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00:28Transcription by CastingWords
00:30Since they never really died, they live on today.
00:36In movies, in video games and in festivals.
00:41Knights.
00:44How did they survive ambushes, feuds and sieges?
00:51How did they win in single combat?
00:56Or in major battles?
01:02Why did they fight in tournaments?
01:07And what made them a legend?
01:28Waves and water, knights and horses, how well did they go together?
01:36Heinrich von Neufen was one of many knights who entrusted their lives to the belly of a ship.
01:44He knew that many crusaders would not return from their quest to Jerusalem.
01:55He had left everything behind.
02:05A number of children's drawings from the Middle Ages, similar to this one, survive today.
02:16A crusade was the greatest challenge a knight could face.
02:20He was used to keeping his seat on a horse, not to keeping his footing on a swaying deck.
02:34The sixth crusade used new, broad-beamed ships, capable of transporting horses.
02:43But it was nothing like what Heinrich von Neufen had imagined.
02:46A knight was not born to the sea.
02:54At least the horses couldn't get seasick, thanks to a sphincter muscle above the oesophagus.
02:59The crusaders were at sea for five long weeks, braving severe weather, pirates and illness.
03:11Heinrich had taken the cross with the Pope's blessing.
03:19Rather than make a dangerous overland journey of 3,000 kilometres,
03:24the knights of the sixth crusade sailed from Brindisi in southern Italy in June 1228.
03:35Earlier expeditions had used galleys, which had to be rowed from one harbour to the next.
03:41The ships of the sixth crusade used Arab compasses for navigation
03:46and were able to make way on the high seas day and night.
03:50Each ship carried 40 knights and up to 100 horses.
03:57How did they get the horses off the ships?
04:02There was a gate in the stern, just like in modern roll-on, roll-off ferries.
04:07The gate was raised and the knights simply mounted their horses and rode ashore.
04:16Allied landing craft used similar principles in the D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944.
04:31The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, had raised a large fleet for the sixth crusade.
04:38Fifty ships carrying 800 knights and 3,000 foot soldiers landed in the port of Acre, gateway to the Holy
04:46Land.
04:52Heinrich survived the dangerous voyage.
04:55After weeks of darkness, hunger, thirst and inactivity, he was finally able to set foot on solid ground.
05:20Pope Urban II had promised that all who died while on crusade would receive immediate remission of their sins.
05:36In 1228, Jerusalem was ruled by the Seljuk Turks, who had stopped Christian pilgrims from visiting the Holy Sepulchre, the
05:45traditional tomb of Christ.
05:57The emperor Frederick II was determined to re-establish free access to Jerusalem.
06:03A crusade was a religious war against the vile race of infidels, as Pope Urban put it.
06:10The laws of chivalry did not apply to them.
06:16Many knights also went on crusade in the Holy Land for the love of God, the Lord of Hosts.
06:23They saw themselves as holy warriors.
06:32Was renewed bloodshed inevitable?
06:35Was there no other way?
06:38Frederick was above all a politician.
06:41He wanted to negotiate.
06:45The mere attempt was an outrage in the eyes of the Pope, and not only in his.
06:51Let those who have been robbers now become knights.
06:55So said Pope Urban when summoning Europe to the First Crusade in 1095.
07:17It was a stroke of genius on Urban's part to come up with the concept of the miles Christianus, or
07:24Christian knight.
07:25Knights were no longer to war with each other, but against the Muslims.
07:30Again and again, Urban and his successors called upon knights from across Europe to join the Crusades.
07:37Again and again, Jerusalem changed hands, falling now to the Crusaders, now to the Muslims.
07:49Both sides saw themselves as holy warriors.
07:52Both were equally brutal.
08:00And while the knights were fighting in foreign lands, often for years with no certainty that they'd ever return, life
08:07went on at home.
08:12The knight's lady had to take his place, even if in courtly poetry she was eternally waiting.
08:27So wrote the poet von Curemberg.
08:49But in real life there was little time for melancholy.
08:53The lady of the castle had to deal with its business.
09:00The apostle of the council morning who's in the remainder of the venture is
09:03And Emperor and in southern標den, the combined придумing, the fruits of Mother has to hang up with all corners.
