32:14the place he's using as an example of a typical Irish town in 1926.
32:20Mary O'Brien, 57, widow.
32:23Before the census, there was World War I, there was the Spanish Flu,
32:29there was War of Independence, and then there was the Civil War.
32:33It's not surprising that there's a lot of people described as widows,
32:38but to see it written down on page after page after page that they were widows upon widows upon widows.
32:48It's very weird because there's life here, there's life in these pages,
32:55and it kind of commands a respect.
32:57Maybe it's the fact that it's handwritten.
33:00Sometimes it's the handwriting catches you as unusual, or a word jumps out.
33:08It's the human element for me, looking at it, looking at these people, looking at their jobs, where they worked.
33:15For me, the thing that would make me stop would be, you'd see lists of names, pages and pages and
33:21pages,
33:21and you'd say, what's that, and these would be institutions, they would be military barracks,
33:27or mother and baby homes, orphanages.
33:32So, this section here is for the industrial school in Capequin,
33:38which was, there was industrial schools all over the country,
33:41so I suppose this is a slice of what a part of Ireland was like everywhere.
33:46What's different about this census compared to the previous census,
33:50because previously, everybody was just a number.
33:53This now has got names.
33:57Wow, God.
34:00This is, these are all the borders.
34:04So, five, six, six, six, eight, six, five, eight.
34:10God, they're tiny.
34:14I don't know why I just thought in an industrial school they would be teenagers,
34:18they're not, they're like, they're five and six.
34:23They're from Tipperary, Waterford, Waterford City, Tremor, Dengarvan, Carrick, in Tipperary.
34:31Father is dead, mother is dead, father is dead.
34:35Both parents dead.
34:40God, there's a guy here now, and both parents are alive.
34:47And he's in an industrial school,
34:48And, like, he's five.
35:09It's...
35:11But why?
35:17To have the names written down here and their ages
35:20and where their parents are and where they came from,
35:27it tells so much.
35:29Like, why was Dennis Murphy, who is from Sligo,
35:34with both his parents still alive,
35:38sent to an industrial school at the age of four?
35:42You don't even send kids to school at four anymore.
35:47God almighty.
35:50Richard Costello, two years of age,
35:55in an industrial school.
35:57God, he could barely walk.
36:03Goormla wants to discover whether her home in Nonlachonbyog
36:07shares the same history as other parts of Ireland's Atlantic coast.
36:11She visits the town of Carnar, set in a remote corner of Connemara.
36:18I was thinking about Miloads, in the end of the night, and there were no good things.
36:27I was thinking about her shopkeeper, and I'm not sure if I would.
36:35I wasn't thinking about Miloads in the night, but I was thinking about the shopkeeper.
36:39I had a very good time during the night and I was thinking about it.
36:45and the wind between us.
36:49Everyone's going to have to come out.
36:57Do you want to go on the road?
36:59I'm not going to go on the road to the home.
37:03You don't have to go there and go to the home.
37:09You don't have to go to the home again.
37:13I'm not going to go to school.
37:15At this point I think it is possible to have a career in the UK.
37:22I am very optimistic looking at the future.
37:23But that team was left and right,
37:28and so on,
37:31And,
37:32I think it is more than enough people to know
37:36that people are more confident in this country,
37:39and that is part of our great family.
37:40I'm a little nervous about my family in my own way.
37:44It was a very difficult time to see the world.
37:59I was very proud of them.
38:01I was proud of them and I was so proud of them.
38:06I was so proud of them and I was so proud of them.
38:07I was so proud of them.
38:10Well, it was interesting in things that kind of describe it.
38:15He wrote a book in Luchsyland...
38:19...and that's where he had a book that came from.
38:24He had a book that put a book in the room and he had a book from the writing on
38:30his books.
38:31It's like a Sunday morning, we're all in the day.
38:35We don't need to worry about this day.
38:36We're all in the day, we're all in the day...
38:39...we're all in the day, we're all in the day.
38:40In the day of the day...
38:42...we'll see if we're in the day.
38:46We're all in the day.
38:48We're all in the day.
38:52When they were in the first place, they were making money for a while.
38:59And when they were in the second place,
39:03they were making money for the commission.
39:05They didn't even pay their money.
39:09They didn't pay their money,
39:11because it was a bubble, they didn't use it.
39:16And the doctor was talking about the fact that the doctor was
39:21When you come to the family, you have to go to the family.
39:26It's a great way to go.
39:29And when we have to get the family,
39:31we have to get out of the family.
39:35We have to get out of the family.
39:40The family is so happy.
39:42The family is so happy.
39:44And that's the way it's going to be a little bit different than the other one.
39:50Oh, I see.
39:51That's really good. That's the way it's been a bit difficult.
39:55I remember the time I had a lot of time in the village,
39:59and it was like, four days later,
40:02and even when I was in the village, I was in the village of the village.
40:05And I was in the village of the village.
40:08But I was in the village of the village,
40:11It was a years ago that I would have taken a job and felt happy,
40:18I would have had to do this before.
40:19And when I was a little girl,
40:19I would have been pushing my car and my car was holding on.
40:22I would have had to take a step up.
40:23And when I was young,
40:25I would have had to do this,
40:32and at least I would have let's do it.
40:34..I would have had to buy something.
40:38I would have had to be with you.
40:40about another Cork man that shares his father's name,
40:43former Taoiseach Jack Lynch.
40:45So this is the entry for the north side of the city
40:50and this one is around Shandon Church.
40:54So we'll look at number one,
40:56where the head of the household is Daniel Lynch.
