- 19 hours ago
the animal within s02e03
Category
📺
TVTranscript
00:07Nature has engineered an incredible mix of endurance champions,
00:12roaming all corners of the Earth.
00:14Equipped with a dazzling array of specialized internal systems,
00:18locomotion devices, and propulsion tools,
00:21these animals are designed by nature to fly, swim, run,
00:26and feed in awe-inspiring environments.
00:30Each of these creatures are equipped with specialized abilities and biological tools,
00:35making them some of the most resilient in the animal kingdom.
00:38The emperor penguin, the monarch butterfly, the pronghorned antelope,
00:43albatrosses, and the camel are all prime examples of beasts that were built to last.
01:10In the frozen wilderness of Earth's most southern region, where ice and darkness reign supreme,
01:16emperor penguins are masters of the deep, dominating the icy waters like no other bird on the planet.
01:23They're a little bigger than normal penguins.
01:26They have that sleek, slender body.
01:29Their torpedo-shaped bodies are black and white, with large yellow patches on each side of their head.
01:37While they do have wings, they can't fly, at least not in the air.
01:41These stiff black appendages are more akin to flippers.
01:46Found exclusively in Antarctica, they live in colonies that often exceed 5,000 penguins,
01:52where they breed and raise their young on flows or sea ice
01:56that are either attached to the mainland or are located on free-floating ice flows.
02:02And how do they keep warm in such a cool place?
02:05By cuddling up.
02:08You're going to see a lot of these penguins huddled together, and it's like a little cuddle session.
02:14And they'll rotate who's in the middle and who's on the outside
02:17to make sure that the entire colony gets warm.
02:20This collective body heat makes their environment noticeably warmer
02:25through the process of conduction, or direct contact, and convection,
02:31warming the air between each bird.
02:36Amid this bustling community, penguins will choose just one mate to spend their life with.
02:44Emperor penguins are serial monogamous.
02:47They will stick with their mate for an entire breeding season,
02:49and they will also co-parent the chicks.
02:55But raising young in the bitter winds of the south is no easy feat.
03:03The Antarctic is a very harsh climate to live in,
03:07so any animal that lives there needs special adaptations to survive.
03:11In this frigid landscape, food is scarce, and often hidden far below the ice.
03:17So how do they catch it?
03:18By using an extraordinary evolutionary gift, the ability to dive.
03:25Emperor penguins eat krill, squid, and Antarctic silverfish.
03:29There's only one way for an emperor penguin to get food,
03:32and that is to dive into the water.
03:35Emperor penguins can reach depths of over 500 metres using a single breath of air.
03:42Recreational scuba divers are really limited to about 50 metres deep.
03:47Emperor penguins, on the other hand, can routinely dive to 500 metres
03:51without any physiological effects.
03:53There are some huge adaptations in these animals to be able to do that.
03:59The longest recorded dive was a whopping 32 minutes.
04:04But how do they stay underwater for so long?
04:08When a penguin does dive, the first thing it does is hyperventilate.
04:12It super-oxygenates its blood.
04:15They then take all of that oxygen-enriched blood
04:19and push it out into their muscles.
04:21And then they start their dive.
04:24And the first thing they do in their dive is immobilize everything.
04:28So basically, it's diving as a weight.
04:32To maximize their limited supply of oxygen,
04:36emperor penguins shut down non-essential organs.
04:41It will slow its heart rate down to 15 to 20 beats per minute,
04:45and that will allow it to conserve oxygen.
04:48To help support oxygen efficiency,
04:51they've been designed with exceptional muscles.
04:59It has a high rate of myoglobin in its muscles.
05:03That allows it to store oxygen in its muscles,
05:05so it doesn't have to store oxygen in its lungs.
05:09When this bird finally surfaces,
05:12it takes mere minutes to recover from a deep dive.
05:16When they get to the surface,
05:17their lungs expand, and they breathe in oxygen,
05:20and they recover within minutes.
05:21As opposed to when humans scuba dive,
05:24as we rise, we have to rise a lot slower, a foot per minute,
05:27so that we avoid getting decompression sickness
05:29when we get to the top.
05:30These deep dives put a lot of pressure on the penguins,
05:33but these endurance champions were built to handle it.
05:37Emperor penguins actually have strong, sturdy bones
05:40so that they can withstand high water pressure when they dive down deep.
05:44At this depth, they are being pounded for 40 times the amount of pressure
05:48that they feel at the surface.
05:51How do they deal with such enormous pressure?
05:54By activating specialized internal structures.
06:00Their ribcage has to be extremely flexible
06:03because their lungs are essentially going to compress to nearly nothing.
06:08So having that flexible ribcage and having avioli,
06:12the sacs in the lungs that allow for more compression,
06:16is really important to the penguins as they're able to dive so deep.
06:20And it's not just their bones and muscle structure
06:23that aids in this perilous plunge.
06:25On a smaller scale, an incredible phenomenon unfolds
06:29within the penguins' bloodstream.
06:31When humans scuba dive, we have this big tank of air on our backs,
06:36so we're always breathing.
06:37Because we're breathing compressed air,
06:40some of the nitrogen in that air dissolves into our blood,
06:43and basically our blood becomes saturated nitrogen at a higher pressure.
06:48And then when a scuba diver tries to come back up,
06:52if they come up too fast,
06:53what happens is that nitrogen, which is compressed in the blood,
06:58sees lower pressures.
06:59It creates bubbles in our circulatory system.
07:03These resulting bubbles can be incredibly dangerous.
07:09If you rise too quickly and you have nitrogen,
07:12that nitrogen doesn't get out of your system,
07:13you will get the bends.
07:15Basically a cramping feeling that could actually kill you.
07:18The penguin avoids this fate
07:20by relying on one powerful gulp of air.
07:24Because they're only taking a single breath,
07:26while they do have a propensity for nitrogen
07:29to dissolve into their blood,
07:31they never have excess nitrogen
07:33because they're not continually putting
07:35more and more pressurized nitrogen in.
07:38Essentially, penguins are free diving.
07:41They use a single lungful of air when they go down.
07:45To further optimize their diving abilities,
07:48emperor penguins utilize their feathers.
07:55Their feathers overlap like shingles on a roof,
07:57and this helps them create a barrier to the outside world.
08:01This insulates these animals so that they are warm
08:04both inside and out of the water.
08:05Each feather is engineered with a stiff or rigid outer layer
08:10and a downy inner layer.