09:09Where thisруble is however a who belongs to the mods, the board as we have to sit down amongst ourselves.
09:10You cannot be having the right, knitted to be afraid.
09:13So this is a challenge.
09:13The Queen would be aader in filthy house so that I'm not friends with you.
09:15The Queen is now ويت on this.
09:19I
09:20Make him loose
09:21Yeah, but
09:24My urtel lautet gnade for recht. We can in this sache milde sein and strafen
09:31Heads in aus
09:38Wahrhaftig, kein schlechter zug von dir
09:45Nur meine Antwort ist noch besser
09:53A lady might live without her husband for years on end, a situation not without its temptations
10:00From this the cult of courtly love was born
10:06Courtly love made it a chivalrous virtue to court a lady from afar and pledge loyalty only to her
10:13The love songs in the famous illuminated manuscript known as the codex manessa
10:19Specifically praised platonic or non-physical love the lyric poet walter von der vogelweide
10:25Claimed that physical or lowly love weakened the body and pained the soul
10:32Yet it was difficult to distinguish courtly love from physical love
10:38Wir wissen, dass im mittelalter
10:42Berufsmäßige sänger von burg zu burg zogen
10:45Dass sie eingeladen wurden
10:46Weshalb? Weil man sich darauf verlassen konnte
10:49Dass sie eben
10:50Ein bestimmtes spiel
10:52Vorführen konnten
10:54Nämlich ein spiel in dem
10:55Ein Herr um eine Dame wirbt
10:58Und die Dame diese Werbung ablehnt
11:02Das was uns als vielleicht merkwürdig erscheint
11:07Ist aber damals deshalb reizvoll gewesen
11:09Weil es immer neu gespielt worden ist
11:11Man konnte immer neu
11:13Oder immer virtuoser
11:15Die Werbung vortragen
11:16Und immer virtuoser
11:18Die Werbung entsprechend
11:19Zurückweisen
11:23Wondering minstrels sang of
11:25The dangerous pleasures of love found only outside marriage
11:33Blessed be your red mouth
11:35Blessed be your lovely body
11:37Blessed be this sweet hour
11:43People longed for love and passion then as they do now
11:47And that is why the songs of courtly love were about love and pain
11:51Desire, seduction and fidelity
11:56But what he wants she cannot want
12:06In one medieval love song the lady replies
12:09If I yielded you would have fame but I ridicule and shame
12:17Woe to the lady led astray
12:19By a knight's honeyed words
12:21It could mean her death
12:27But men who had committed adultery
12:29Were seldom punished
12:34Quite the opposite
12:35Knights loved bragging about
12:37Their sexual conquests and adventures
12:45Man can definitely speak of a double moral
12:48Man can definitely speak of a double moral
12:48The law, especially the church law
12:51It demanded the law
12:53Of women like men
12:55The practice or the reality
12:58But it looked different
12:59If a woman had an accident
13:01Then it was seen as a grave accident
13:04Or even as a crime
13:06As a
13:07The man was tolerated
13:10At this point
13:11That was at least
13:12It was also honest
13:14But it was
13:15It was effectively
13:15Because there was a woman거야
13:17The
13:19give the life Of
13:22the human sex The
13:24They're in
13:25charge
13:26In this case, he went to court.
13:34Crusader Heinrich von Neuffen had been away from his wife and children for over a year.
13:39But he was lucky.
14:00Rather than waging war on the Saracen Emir, Frederick negotiated a peaceful settlement.
14:06This was unusual, but not unheard of.
14:11In the 13th-century epic Willehalm, poet Wolfram von Eschenbach gives one example.
14:18He has the noblewoman Guyberg, a converted Muslim, give a famous speech on tolerance.
14:25And I tell you, here is Rache again Rache.
14:28The Muslims did a bad thing.
14:32Forgive them.
14:36Even God himself forgave the murder of his son Christ.
14:41You say, they are Heiden.
14:43But we were also all Heiden.
14:46Adam, the first person, who God created, was a Heide.
14:54Hört auf die Lehre einer ungelehrten Frau.
14:58Verschont die Moslems.
15:00Sie sind wie ihr Geschöpfe aus Gottes Hand.
15:05Nicht Vergeltung wieder Vergeltung.