41:00And there are, in total, 11 people living in this house.
41:05And his occupation was as a tailor.
41:09This is a very good hand, you can tell.
41:12If Daniel Lynch has written this himself,
41:13it's definitely not the hand of the enumerator.
41:17It seems to be fairly prosperous.
41:20They've got two in-laws living with them who are quite elderly.
41:23Neither of those work for a living.
41:26There are 11 people and they've got five rooms,
41:30which is a bit better, but no less crowded, I would have thought.
41:34All of the children are all at school.
41:36The oldest son, Timothy Lynch, who's nearly 16, is still at school.
41:41I don't think that would have been the case for the Lynches in Gunpowder Lane.
41:45So if all of these other children went on to secondary education,
41:49they would have perhaps had better chances
41:51in terms of staying in Ireland and making a life here.
41:56So we're at Jack Lynch's house, and there's a couple of plaques.
42:00And, of course, most people will know he was a great sportsman for Cork.
42:05Six All-Ireland titles, and he became the Taoiseach on two occasions
42:10and a government minister.
42:11And I think I'd say that there's a different house
42:14to the one we imagined down in Gunpowder Lane.
42:18I do think the key difference can be seen,
42:21the levels of wealth and then the levels of aspiration
42:26that his family must have had.
42:28It's great that it's memorialised and there's plaques here,
42:31and Cork people are very proud of what Jack Lynch achieved.
42:35I'm proud of him as well, I think, as a son of Cork in some ways.
42:42I think what my parents are very proud about
42:45is they kept us on the straight and narrow,
42:46which I suppose is what Annie Lynch did for her kids.
42:50So my kids have got an opportunity
42:52that my parents didn't have for university and all of that.
42:55But I think it's important to remember
42:57there's a lot of stuff about migration
42:59in Ireland, in Britain, in Europe and globally,
43:02but all those migrant people
43:04are trying to give themselves and their descendants,
43:07their families and their communities, an opportunity.
43:10And I think we've got to remember that.
43:16Girmla is sharing the 1926 census entries with her aunt,
43:21whose father appears on the form.
43:24Yeah, and she was also sharing the 1927 census,
43:29with the 1927 census.
43:30Oh, yeah.
43:31So she knew that that was a real thing.
43:34Mm-hmm.
43:35But later,
43:38she was,
43:38she was there.
43:41I was just thinking of her,
43:42as if she was here.
43:42She was there once.
43:43She had never been there anymore.
43:44She had never been there anymore.
43:45Nobody knew what it was.
43:46I didn't have a day.
43:46No, no.
43:47How did she know that?
43:48How did she know that?
43:50That's what I was doing anyway.
43:53That's what I was doing.
43:57And then...
43:58Have you ever been in Belgrade?
44:01Have you ever been in New York?
44:041929.
44:061929.
44:07It was a miracle.
44:09Oh, it was a miracle.
44:12Yeah.
44:12And then...
44:14It was...
44:151930.
44:16It was a miracle.
44:18And what was it in the gym?
44:201946.
44:22I had been in New York for a while.
44:23And many months I had done with Mac and Morien.
44:26So he was also with Mac and Morien at the gym?
44:31During the summer, I started learning about the nons.
44:34I just remember.
44:41What was that?
44:43So she was with the nons.
44:45Yes.
44:47and I'm not the only one who's going to go to.
44:48Yes, yes, yes.
44:51And I'm not the only one who's going to go to,
44:55I'm not going to go to a house,
44:56but I'm not going to come to.
44:58But I keep telling you that
45:01I'm not going to be able to do it
45:03and just try to make my own work.
45:07I'm not going to work.
45:07And I'm not going to work.
45:13Capcuin is a beautiful town.
45:15It's got all of the components that make up a very, very typical Irish town.
45:23It has the factories, it has the shops, it has industry, it has commerce, it had the mill, it had
45:29the landlord.
45:32But it also had the industrial school.
45:35This was Ireland of 1926.
45:39Like, it was how children were cared for by the state.
45:50Well, it's been a good experience getting the hands on the records and seeing firsthand what was going on.
45:57It's great to hear that somebody who couldn't fill in the census form themselves was able to get themselves literate
46:03late in life.
46:04I was able to read to people and teach them some lessons in life and use all her experience.
46:12Maybe that is a sign of progress.
46:16But I do feel what was reinforced that the free state didn't get on initially with what they needed to
46:22do.
46:22And it took a very long time to get this country moving to address the needs of the common people,
46:27which what, from my point of view, is what the national struggle should have been about.
46:33A census should be about taking a record of where you are, a sense check of where you are at
46:39the minute,
46:40getting some data about the problems,
46:42and then it should be about getting some answers to those problems and moving the country forward.
46:48But I'm not sure the one in 1926 achieved that aim.
46:59I was playing a new class that's happening in the 1865s.
47:04I was playing with the English and I was playing with the 1865s,
47:09which was very important to my parents.
47:16I was very happy and happy to be with me.
47:24I didn't say anything about my life.
47:28I didn't say anything about my life.
47:29But I was very happy to be with you.
47:32I was very happy to be with you.
47:35for that reason.
47:35Bye-bye, you're always coming to the future
47:42in this world.
47:45And I think we had two of the best
47:50in a month and uh...
47:52and then we could go to the future.
48:08In the next episode, yours truly, along with author Joseph O'Connor
48:13and radio presenter Louise Duffy, get her own look at the 1926 census.
48:19Join us as we uncover some of the stories hidden in those records
48:24and maybe learn something new about ourselves along the way.
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