08:12The outer layers repel water,
08:14and the inner layers trap warm air,
08:16providing fantastic thermal insulation.
08:18The seawater is exceptionally cold.
08:21It's salty water,
08:22so it'll actually be below the freezing point of fresh water.
08:25If that seawater makes it to the penguin's skin,
08:28it can literally freeze the skin.
08:31So having feathers that are very hydrophobic,
08:34that prevent water absorption,
08:36is really important.
08:37Just before plunging into the icy depths,
08:41emperor penguins flatten these feathers,
08:43creating a natural wetsuit
08:45that streamlines their bodies and reduces their buoyancy.
08:49And a smart addition to a diver's wetsuit
08:52is a trusty set of flippers.
08:54When we think about penguins,
08:56we think of them as flightless birds,
08:58but that's not actually correct.
09:00Penguins actually fly.
09:01They just do it underwater.
09:03What we call penguins flippers are actually wings.
09:06The wings of the emperor penguin
09:08act as large, built-in flippers
09:10to help propel them through the water,
09:12similar to how a human diver
09:13might wear synthetic flippers.
09:21But to reach a meal,
09:23swimming deep below the surface,
09:24the penguins will have to activate
09:26another set of specialized muscles.
09:30Emperor penguins are equipped with muscles
09:32between their shoulders
09:33that allow them to lift their flippers up.
09:35and activate their chest muscles
09:37to bring them back down,
09:38allowing them to fly through the water
09:40at speeds of up to 10 kilometers per hour.
09:45This method of flapping
09:46inspired scientists to invent
09:48an underwater propulsion machine
09:50based on the emperor penguin's
09:52shoulder and wing system.
09:56This novel mechanism features a spherical joint,
10:00just like an arm,
10:01allowing for 360 degrees of movement
10:04around a fixed center of rotation.
10:06This creates a highly maneuverable
10:08and efficient propulsion system.
10:10For the emperor penguin, however,
10:13these powerful flaps are given an added boost
10:16by their well-designed feet.
10:19Emperor penguins' feet are webbed,
10:21increasing their swimming efficiency
10:23by displacing a larger amount of water.
10:25When swimming,
10:26they'll paddle their feet back and forth,
10:28and the extra skin creates a propulsive force.
10:31The webbing is made up of durable layers
10:33of thin skin,
10:35connecting their toes
10:36and creating a paddle-like structure.
10:39Their webbed feet
10:40also make them extra agile,
10:42a necessary skill if it's to keep up
10:44with its fast-moving prey.
10:46In the middle of a deep dive,
10:49the emperor penguin will use its feet
10:50to make precise turns
10:51and rapidly change direction,
10:54just like the rudder of a ship.
10:58And their rudder-like feet
11:00aren't just useful in the water.
11:03Emperor penguins' feet
11:04are powered by robust flexor muscles,
11:07which decrease the angle between two joints,
11:10just like a human elbow.
11:11This ability to bend
11:12not only allows them
11:13to steer underwater with precision,
11:16but also allows them to stand upright
11:17and waddle around on land.
11:22These adaptations
11:23not only support a variety of movement,
11:26but they also help regulate body temperature,
11:29allowing these birds
11:30to thrive in frigid environments.
11:37Emperor penguins
11:38have specialized scales on their feet
11:40that reduce thermal conductivity.
11:42This means they have less risk of frostbite,
11:45allowing them to have better endurance
11:46and extreme cold.
11:49When we think about penguins
11:51and their adaptations,
11:53to me, it brings to mind spacesuits.
11:56The feathers keep their body
11:57at the ideal temperature,
11:59even though they're in an extremely harsh environment.
12:02In 1984,
12:04spacesuit manufacturers VESDA
12:06created the prophylactic body load suit,
12:09better known as the penguin.
12:12Nature has endowed this arctic bird
12:14with such an effective suit
12:16that it's inspired protective gear
12:18for one of the most unforgiving environments
12:20known to humankind.
12:23Both emperor penguins and spacesuits
12:25are built to regulate pressure changes,
12:27which can cause decompression sickness.
12:29These spacesuits are equipped with gas pressure layers
12:33that prevent astronauts
12:34from feeling decompression sickness
12:36in low-pressure environments.
12:39Emperor penguins are some of the most
12:40hardcore endurance champions on Earth.
12:43Their specialized feathers,
12:45feet,
12:46and internal operating systems
12:48all contribute
12:49to their incredible ability
12:50to dive deep.
12:53While these icy adventurers
12:56plunge below the frozen waves,
12:58a very different journey
12:59is unfolding thousands of kilometers away.
13:03Above the fields and forests
13:04of North America,
13:06a majestic monarch butterfly
13:08embarks on an epic migration.
13:12But how exactly does it navigate
13:14this grueling journey
13:15across the continent?
13:19The monarch is probably
13:21the most famous butterfly in the world.
13:24Recognizable by its beautifully warm hue,
13:27this insect's wings
13:28are the first line of defense
13:30on its grand voyage.
13:32Their bright orange colors
13:33are indications that they are toxic.
13:35It is actually a warning signal
13:37to many of their predators
13:38to say,
13:39don't eat me,
13:40I'm disgusting,
13:40and you will vomit.
13:42The monarch weighs less than 0.5 grams,
13:45but don't let its tiny size fool you.
13:48These insects are powerhouses.
13:51Especially when they band together,
13:53something they often do
13:54in the wintering grounds
13:55in the mountains of central Mexico.
14:01To keep warm overnight,
14:03monarch butterflies
14:03will cluster together
14:04in tens of thousands of individuals.
14:07Even though a single monarch butterfly
14:09might not weigh very much,
14:11thousands and thousands of them
14:12can actually break a tree branch.
14:17This power in numbers
14:19also helps them activate
14:21one of the most fascinating migrations
14:23in the animal kingdom.
14:25But before these eager bugs can begin,
14:28they have to reach maturity.
14:29Like all butterflies,
14:31monarchs undergo complete metamorphosis.
14:34This means that they start their life
14:35as an egg,
14:36become a caterpillar,
14:38transform into a chrysalis,
14:39and then emerge as the butterfly
14:41that we all know and love.
14:45This is like nature's shape-shifting magic.
14:48Then it's time to fly.
14:54Butterflies spend their summers
14:56in North America,
14:58and there will be certain triggers
15:00at the end of the season
15:00that will let them know
15:01that it's time to go south.
15:03But what exactly sets the departure date?