15:07Der Autor wollte offensichtlich seinem Publikum solche Ideen nahe legen.
15:15Aber man kann sicher davon ausgehen, dass es in der Realität anders ausgesehen hat.
15:21Also die Idee, die Güburg hier verkündet, ist ganz außergewöhnlich.
15:25Sie ist im Mittelalter außergewöhnlich und sie ist sogar noch über das Mittelalter hinaus außergewöhnlich gewesen.
15:52None of the knights had expected that the Sixth Crusade would end peacefully.
15:56Ihr seid gekommen um am Grab Christi für euer Seelenhalt zu beten.
16:03Geht! Jerusalem ist unser!
16:06Ja!
16:07Ja!
16:10Ja!
16:16The Sixth Crusade was unique.
16:20The Crusaders had set out to reconquer the Holy Land.
16:23but they entered Jerusalem wielding not fire and sword,
16:27but palm fronds and holy water.
16:32The figure of the Christian knight was born in the Crusades
16:35and in the Sixth Crusade, the knights did in fact adhere to Christian precepts.
16:50The peace with the Saracens held for more than ten years.
16:54In this round, no Muslim and no Crusader died fighting for Jerusalem.
17:14God lead the people who want to be loved together.
17:24Heinrich von Neufen had done everything he could to secure his salvation,
17:29whether by divine providence, as he would have said,
17:33or by sheer good fortune, after two long years he was able to return to his castle.
17:42As Eschenbach wrote,
17:44even a knight shares the longing to be safe at home and to sleep in soft down.
18:06Like most travellers, the Crusaders returned with gifts.
18:10Riecht nach Zitrone.
18:12Und was ist hier drin?
18:14Das?
18:15Das ist ein Öl.
18:17Aber, mein Sohn,
18:20ich habe etwas Besonderes für dich.
18:27Hörst du?
18:29Das Meer.
18:31Ja.
18:32Na und?
18:33Das habe ich nur für dich mitgebracht.
18:36Ja, schön.
18:37Danke.
18:42Ist das für mich?
18:43Klar.
18:44Oh.
18:49Ja!
18:55So weich.
18:57Kannst du es fühlen?
18:58Es ist Seide.
19:01Aus Jaffa.
19:10Heinrich hat two daughters, but only one son and heir.
19:14Would that be enough to guarantee his line in dangerous times?
19:18A knight needed a second son, just in case.
19:26But it could also be about more than that.
19:32May God bring those together who want to be joined in love.
19:36Those lines referred more to the challenges of courtly love than to marriage.
19:43But the literary concept of courtly love came to influence actual marriage.
19:49It was still largely a matter of cementing power alliances.
19:52But what had commonly been a rough and ready act of procreation was no longer the only way.
19:59In the Middle Ages, tenderness was rediscovered.
20:08Men learned to treat women with courtesy and to behave in a chivalrous and gallant manner.
20:22Heinrich won honour and fame as a Christian knight and crusader.
20:32Another typical knight of the high Middle Ages was John of Bohemia.
20:38He could have followed his father as emperor, but he did not.
20:42And so I chose to become a knight and one of the best, he said.
20:47His banner read, Ich dien, I serve.
20:53More than most other knights of his time, he was in high demand as a warrior,
20:58a counsellor and a supervisor in trial by combat.
21:06Thor, the sound of God is a human being?
21:15For God!
21:17For God!
21:19For God!
21:21For God!
21:21To all the saints!
21:23For God!
21:26For God!
21:27For God!
21:27What have you got?
21:34A court would order trial by combat if its judges were unable to reach a conclusion.
21:40The knights then had to establish the truth in a life-and-death struggle.
21:47Coffins were made ready.
21:51It was a definite advantage to be skilled in all the tricks of fighting without armour,
21:57but John would not allow a common brawl.
22:11A knight had to master all the techniques for close combat.
22:14That was the lesson Albrecht Dürer taught in his manual on grappling in a swordfight.
22:21Stand strong as shown in the drawing, step behind him with your right foot and stab him.
22:27Dürer's manual remains a swordfighter's bible to this day.
22:41Any stroke was permitted in these duels, including hits to the neck and throat.
23:01Can these illustrations show a woman?