15:10Some of the triggers
15:11that monarch butterflies use
15:12to let them know
15:13that it's time to go south
15:14are dying milkweed,
15:16which is one of their main food sources,
15:18shorter daytime periods,
15:20and also lower temperatures.
15:22Once they receive their cue,
15:24these insects commence
15:25one of the longest journeys
15:27in the animal kingdom.
15:30Monarch butterflies travel
15:32up to 160 kilometers
15:34in a single day,
15:35fly between four and six hours
15:37every day,
15:38and their entire migration
15:39can be as many as 4,800 kilometers.
15:47After a long day
15:48of fluttering their delicate wings,
15:50they descend to the earth
15:52to find a roosting spot
15:53and a filling meal.
15:56But it's not the same butterfly
15:58who starts and ends the journey.
16:01The adults from the northern hemisphere
16:03fly south to their southern hemisphere,
16:05their locations,
16:06and then they have multiple generations
16:08before they fly back north again.
16:12That seems almost science fiction to me
16:15that a species can evolve
16:17to follow a cycle
16:19and have that happen
16:20over multiple generations.
16:22A vast majority of all monarchs
16:25start their migration
16:26from a single forest
16:27in the mountains of central Mexico.
16:31This first generation
16:32arrives, mates, and lays eggs.
16:35And those eggs become
16:36what is the second generation
16:38that flies further north.
16:39Again, this generation
16:41mates and lays eggs,
16:42and those eggs will become
16:43the third generation
16:44of monarch butterflies
16:46on this migration cycle.
16:47This third generation
16:48of monarch butterflies
16:50can either stay put
16:51if they're far enough north,
16:52or they can continue
16:53journeying north
16:54into southern Canada.
16:56From here,
16:57this generation will then mate
16:58and lay eggs,
17:00and that will start
17:01the fourth generation.
17:02This fourth generation
17:03of monarch butterflies
17:04is born in the northern U.S.
17:06and southern Canada.
17:07These animals
17:08will be the ones
17:09that travel all the way south
17:11to places like Mexico.
17:13Once they reach
17:14their southernmost point
17:15in their migration,
17:16they will then live there
17:18for three to five months
17:19over the winter
17:20and become the parents
17:21of the next year's
17:22first generation.
17:25To prepare
17:26for their momentous journey south,
17:28the fate of future generations
17:30resting on their wings,
17:32monarch butterflies
17:33gorge on nectar
17:34from flowers
17:35to build up their fat reserves.
17:37They have to survive
17:38on very limited food
17:39once they arrive in Mexico
17:41because there's just not
17:42that much food
17:42in their environment.
17:43Because of this,
17:44they have to live
17:45on their own fat reserves.
17:47At the end of the day
17:48during migration,
17:50monarch butterflies
17:51will attempt to fill their tank
17:52ahead of this scarce period.
17:55Butterflies stocking up on fat
17:56is really analogous
17:57to a car getting filled
17:59with gasoline.
17:59It has a lot of carbon energy
18:02stored up in it,
18:03so it has a really
18:04high energy density.
18:06The fat reserves
18:07are stored within
18:08the monarch butterflies' abdomen,
18:10but the buildup
18:11of their reserves
18:12actually starts at birth
18:14when they're still caterpillars.
18:19Monarch caterpillars
18:20are exceptionally hungry.
18:22They can devour
18:22an entire milkweed leaf
18:24in less than five minutes
18:25and can consume
18:27200 times their body weight.
18:29But their gluttony
18:30is justified.
18:31Monarch caterpillars
18:32that find and eat
18:33lots of milkweed leaves
18:35turn into big,
18:36healthy butterflies
18:37with lots of fat reserves.
18:38These fat reserves
18:40give them an opportunity
18:41to survive the harsh winters
18:43in Mexico
18:44and reproduce
18:46to lay the eggs
18:47that will be the next generation
18:48to travel north.
18:50But how do these small creatures
18:52reach their breeding grounds
18:53in the first place?
18:54To chart their course of migration,
18:56monarchs rely on
18:58an internal sun compass.
19:00Butterflies have a sun compass
19:02and basically the sun compass
19:04allows them to figure out
19:06where they are
19:07in their migration pattern.
19:09Do I need to go south further?
19:11Do I need to go north further?
19:12The butterfly first detects
19:14the position of the sun
19:15using their eyes.
19:16This information
19:17is picked up from their eyes
19:18and transmitted
19:19to the central complex region
19:20of their brain.
19:21A lot like a global
19:23positioning system or GPS.
19:26To ensure they're
19:27on the right flight path,
19:29the monarch has another
19:30optimization to help
19:31keep the sun compass
19:32on track.
19:34The monarch butterflies
19:36have an internal
19:37magnetic compass.
19:38There's an organ
19:39that says
19:40this way's north
19:41and the butterflies
19:43can then orient themselves
19:44to either fly north or south
19:46based on that organ's direction.
19:51But their internal mechanisms
19:53are only half their might.
19:55To survive this long trek,
19:58monarchs are also engineered
19:59with incredibly robust wings.
20:02Monarch butterflies
20:03have long, large wings
20:05that allow them to glide
20:06and cover large distances.
20:10The wings are connected
20:11to its thorax
20:12by small structures
20:13called flight muscles,
20:15which is how the monarch butterfly
20:17flaps its wings.
20:20When these flight muscles
20:21contract,
20:22it actually flattens
20:23the thorax of the butterfly.
20:25This flattened thorax
20:27causes the wings
20:28to move up.
20:29And when the monarch butterfly
20:30relaxes these flight muscles,
20:32the wings actually
20:33move downward.
20:35But before it can fly,
20:37they must literally
20:38warm up.
20:39A monarch's flight muscles
20:41have to reach
20:41a minimum temperature
20:42of 12.5 degrees Celsius
20:44in order to be able to fly.
20:46They use the sun
20:48as their primary heat source
20:49in order to be able
20:50to get airborne.
20:51But their wings
20:52aren't only used for flying.
20:54They're also used
20:55to communicate.
20:57When thousands of monarchs
20:58are roosting
20:58on the exact same tree,
21:00especially during migration,
21:01they will all start
21:02flapping their wings
21:03to let each other
21:04know where they are,
21:04kind of to say,
21:05don't land on me,
21:07this space is taken.
21:10When a monarch is ready
21:12to fly from their roost,
21:13they use an unusual method
21:15to stay in the air.
21:17Monarch butterflies
21:19fly using thermal air currents.
21:22It will take
21:23this circular motion
21:24up the air current
21:25until it reaches the top,
21:26and then it will glide
21:27the rest of the way.
21:28It's analogous
21:29to a glider plane.
21:33If a butterfly reaches
21:352,000 meters,
21:36it can glide 600 meters
21:38while only losing
21:39200 meters in altitude.
21:43Their efficiency
21:44has inspired a team
21:46at the Technical University
21:47of Darmstadt in Germany
21:49to develop robot wings
21:51powered entirely by magnets.
21:54Like many insects,
21:56butterflies use their wings
21:58for lift and motion.
21:59By mimicking that,
22:02we can make small robots
22:03that do the same thing.
22:04So there's been scientists
22:06who have 3D printed wings
22:09very similar to monarch wings
22:10and basically built mini drones
22:12that use the same type
22:14of locomotion
22:14as monarch butterflies.
22:16These magnetic robot wings
22:18could be a game changer
22:19in environmental monitoring.
22:21search and rescue missions
22:23and medical operations
22:25if produced on a larger scale.
22:30To further optimize
22:31the monarch's flight,
22:33they are equipped
22:33with a secret weapon,
22:35microscopic scales.
22:39Monarch butterfly wings
22:41are covered in over
22:42a million teensy tiny
22:43little scales
22:44on both sides of their wings.
22:45Each one is about
22:460.1 millimeters in size
22:49and they work together
22:50to bolster the strength
22:51of the butterfly's wings.
22:54Butterfly scales
22:54are made of chitin,
22:55a thin fibrous protein
22:57similar to keratin.
22:59And keratin is a material
23:00that lots of mammals
23:01have in their hair,
23:02their nails,
23:03and their horns.
23:04These scales can help
23:05monarchs absorb sunlight
23:06to warm up
23:07to reach the temperature
23:08they need to be
23:08in order to fly.
23:10The orientation
23:11of these scales
23:12actually improves
23:13the efficiency of flight,
23:15reduces drag.
23:16But these microscopic marvels
23:19aren't only used
23:20for flying.
23:20They also protect
23:22monarchs from the rain.
23:24Raindrops can physically
23:25damage a butterfly's wings
23:27and also make the flight
23:28muscles too cold
23:29to be able to fly.
23:31If rainfall coincides
23:32with cold temperatures,
23:33it can cause ice crystals
23:35to form inside the butterfly
23:36and this is lethal.
23:38To help them stay dry,
23:40monarch butterflies
23:41activate their tiny scales,
23:43which work like rain gutters.
23:45The scales funnel water
23:47away from the butterfly's wings
23:49to keep them dry
23:50ahead of a long journey.
23:52All of these adaptations
23:53working in harmony
23:55is exactly what allowed
23:56this butterfly
23:57to make its extraordinary voyage.
24:01The monarch butterfly's
24:02internal compass,
24:04beautiful wings,
24:05fat reserves,
24:06and microscopic scales
24:08come together
24:09to create one of nature's
24:10most incredible
24:11endurance specialists.
24:13With all these
24:14incredible components,
24:15it's no wonder
24:16the monarch butterfly
24:17can migrate
24:17such an incredible distance.
24:25As the monarch paints
24:27the sky in a wave
24:28of orange and black,
24:29another endurance champion
24:31traverses the grassy plains below.
24:39The pronghorn is a rare sight
24:42to see,
24:43partially because it's mastered
24:44the art of a speedy getaway.
24:47Pronghorns are engineered
24:48to run.
24:49They are one of the fastest land
24:50animals in the world
24:52other than a cheetah.
24:53They can run up to 92 kilometers
24:54an hour.
24:55Cheetahs can sprint faster
24:56than a pronghorn,
25:00but pronghorns have far
25:02better endurance.
25:09Pronghorns make their homes
25:10in North America,
25:11extending from southern Canada
25:13down to northern Mexico.
25:17Each year,
25:18these tireless herds
25:19will embark
25:20on an epic quest south,
25:22chasing the promise
25:23of greener pastures.
25:28Pronghorns have the longest
25:30migration distance
25:30of any land mammal
25:31in North America.
25:32It's a whopping
25:33240 kilometers.
25:35In November each year,
25:37when the snow starts to fall
25:39and the temperatures
25:40drop below zero,
25:41they leave and start moving south
25:43in search of food.
25:44In Wyoming,
25:46which is home
25:46to the largest pronghorn population,
25:48they migrate
25:49from the Grand Tetan National Park
25:51to the Green River Valley.
25:53It takes the pronghorn
25:54approximately three days
25:56to reach their final destination,
25:58moving about 80 kilometers
25:59every day.
26:00This is nowhere near
26:01their top speed,
26:02but many human-made obstacles
26:04will get in their way.
26:05Things such as fences,
26:07housing developments,
26:08and highways.
26:09Luckily,
26:09these clever mammals
26:10are equipped
26:11for the challenge.
26:13Pronghorns are classified
26:14as ungulates,
26:15and ungulates are mammals
26:16that have hooves.
26:19Ungulates are an integral part
26:21of the food chain,
26:22eating plants
26:23and spreading nutrients
26:24and seeds,
26:25but they're also
26:26a primary food source
26:27for the many predators
26:28lurking across
26:29the wilds of America.
26:32So how do they avoid
26:34becoming a meal
26:35on this treacherous journey?
26:37Pronghorn can reach
26:38the impressive speed
26:39of 92 kilometers per hour
26:41and can keep a pace
26:43of up to 48 kilometers per hour
26:45over distances
26:46of over 30 kilometers.
26:50The secret to their speed
26:52begins with the anatomy
26:53of their legs,
26:54structured to maximize power
26:56and minimize weight
26:58for rapid locomotion.
27:00Their long, slender leg bones
27:02contain modified joints
27:03that essentially act like hinges
27:05that only allow movement
27:07in the plane of travel.
27:08This is really efficient
27:10for sustaining high speeds
27:12over very long distances.
27:15These migratory marathons
27:17are physically strenuous.
27:19So to keep the creature
27:20comfortable on a long chase,
27:22the pronghorn
27:23has specialized hooves
27:24that function like
27:25nature's own
27:26custom running shoes.
27:28The hoof of a pronghorn
27:29has two toes
27:30and their front hooves
27:32are larger
27:32than their back hooves.
27:33Each hoof is equipped
27:35with a padding
27:36to cushion shock
27:37when running over
27:37hard grounds and rock,
27:39just like a shock absorber
27:41inside your vehicle.