23:04They are from a manual by the fencing master Hans Tullhofer,
23:09and they do indeed depict a woman wielding a slingshot against a man in trial by combat.
23:15Since it was held that a woman is only half a man,
23:19the man had to fight while standing in a hole up to his waist,
23:23an early example of positive discrimination.
23:29Then she caught his arm.
23:31Tullhofer taught women to defend themselves against men.
23:36She grabbed him by his throat and by his member.
23:39Not very chivalrous, perhaps, but effective.
23:44Fights like this one were not very common, but they certainly happened.
23:48And then she pulled him from his hole.
23:52So the woman decided the trial by combat in her favor.
23:56Having prevailed, she won her case.
24:09A knight did not have to fight in a trial by combat in person.
24:13He could hire a professional fighter to represent him.
24:17Not a very glorious alternative, but permitted.
24:21Weiter!
24:30The guilty party will succumb.
24:32God will cast his judgment through the stronger man's hand.
24:38That was the knight's view of law in the Middle Ages.
24:56Knade!
24:57Haltet ein!
24:59Seine Schuld ist durch das Urteil Gottes offenbar geworden.
25:03Aber wir wollen Barmherzigkeit üben.
25:06Hier ist einem Ritter gebührt.
25:16Those who lost the fight but survived were brought before the court again, for had they
25:21not been proven guilty?
25:23Depending on the severity of the charge, they might still be beheaded.
25:29But how likely was it that the wounded would survive?
25:33They were tended by barbers.
25:41They treated wounds with moldy bread.
25:47They had learned from experience that mold was able to prevent the onset of fatal gangrene.
25:53The antibacterial mold penicillin was only discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.
26:03What about when knights lost body parts?
26:06The origins of plastic surgery go back to duelling.
26:12When the astronomer Tycho Brahe lost his nose in a jewel, it was replaced with a golden
26:18prosthesis.
26:22Empty eye sockets were covered by so-called presentation eyes.
26:28There were no frills models, but also beautiful eye inserts made from ivory and glass.
26:36And in a very early experiment in the mid-15th century, Antonio Branca used a flap of skin
26:43from his own upper arm to construct a new nose.
26:49The forerunner of all functional prosthetic arms was made in the early 16th century for
26:55Goetz von Berlichingen.
26:57It is a masterpiece of precision engineering.
27:02It became the trademark of this marauding knight with the iron hand.
27:15Medieval blacksmiths labored to develop armor that would prevent the loss of limbs.
27:23By the late Middle Ages, chain mail was becoming old fashioned.
27:32In Upper Austria, the Schmidtberger family has made armor for 200 years across five generations.
27:42They craft every piece by hand.
27:47To give the armor sufficient strength, the metal is up to six millimeters thick.
27:57In the Middle Ages, a full suit of armor cost about 250 guilders, equivalent to at least two
28:04farms with all their laborers and animals.
28:13High quality armor was in great demand.
28:16A knight's life depended on his armor and his sword.
28:25A good sword is not to be taken lightly.
28:32We asked some experts to find out just what it is capable of.
28:38Andreas Kruger has studied medieval weapons and has taught himself to wield them, slashing
28:43and stabbing like a knight.
28:53a sword is a sword.
28:54Is a sword capable of slicing through a candle while it keeps burning, as we sometimes see
28:59in Hollywood movies?
29:00The experiment will be recorded by a high speed camera running at 2500 frames per second.
29:17One thing is clear, a swordsman with a good eye could put out the lights.
29:33But the candle will only stay upright if it has been specially prepared.
29:42A test with a pumpkin shows that a good medieval sword was as sharp as a Japanese sushi knife.
29:57Here, a tightly rolled tatami mat stands in for an arm or a leg.
30:05The sword slices through it like butter.
30:19Auch wenn dieses Modell kein hundertprozentiges Simulans für eine menschliche Extremität ist,
30:26so spiegelt es doch hier die Verhältnisse, die ein Schwertieb gegen eine Extremität
30:31wie ein Arm oder ein Bein hätte relativ naturgetreu wieder.
30:35Denn wenn ein Schwertieb hier so eine Extremität trifft,
30:38kommt es zu einer teilweisen oder vollständigen Amputation.