27:42When we talk about
27:43moving over rough terrain
27:45at high speeds,
27:46you really need something
27:48to absorb the shock
27:49so that that shock
27:50isn't degrading
27:52the bones and the joints.
27:54Pronghorns have
27:55a cartilogenous absorption
27:57system in their hooves.
28:00Cartilogenous collagen
28:01is very similar
28:02to springs
28:03and hydraulic shocks.
28:05Their feet have been
28:06engineered by nature
28:08to keep this padding
28:09in good condition.
28:10They have glands
28:11on their feet
28:11that secrete
28:12an oily conditioner
28:13that basically keeps
28:15their footpads
28:16in good working order.
28:17This is like lubricating
28:18a machine with oil
28:19so it won't seize up
28:21while it's doing its job.
28:23But why the need
28:24for such extreme speed?
28:28It's thought that
28:29the pronghorn's
28:30incredible running ability
28:31is the result
28:32of a prehistoric arms race
28:34with the now extinct
28:35American cheetah.
28:37Pronghorns evolved
28:38to have incredible endurance,
28:40to outrun their prehistoric predators
28:43like the saber-toothed cats
28:45and American cheetahs.
28:46Their ability to survive
28:48across millennia
28:49proves their true endurance champions,
28:52even outlasting
28:53all their close relatives.
28:55Pronghorns are the only surviving members
28:58of the antelope capridae family.
29:00While we call them antelopes,
29:01they're actually more closely related
29:03to giraffes.
29:04Like the giraffe,
29:05the pronghorn boasts
29:06oversized organs
29:08to help fuel
29:09its legendary speeds.
29:11Pronghorns are
29:12about the same size as goats,
29:13but their hearts, lungs,
29:15and trachea
29:15are two to four times bigger.
29:17The larger the animal's
29:18heart and lungs,
29:19the greater its capacity
29:20to take in oxygen
29:22from the environment
29:22and use it.
29:23All mammals have hearts
29:25with four chambers.
29:26They have two atria,
29:28which are essentially
29:29collecting chambers
29:30that receive blood
29:31that are flowing back
29:32to the heart.
29:33They also have ventricles,
29:35which are the really big pumps
29:37that are responsible
29:38for pumping blood
29:39away from the heart
29:41out to all the tissues.
29:43The pronghorn's large heart
29:44has really big chambers
29:46and has much larger ventricles.
29:49And those ventricles
29:50can pump more blood
29:51and more oxygen
29:53out to the tissues
29:54with every heartbeat.
29:56The pronghorn's
29:57oversized heart
29:58is like an evolutionary powerhouse,
30:01flooding its muscles
30:02with oxygen-rich blood
30:04like a high-performance engine
30:06built for speed.
30:07This vital fuel
30:09is carried by a protein
30:10known as hemoglobin.
30:13Hemoglobin is a really important protein
30:15inside red blood cells,
30:16and it operates
30:18by binding oxygen
30:19and carries that oxygen
30:21throughout the body
30:22to tissues like the muscles,
30:24where oxygen is released
30:25and it can enter those muscles
30:27to support metabolism.
30:29The more hemoglobin
30:31an animal has,
30:32the faster its muscles can work.
30:34And how do these muscles
30:35work so quickly?
30:37The pronghorn's
30:38extra-high VO2 max.
30:40Having large lungs
30:41and a large heart
30:42enable the antelope
30:44to transport
30:44a large amount of oxygen
30:46from the environment
30:47into its tissues.
30:48And this is called
30:49its VO2 max.
30:51Pronghorns have
30:52much higher VO2 max
30:54than other animals
30:55their body size.
30:56And what that means
30:57is that those active muscles
30:59can get much more
31:00of the oxygen they need
31:01to support their muscle contraction
31:03and their metabolism.
31:08The pronghorn
31:09has a VO2 max
31:10of 300 milliliters
31:12of oxygen per kilogram
31:13of body mass per minute.
31:15By contrast,
31:16for the average human
31:17middle-aged male,
31:19the number drops
31:20to 42 milliliters,
31:21a staggering difference.
31:25The perfect companion
31:26to the pronghorn's
31:27hard-working heart
31:28is its extra-large lungs.
31:30The larger the lungs
31:31and the windpipe
31:32that feeds them,
31:33the better the oxygen uptake.
31:35When the pronghorn
31:36takes a breath,
31:37air enters the mouth
31:39and nose,
31:39flows down the windpipe,
31:41and goes through
31:42a series of branches
31:43until it reaches
31:44tiny sacs
31:45called alveoli.
31:47Pronghorn's lungs
31:48contain about
31:49600 million
31:50of these small alveoli,
31:52and that's almost
31:53twice as much
31:54as a mammal
31:55of a similar body size.
31:56This is part of
31:57what makes them
31:58such amazing
31:59endurance athletes.
32:01Once its muscles
32:02are injected with oxygen,
32:04the pronghorn
32:05is ready for the long journey,
32:06passing through temperatures
32:08colder than
32:08negative 13 degrees Celsius.
32:11Evolution's answer
32:12to this chilling challenge
32:14are ingeniously hollow hairs
32:16that create
32:17a warm thermal barrier.
32:20The pronghorn
32:21has a very innovative approach
32:23to trapping air
32:24and creating insulation.
32:26Its spur is hollow.
32:28So not only does
32:29the space between the hairs
32:31that's full of air
32:33act as insulation,
32:34but because the hairs
32:35themselves are hollow,
32:37they also add
32:38to the insulation value.
32:39This is a really
32:40effective insulator
32:41when these animals
32:42are in cold environments.
32:45Pronghorn's specialization,
32:46including its hollow hair,
32:48its large heart,
32:49lungs, and windpipe,
32:51and its shock-absorbing feet
32:52have allowed
32:53this endurance champion
32:55to thrive
32:55throughout the millennia.
33:00While the pronghorn
33:01dominates the races
33:02across the North American plains,
33:04another resilient creature
33:06rules the skies
33:07above the Pacific.
33:08This is an albatross,
33:10a bird so supremely
33:12adapted to flight,
33:13you'll rarely find it
33:14on hard ground.
33:16Albatrosses barely ever land,
33:19boasting an incredible ability
33:21to fly for over 16,000 kilometers
33:24without landing.
33:27At these distances,
33:29most other animals
33:30would succumb to exhaustion.
33:31Even many human-made aircraft
33:33would have to land
33:34for refueling.
33:35So how do these
33:37humble seabirds do it?
33:39These creatures have a skill set
33:41that's been forged
33:42over an astounding
33:43period of time.
33:45Albatrosses' ancestors
33:46have been around
33:47for 50 million years.
33:49Albatrosses have been evolved
33:50for this solitary life at sea
33:52with incredible endurance.
33:5522 species of albatross
33:57span the globe.
33:59Most are concentrated
34:00in the southern hemisphere,
34:02ranging from Antarctica
34:03to South America.
34:04But there are four species
34:06in the North Pacific
34:07that can be found
34:08from Hawaii to Japan,
34:09Alaska, and California.
34:12This spectacular bird
34:14spends the first six years
34:16of its life
34:16soaring above the open ocean
34:18in the pursuit of food.
34:21Albatrosses eat squid,
34:23octopuses,
34:24and other small fish
34:25that they catch
34:26from the surface of the water.
34:27An albatross can eat
34:28up to three kilograms
34:29in a single feeding,
34:30and that's a quarter
34:31of their body weight.
34:32Their fishing trips
34:33tend to last between
34:3410 and 20 days at a time.
34:36After a feeding,
34:37albatrosses will take a run
34:38and get air under their wings
34:40so that they can take off.
34:41It's like a big, heavy plane
34:43having to have a lot
34:45of extra runway to take off.
34:46Sometimes an albatross
34:48is too heavy to fly,
34:49so it'll throw up
34:50just so it can get airborne.
34:58Once ready to take to the skies,
35:00albatrosses engage
35:01their specially designed wings.
35:05Albatrosses have a wingspan
35:06of about 3.6 meters,
35:08and it can weigh
35:08up to 10 kilograms.
35:13Albatrosses have these huge wings
35:15that are very light,
35:16and the flow of air
35:18over the top of the wings
35:20occurs faster
35:21than the flow of air
35:22below the wings.
35:23This difference
35:24in the rate of flow of air
35:26creates a pressure difference
35:28between the bottom
35:29and the top of the wing,
35:30and that's what gives rise
35:31to lift.
35:32The huge surface area
35:34of the wings
35:35allows albatrosses
35:37to soar
35:37with essentially no effort.
35:42Albatrosses have winglets,
35:45and what winglets are
35:46are little turns
35:47at the tip of the wings
35:48that go up and or down.
35:50And what these winglets do
35:52is they prevent eddies
35:53or circular currents
35:55from running off
35:56the ends of the wings.
35:58Bird winglets are
36:00so effective,
36:01they've inspired the design
36:02of modern aircraft wings.
36:08Albatrosses really evolved
36:10these winglets
36:11to have very efficient flight.
36:14And we look to the albatrosses
36:16and many other birds
36:17for the innovations
36:18that we've now added
36:19to aircraft.
36:20By adding winglets
36:22to the tips of airplane wings,
36:24we've been able
36:25to increase the efficiency
36:27of wings,
36:28decrease the drag,
36:29and get more fuel efficiency.
36:31But how do albatrosses
36:33remain in the air
36:34for such long periods of time?
36:36For one,
36:38their wings have been designed
36:39with a specialized
36:40elbow lock tendon system.
36:42They have tendons,
36:44ligaments,
36:45that can be locked.
36:46And essentially,
36:47by locking those ligaments
36:48in place,
36:49they no longer have to rely
36:51on the muscles
36:52to support their body weight.
36:54To further preserve
36:56their energy during flight,
36:58albatrosses tap into
36:59a flight technique,
37:01dynamic soaring.
37:03Dynamic soaring
37:04is a flight technique
37:05where bird or aircraft
37:06extract energy from wind
37:08by flying between areas
37:10of different wind speed.
37:11By surfing on the wind shear,
37:13they can maintain
37:14or increase speeds
37:15without actually
37:16flapping their wings.
37:18Albatrosses can travel
37:19a thousand kilometers
37:20in a single day,
37:21and they can spend years at sea
37:23without ever touching land.
37:24These incredible flyers
37:25can reach a top speed
37:27of 127 kilometers an hour.
37:30But like any aerial acrobat,
37:33albatrosses have to keep hydrated.
37:35How does it do this
37:37atop the salt-ridden seas?
37:39Remarkably,
37:40these birds have evolved
37:42to drink ocean water,
37:43a feat that can be dangerous
37:45to many other animals,
37:47including humans.
37:48They have a gland
37:49essentially above their eyes
37:52that extracts the salt
37:54that builds up in their blood
37:56and excretes it
37:57as a very concentrated
37:59saline solution.
38:01Albatrosses' supraorbital gland
38:03works like a water
38:04desalination plant
38:05using a high-tech purification process,
38:08reverse osmosis.
38:10We've developed technologies
38:12to desalinate seawater
38:14so we can get fresh water
38:15from seawater.
38:16We use a process called
38:18reverse osmosis
38:19where we force water
38:21through semi-permeable membranes
38:23that allow the water through
38:24but not the salt.
38:25And we have to do that
38:27through multiple stages
38:28to get the salinity down
38:29to an acceptable level
38:31where we can use it
38:32for drinking or irrigation.
38:33The unfortunate thing is
38:35those technologies
38:36aren't very efficient.
38:38Albatrosses doing this
38:39in their desalination glands
38:40really is something
38:42that we look to as scientists
38:43to help us address
38:45how to do desalinization
38:47more cost-effectively.
38:52Seawater is undrinkable
38:53for most other animals
38:54for a few key reasons.
38:57Because seawater is so much saltier
38:59than the other fluids in the body,
39:01this creates an imbalance.
39:02In the kidneys,
39:03we need to work overtime
39:04to filter out this water
39:06and remove excess salt.
39:08This would lead to dehydration,
39:09removing the benefit
39:11of drinking salt water at all.
39:12Being able to hydrate
39:13from seawater
39:14really boosts
39:15the albatross' endurance.
39:16Since it isn't forced
39:18to stop to drink fresh water,
39:19it can continue to soar uninhibited.
39:25And when it comes to rest,
39:27albatrosses have yet
39:28another workaround.
39:30They can shut down their brain
39:32in short bursts
39:33and catch some shut-eye
39:34a few seconds at a time.
39:35To be able to stay aware
39:36of their surroundings
39:37and control their flight path,
39:39one hemisphere of the brain
39:41falls asleep
39:41while the other stays awake.
39:43This is called
39:45unihemispheric slow-wave sleep.
39:47While grabbing a few seconds
39:48of sleep at a time
39:49doesn't sound like a lot,
39:51these can really add up
39:52over a long journey.