30:42Dies hätte nicht unbedingt eine tödliche Folge gehabt,
30:45aber es hätte bedeutet, dass der Ritter für den Kampf nicht mehr zur Verfügung gestanden hätte.
30:51So a knight needed protection.
30:53Knights wore iron from head to toe to ward off sword blows and arrows.
30:59A full suit of armour comprised up to 150 individual parts.
31:06So some knights really were knights in shining armour
31:09or in the case of the less fortunate shabby armour.
31:15Armament and rearmament.
31:18The Middle Ages too had their arms races.
31:23And not only armour was upgraded, castles were too.
31:28Their masters tried to make them impregnable with tall towers and walls.
31:33After all, deterrence is the best defence.
31:38Ideally, the appearance of strength would be enough.
31:42The Wehrhaftigkeit is a Attribut, a Privileg des Adels.
31:46When the Adel Burgen baut, then they need the elements of the Wehrhaftigkeit.
31:49And then it's not so important that they function,
31:51but they just need to show you how privileged they are.
31:54It means that there are skis shards that you can't shoot out.
31:58There are zinnengrenzes that you can't reach out.
32:02There are bridges that you can't reach out.
32:03There are bridges that you can't reach out.
32:05There are a whole range of elements that were not planned for the function.
32:10It's hard for us because we are functional thinking people.
32:14But the Middle Ages is a symbolical time.
32:16And it's all symbolic language.
32:19John of Bohemia had been besieging Castles since he was 14.
32:23He was not easily impressed.
32:25What's going on?
32:28It's amazing!
32:29It's going to be faster!
32:31It's going to be faster!
32:32For a night, the siege was all part of the day's work.
32:38It was how they acquired property and power.
32:41But what if they failed to take a castle with the first assault?
32:46What could they fall back on?
32:51Perhaps the engineers and siege engine specialists
32:54might come up with something.
32:58Let's see what the engineers are on.
33:06And what would such a castle cost?
33:09200 gold.
33:11Not bad.
33:15There were siege towers to overcome castle walls
33:18and battering ramps to breach gates.
33:26Medieval engineers invented a whole arsenal of siege engines
33:30to break down various forms of fortifications.
33:35The trebuchet was able to launch heavy rocks at walls up to 400 meters away.
34:01Only a few knights and men at arms were necessary to defend a castle.
34:08They were well protected behind battlements on high walls.
34:13But the attackers needed hundreds of knights, siege engines,
34:17and hundreds of ancillaries who had to be fed and paid for weeks or even months.
34:23Trebuchets had to be transported to the siege and operated by specialists.
34:34Rocks and arrows rained down from gatehouses on the operators of battering rams.
34:40A siege was no picnic.
34:44Siege towers up to 40 meters high could lower their drawbridges right onto a castle wall.
34:50But in the hand-to-hand fighting that followed, the defenders had a clear advantage.
35:00Climbing an assault ladder was a suicide mission.
35:16Most knights, however, could only dream of conducting a siege with a full range of siege engines and assault machines.
35:24I'm surprised, my gentlemen.
35:26But it costs me a fortune.
35:29Who can do this?
35:30Reiche Könige.
35:32Kaiser.
35:34And as you know, I'm just an armer man.
35:43I'm just an armer man.
35:44We're going to do it in our way.
35:45We're going to do it in our way.
35:46We're going to do it in our way.
35:47We're going to do it in our way.
35:47We're going to do it in our way.
35:51We're going to do it in our way.
35:58In the end, all Jon could afford was the classic technique of undermining.
36:09The besiegers tunneled beneath the castles walls and towers while hoping they would not run into an opponent's counter-tunnel.
36:20At the end of the tunnel, they excavated a chamber and stuffed it with whatever would burn well.
36:26Dry kindling was drenched in oil to boost the flames.
36:31Then they only had to wait for the walls and towers to collapse. Not very gallant perhaps, but effective.
36:52And a Italian military engineer of the 15th century, the Histacola, had even suggested that you should take them with
37:02Pech or Wax drink and throw them in the streets.
37:07Also Mäuse, Katzen, because they then like wild aroundlaufen and everything.
37:12Also, at the time, it was Tieren and Menschen anbelangt, a really tough story.