39:54Unlike humans and mammals,
39:56birds can thrive
39:57on shockingly little sleep.
39:59Generally,
39:59birds only sleep
40:00for a few minutes at a time,
40:02repeating these short
40:03bouts of sleep
40:04up to hundreds of times
40:05throughout the day.
40:07But to ensure
40:08they don't get overtired,
40:10albatrosses supplement
40:11in-flight sleep
40:12with more substantial
40:13sleeping periods
40:14when they land on water,
40:15which can last several hours.
40:19When the albatrosses
40:20need to rest,
40:21their wingspan
40:22and large body size
40:23allow them to float
40:24on the ocean
40:25like a little boat.
40:28Albatrosses' incredible
40:29endurance and design
40:30has inspired the invention
40:32of cutting-edge machines.
40:37What we've realized
40:38is that continuous flight
40:39is really difficult.
40:41So we've been mimicking
40:42the albatross
40:43in trying to build things
40:45that can stay in the air
40:46for long periods of time.
40:48There's been a number
40:49of scientific experiments
40:51and prototypes
40:52that use solar cells
40:54on the top of a wing
40:55to try and keep drones
40:57essentially in the air
40:59for days or weeks
40:59ahead of time.
41:00These types of aircraft
41:02can provide wireless internet,
41:05wireless cell phone service
41:06to extremely remote areas
41:09with no need
41:10to build infrastructure.
41:11But this drone's endurance
41:13doesn't even come close
41:14to matching the birds
41:16it was modeled after.
41:17The mighty albatrosses
41:19are equipped
41:19with the most impressive wingspan
41:21in the animal kingdom.
41:23Their specialized wings,
41:25saltwater processing glands,
41:27and ability to sleep
41:28during flight
41:29make them the premier
41:30endurance champion
41:31of the skies.
41:34Far from the sea
41:36another endurance champion
41:37is synonymous
41:38with the desert.
41:40Engineered with specialized noses,
41:42long legs,
41:43and iconic humps
41:44the captivating camel
41:46is engineered to survive
41:48in one of the world's
41:49most unforgiving landscapes.
41:52camels were built to withstand
41:55extreme temperatures
41:56from zero degrees Celsius
41:58to over 40 degrees Celsius.
42:00This comes in really handy
42:02in hot, scorching desert days
42:05and cold desert nights.
42:06This sturdy animal is typically distinguished
42:09by the unique feature
42:11on its back.
42:12There are two types of camels.
42:13The dromedary,
42:15or one-hunk camel,
42:16and the bactrian,
42:17or two-hunk camel.
42:18The dromedary is more common
42:20and is found in arid regions
42:22in the Middle East
42:23and Northern Africa,
42:24while the bactrian camel
42:26is much more common
42:27in Central Asia.
42:28There are all sorts of hurdles
42:30to pass while crossing the desert,
42:32such as extreme heat,
42:34predators like wolves,
42:35and of course,
42:35the ever-present sand.
42:37But the camel
42:38has been well-designed by nature
42:40to conquer these challenges
42:41like a true endurance champion.
42:43But how do they get
42:44from point A to point B
42:46in a landscape riddled with danger?
42:48First and foremost,
42:49they rely on their long legs.
42:51Their long legs measure
42:53between 1.2 and 1.5 meters long.
42:56This extra length
42:57allows camels
42:58to take much longer strides
43:00and move more efficiently
43:01across the sand,
43:02which is essential
43:03for traveling between
43:04sparse food and water
43:06in the desert.
43:06Their long legs
43:07also raise their body up high,
43:09keeping their body
43:10further away from the sand
43:12and avoiding heat exposure.
43:14This is crucial
43:15for maintaining
43:16a safe body temperature
43:17under the relentless heat
43:18of the desert sun.
43:20But these sturdy stilts
43:22require an equally strong base.
43:24Camels have adapted
43:25to have very large feet
43:28with two very large toes.
43:30And these large feet
43:31divide the camel's weight
43:33over a much larger area.
43:35This is really useful
43:36for distributing
43:37their body weight
43:38so that when they walk
43:39through the sand,
43:40they won't sink.
43:41And it's not just body weight
43:43these creatures
43:43have to consider.
43:45Their large feet
43:46and dense leg bones
43:47have made them prime companions
43:49for carrying cargo.
43:50For more than 1,000 years,
43:5320,000 camel caravans
43:54would be loaded up
43:55with goods
43:56to transport them
43:57across the Sahara desert,
43:59a journey of more
43:59than 1,600 kilometers.
44:01Camels are able to cover
44:02up to 40 kilometers a day
44:04while carrying really heavy loads
44:06of up to 200 kilograms.
44:08Their incredible load-bearing capacity
44:10is why they became known
44:12as the ships of the desert.
44:15The camel's endurance
44:16and efficiency
44:17works in much the same way
44:19as today's cutting-edge
44:20cargo vessels.
44:22The Maersk Tripoli container ships
44:23were designed
44:24to operate at low speeds
44:26and also very low CO2 emissions
44:28while boasting
44:29the highest carrying capacity
44:30of any vessels in the world.
44:32This is a lot like
44:33how a camel carries heavy weights
44:35across long distances
44:36at relatively low speed.
44:38The Tripoli's advanced
44:39waste heat recovery system
44:41captures heat and pressure
44:43inside exhaust gases
44:45and harnesses them
44:46to move turbines
44:47that propel the ship forward,
44:49recycling existing fuel
44:50throughout the ship.
44:51This is also very similar
44:52to how the camel's
44:53most iconic feature works,
44:55its humps.
44:58Camels utilize their iconic humps
45:00as a source of nourishment
45:02when fuel is scarce,
45:04allowing this endurance champion
45:05to go an incredible 15 days
45:07without water.
45:08But surprisingly,
45:10camel humps aren't filled
45:11with water as you might assume.
45:14Rather, they're filled with fat.
45:16A camel's hump is quite incredible.
45:18It stores about 80 pounds of fat,
45:20the tissue, in the hump
45:22and that can metabolize
45:23into water and energy.
45:25So how exactly does the animal
45:27access these nutrient reserves?
45:29Through a process called lipolysis.
45:32Lipolysis is the breakdown
45:33of fat into fatty acids
45:35and the fatty acids go into the body
45:37and produce energy.
45:38For every one gram of fat
45:39that's broken down,
45:401.1 grams of water is produced.
45:42The larger the humps,
45:44the better fed the camel is.
45:46After a while,
45:47if it hasn't eaten any food
45:48and it's just breaking down fats,
45:50the camel's hump will deflate.