37:21Another brutal conflict. Edward III's invasion of France in 1346.
37:28King Philip of France asked for help from nobles all over Europe and many knights answered the call to save
37:34the French monarchy.
37:40John of Bohemia, one of the best, also wanted to do justice to his motto, I serve.
37:45He did not want to miss out on the fight against the English, even though, aged only 50, he had
37:52gone blind.
37:53He was called Blanayan, or John the Blind.
38:0212,000 knights from the Holy Roman Empire, from Burgundy and from Spain, came to fight Edward's army.
38:11The armies met at Cressy, near Paris.
38:22John of Bohemia led 500 knights into the battle.
38:31On that day, which would go down in history, a storm was gathering.
38:37And?
38:38Wo stehen die englischen Ritter?
38:40Sie sollen sich zeigen.
38:41Ich bin ganz wild darauf, ihnen eins auf den Helm zu geben.
38:44Nicht auszumachen.
38:46Soweit ich sehen kann, sind da nur Bogenschützen.
38:48Ja, und ich hatte erwartet, gegen ehrenwerte Ritter zu kämpfen und nicht gegen Bauerntölpel.
38:55Gnade ihnen Gott!
39:02Die Ritter sind von ihren Pferden abgestiegen, um zu Fuß zu kämpfen.
39:07Wie unwürdig für einen wahren Ritter.
39:15Wir werden ihnen zeigen, wie man mit einem Schwert umgeht.
39:22Auf Sie!
39:28The battle commenced, but rather than fighting night to night, the English relied on technology.
39:37Cannon began as basic firepots with gunpowder and a fuse.
39:42They not only made a terrifying noise, but also fired a metal arrow up to 300 meters.
39:49Commanders soon recognized the advantages of cannon.
39:52But they were first used in a battle between knights at Cressy.
39:58Initially, their main effect was to sow terror by their sound, but that quickly changed.
40:03From about 1500, artillery became a recognized army branch.
40:08A fatal development for knights.
40:13As long range weapons became more and more important, mounted knights faded away.
40:20In the Franco-Prussian war of 1871, it was the Prussian cannon that decided the key battle of Cedon.
40:41The English archers drew their longbows and sent an unbroken hail of arrows on the charging knights from the continent.
40:50And they found their target. Above all, they hit the horses, forcing the knights to fight on foot.
41:05The blind John of Bohemia had himself led into the thick of the battle.
41:10There he discovered the truth of Vogelweide's lament.
41:15World for you, I have a thousand times ventured body and soul.
41:21Now I see how you repay.
41:25All that you give me, you take from me again.
41:32The attack of Cressy is recognized by the massive use of the weapons,
41:38in our case now by the English-Langbogenschützen.
41:42When we go from a middle of about 6.000 English-Langbogenschützen,
41:47who shoot per minute 12 guns per minute,
41:50we get to a gun gun per minute of about 72.000 guns per minute,
41:56which fell down on the rettellous cavalry,
42:00and fell down in their actions.
42:01and the ability of the weapons were extremely limited.
42:05How well did the armour of the knights of Cressy protect them from the English arrows?
42:17Andre Brinecke builds authentic replicas of medieval bows and arrows.
42:33This is an English-Langbogenschützen.
42:35The special thing is that he is from an Albe.
42:38Albe is very bogen-bou-freundly.
42:40That means that under the Rinde is located in the Spindholz,
42:43so that he can well take the Zug off.
42:45And in the inner area we have the Kernholz,
42:48so that he can well take the Druck off.
42:50Another feature is the horns of the horns,
42:53which prevent the burying of the wood.
42:58The bogen could also be used as a weapon.
43:04With armour of steel plate,
43:06the knights were better protected than ever before.
43:11But it has been claimed that the English arrows,
43:14tipped with bodkins weighing 16 grams,
43:17were able to penetrate even full armour.
43:33This arrow only dents the four millimetre steel armour.
43:48But even the best armour has its weak points.
43:53With a shot with a Pfeil,
43:55it is a combination of a Stich- and a Schnitt-Verletzung.
43:59These Pfeile could deep eindringen
44:01and in the general had this a deadly effect
44:04due to the blood loss,
44:05due to the opening of the blood pressure.