45:51As soon as the camel refuels,
45:53the hump will rebuild
45:54its fatty tissue
45:55and it will go back to normal.
45:56So how does all this extra stored fat
45:59affect the camel's comfort
46:00in the relentless heat of the desert?
46:03Remarkably, these natural mounds
46:05act like climate control systems.
46:07Instead of having fat distributed
46:09all over their body,
46:10it concentrates the fat in their humps,
46:12allowing the rest of the body
46:13to stay cool.
46:14To cope with the scorching temperatures,
46:16the camels also utilize
46:18specialized sweat glands.
46:20Camels have sweat glands spread
46:21all throughout their skin,
46:23except for a few places
46:24like the upper lip and the nostrils.
46:26These large sweat glands
46:28are designed with two key areas,
46:31the secretory portion
46:32and the excretory duct.
46:33The secretory portion
46:35is a coiled tubular part of the gland
46:37where the sweat is actually produced.
46:39The secretory has an end piece
46:41that connects to the excretory duct.
46:44The excretory duct is a narrow tube
46:46that channels the sweat
46:48out to the skin surface.
46:49But camels don't sweat out water
46:51in extreme heat.
46:52The same way humans do.
46:54A camel will only sweat
46:55if its body reaches
46:56higher than 41 degrees Celsius.
46:58And so essentially,
47:00they conserve water
47:01and don't release it in sweat
47:02until it's absolutely necessary.
47:05These biological gifts
47:06suit this mammal perfectly
47:08to its harsh, hot terrain.
47:10Yet strangely,
47:11even after millions of years
47:13of evolution,
47:14it still wears a bulky coat of fur.
47:17Camels have thick fur
47:18that could be up to 10 centimeters deep.
47:20Counterintuitively,
47:21this cozy jacket
47:22helps cool the camel
47:23in extreme heat.
47:25The camel's thick fur
47:26prevents the sun radiation
47:27from reaching the camel's skin.
47:30And also,
47:30the fur is thick enough
47:31to prevent water loss
47:32through the skin.
47:34Inspired by the camel's ability
47:36to regulate their body temperature,
47:38scientists have invented
47:39an innovative cooling system
47:41using new technology.
47:43Trying to stay cool
47:45in 40 to 50 degrees Celsius temperatures,
47:48you need to have
47:49a very efficient cooling system.
47:51So that's evolved in camels
47:53and now we're trying to mimic it.
47:55There's a series of compounds
47:56called hydrogels
47:57and basically hydrogels
47:59are materials that contain
48:01very small amounts of salts,
48:04but immense amounts of liquid.
48:07By placing a layer of hydrogel
48:10below a semi-permeable membrane,
48:13we can have a slow release of water
48:15onto the surface of the membrane
48:17that evaporates slowly
48:19and provides cooling
48:20as the hydrogel is slowly consumed.
48:23So we have a way
48:24to passively cool things
48:26for relatively long periods of time
48:29with no direct energy input.
48:31This hydrogel and membrane system
48:33is really analogous
48:35to how a camel's sweat glands work.
48:39To minimize water loss
48:41during exhalation,
48:42camels also boast
48:43a special nasal structure.
48:47Camels have spongy,
48:49curled tissues inside their nose
48:50called nasal turbinates.
48:52Normally, we lose a lot of water
48:55in the air that we exhale.
48:57These special respiratory turbinates
48:59in the camels
48:59are designed to reabsorb
49:01as much of that water as possible
49:03to avoid losing it
49:05to the environment.
49:06These nasal turbinates
49:08actually extract water vapor
49:10from the cool air it exhales.
49:14When camels exhale,
49:16the warm air from their lungs
49:17passes over the cooler tissue
49:19in the nasal turbinates.
49:21Water then condenses
49:22on that cooler tissue
49:24and can be reabsorbed
49:25and recaptured
49:26so it's not lost
49:27in the exhaled breath.
49:28To maximize this effort,
49:30their nasal tissue
49:31is enormously large.
49:33The interior surface area
49:35of the camel's nose
49:36is five times as expansive
49:38as the surface area
49:40inside our noses.
49:42This is really effective
49:43for recapturing the moisture
49:45in the exhaled air
49:46so that it's not lost
49:48in the breath.
49:49But heat isn't the only challenge
49:51these hardy mammals endure.
49:53Out on the exposed dunes,
49:55there's nowhere to hide
49:56from the elements.
49:57When fierce sandstorms
49:59sweep across the desert,
50:00what's a camel to do?
50:02Fortunately,
50:03their special noses
50:04also act as natural shields,
50:06protecting them
50:07from the piercing grains
50:08of sand and swirling dust
50:10in the desert's
50:11harshest moments.
50:13Camels can also
50:14close their nostrils,
50:15which is a great adaptation,
50:16especially in a sandstorm.
50:18Camels actually have
50:19small hairs
50:20and mucous membranes
50:21inside their nostrils,
50:22which helps filter
50:23dust and sand
50:25before it reaches
50:25their lungs.
50:27But if debris managed
50:28to get into their eyes,
50:30they have a little-known tool
50:31to wick it away,
50:32a third eyelid.
50:34Camels have developed
50:35an additional eyelid
50:36called a nictitating membrane.
50:39This is an additional layer
50:40that they can place
50:41over their eyes
50:43that prevents the corneas
50:45from being scratched
50:46by sand particles.
50:48And to keep their ears
50:50in working order,
50:51acutely tuned
50:52for any incoming dangers,
50:53is yet another
50:54helpful design.
50:56Camels have a lot of hair
50:58on their inner ear.
50:59It helps them to keep
51:00sand out
51:00and it protects their hearing.
51:01This is just one more tool
51:03in the camel's kit
51:04that keeps it cool
51:05and comfortable
51:06in the planet's
51:07driest ecosystems.
51:08A creature perfectly
51:10equipped to thrive
51:11where few others
51:12dare to roam.
51:14Along with the camel,
51:15the emperor penguin,
51:16the monarch butterfly,
51:18the pronghorned antelope,
51:19and the albatross
51:20have all been engineered
51:22to endure
51:23extreme environments
51:24and activities
51:25from Antarctica
51:26to North America
51:28to the South
51:28and North Pacific
51:29and Middle East
51:30and North Africa.
51:31These endurance champions
51:32were built
51:33to outlast
51:34and conquer
51:35the harshest environments
51:36on Earth.
52:07and the back of the sea
Comments