44:07But also of course,
44:08but also of the conditions that were not
44:08unmittelbar or mittelbar tödlich,
44:10were often in the general to schweren Wund-Infektionen.
44:13And this has been used to the time
44:14even though the Pfeilspitzen
44:17with Bakterien contaminating
44:19the blood pressure,
44:19for example,
44:20through the infection of fäkals
44:22or in a completely changed animal blood pressure.
44:24And the bacteria,
44:25which then went into the body
44:26through the Pfeil,
44:28were then created toxins.
44:30The Greek word toxon
44:32also comes from Pfeil and Bogen.
44:34And thus,
44:35usually the most difficult
44:36and even death
44:38processes were the result.
44:43New weapons and new tactics
44:45had made the knights' approach
44:47to warfare obsolete.
44:50By the evening of the 26th of August, 1346,
44:54the Battle of Crecy was over.
44:56The English had triumphed.
44:59It is said that King Edward remarked,
45:02here fell the flower of European chivalry,
45:05but the most valiant of all was John.
45:13The English knew him from the crest on his helmet
45:16and his coat of arms.
45:24After the battle,
45:25the Prince of Wales,
45:27Edward, the Black Prince,
45:28took the helmet and banner
45:30of the fallen John as trophies.
45:35He paid tribute to John's courage
45:37by adopting the three white ostrich feathers
45:40of his crest
45:41and his motto,
45:43I serve.
45:44They are still found
45:45on many British 2P coins.
45:50The figure of John the Blind
45:51became synonymous
45:53with both gallantry
45:54and blind loyalty till death.
45:59After the Battle of Crecy,
46:01large parts of France fell to England.
46:04Until, 80 years later,
46:07a peasant girl called Joan
46:09had visions of heavenly figures
46:11in the chapel of the village of Dom Rémy.
46:13They told her to liberate France.
46:18Northern France was under English rule
46:20as far south as Orléans.
46:22Joan intended to change that
46:25and set out to Vaucouleurs.
46:45In 1429, Joan cut off her hair,
46:48put on male clothing and took up a sword.
46:53Was she insane, possessed by the devil,
46:56or was she the virgin sent to liberate France
46:59as had been prophesied?
47:01The French believed she had been sent by God
47:04and followed her.
47:06The English generals thought it was a joke
47:09when a peasant girl in knight's armour
47:11declared war on them.
47:15But they would not laugh for long.
47:21Joan dared to do what the French king
47:24and his generals had not dared.
47:26Under her leadership,
47:28French soldiers rushed to take back Orléans
47:30from the English.
47:34On the 8th of May, 1429,
47:37she reconquered Orléans for France and her king.
47:42The maid of Orléans became a national heroine.
47:45The king ennobled her.
48:06From a base in Reims,
48:09where Charles was crowned king of France
48:11thanks to her efforts,
48:13Joan liberated one town after another.
48:15However, when she failed in a crucial assault on Paris,
48:20Charles withdrew his support.
48:22He preferred a diplomatic solution with the English.
48:26His maiden warrior had become much too powerful for his liking.
48:42And it was over.
48:45Joan was captured and sold to the English.
48:48She was tried in Rouen by the Inquisition.
48:51She was charged with wearing male clothing,
48:54with making a pact with the devil,
48:56and with heresy.
49:01But it was the fact that she had shown greater courage
49:04than those in power that guaranteed her death sentence.
49:09To the satisfaction of the English authorities,
49:12Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in Rouen on the 30th of May, 1431.
49:19It was no help for this courageous young woman
49:22that she was later recognized as a saint,
49:25and a symbol of the French nation.
49:29From a military perspective,
49:31the Battle of Crecy and the advent of artillery
49:35meant that the era of knights was nearing its end.
49:40But knights were glorified and idealized more than ever.
49:45Some became the stuff of legends.
49:47Among them, Götz von Berlichingen,
49:50Götz of the Iron Hand,
49:51who had lived by feuding and marauding.
49:56Tournaments became ever larger spectacles.
50:01Even emperors such as Maximilian,
50:04called Sir Steelheart for his many battles,
50:07broke a lance in the lists.
50:25éticoILデация
50:27La'a
50:29La'a
50:30La'a
50:52Transcription by CastingWords
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