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00:02deep inside this mountain lies a labyrinth of tunnels how did its heavy-duty design help defeat
00:10the Nazis they would have bricked up the inside and so there was no visible sign that anybody
00:16had been inside 1,500 miles away a sinister disease thousands of people were dying forces
00:25a city to build underground in a race to save lives this is something to be proud of and could
00:34one of the world's largest cave systems actually be a dragon's lair it is extremely rare this is
00:42the only place in the world where you can find them beneath our feet lie extraordinary chambers
00:49caves vaults and tunnels the span and the size is just crazy some designed and built by humans
00:57others formed over thousands of years but how were they created and adapted by who and why you've got
01:08to face your fears throughout history subterranean life has captured our imagination we're going further
01:17and deeper to unearth their mysteries stories and secrets
01:29in Gibraltar along Spain's southern shore a limestone ridge dominates the coastline
01:36hidden within plain sight lies a mysterious world a subterranean city carved out with precision
01:46there was rumors about this secret chamber beneath this distinctive landscape lies no less
01:53than 34 miles of hidden tunnels and caves it is almost impossible to fathom what is actually inside the rock
02:05overlooking the straits between north africa and europe Gibraltar's role in world war ii is immeasurable
02:13in november 1942 the most important decisions were taken here in secret how was this incredible feat achieved
02:22why were mysterious bunkers critical to the war effort and what covert matters of national security
02:31have only recently have only recently been discovered all the men who sworn to secrecy
02:36they were brought up here not knowing where they were
02:45the rock of gibraltar this majestic entrance to the mediterranean has been key to britain's military
02:52strength since 1704 it's always been of key strategic importance to britain sitting where it does in the
03:00mouth of the mediterranean you control the straits you control what's in and out it's a very important place
03:05and since they arrived here several centuries ago british troops have excavated through gibraltar's
03:12limestone rock joining existing caves and excavating new tunnels and spaces
03:19they've created an underground fortress which controls access to the entire southern coast of europe
03:27gibraltar is a labyrinth of subterranean excavations which stretches such a time period it stretches from the
03:341700s to post-world war ii the system is fantastic yet the majority of subterranean excavation on gibraltar
03:42occurred during world war ii
03:48at the beginning of the war in 1939 there were approximately seven miles of tunnels inside the rock
03:56by the end of the war troops had increased that to a staggering 34 miles
04:03it's like coming to mecca for anybody that's an enthusiast for subterranean we could almost call
04:10it a city underground how was creating this underground system possible
04:21during world war ii gibraltar was of particular importance as britain's foothold on the european
04:27continent which was succumbing to nazi forces
04:33legend has it that as long as macaque monkeys remain on the rock it will stay under british control
04:40and during the war winston churchill was so determined to hang on to this strategic position
04:46it is rumored he imported more just to keep their numbers up
04:52in addition to keeping up numbers of the good luck macaques thousands of troops were making the rock
04:58their residence and they needed food equipment and ammunition to do their jobs
05:06since first moving to gibraltar in 1988 former british soldier pete jackson has become an expert on its
05:14military and underground history i arrived in gibraltar not knowing at that time what i was in for
05:21and viewing it from the outside it is almost impossible to fathom what is actually inside the rock
05:31and excavating this massive space for military needs was critical not just for housing the additional
05:3716 500 soldiers but for building what could become the allies last defense in the war against the nazis
05:47leading the charge was a military team called the royal engineers
05:52they were responsible for the strategic building needs required for combat
05:57and the needs of the rock were unique
06:02the royal engineers blasted 27 miles of carefully planned tunnels and underground spaces
06:10the tunnels become far bigger for storage brigade headquarters for vehicle stores generating stations hospitals
06:21you can enter the tunnels in the dockyard at sea level and make your way
06:27to the highest tunnels in gibraltar without putting your head above ground
06:31to travel through the rock undetected a gigantic main road from the north to the south was excavated
06:40they named it after a familiar highway back in england
06:48and you know on the great north road
06:55they used things that people would recognize you enter the great north road from its southern end
07:00at maine avail if we continue north within the tunnels we'll get to peterborough we're moving on
07:08from there within the tunnels we get to doncaster and then on to durham so these are towns that lay
07:13themselves along the line of the great north road in britain
07:16some of the stops along the great north road include engineering marvels you wouldn't expect to see
07:22underground this area is called kalpy hall it started life before world war ii as a rations store
07:33was turned into kalpy hall generating station this vast underground space generated vital electrical
07:41power for the 34 mile long military facility what we have here inside are three fullager engines
07:50engines like this can produce 1035 kilowatts per engine
07:55later on a rustin industrial gas turbine a jet engine was brought in that produced a further 675 kilowatts
08:04this generating station is an unsupported chamber
08:10what did it take to create these cavernous voids in the rock and at what cost
08:17the largest explosion known to have taken place on gibraltar with three thousand pounds of gel
08:22ignite in one single blast
08:27i was lucky enough to show a gentleman around who was in charge of drilling the largest chamber in
08:32gibraltar what we call reami chambers and he said that even his most experienced miners that were
08:37drilling it out said they didn't know what the outcome would be they said when the blasted it it was
08:42either going to cut the chamber or it was going to cut the rock in half
08:45the royal engineers did successfully cut through the rock
08:49they even created a space deep within this tunnel system that was a national security secret hidden
08:56from the world for 50 years
09:08gibraltar known to the world as the rock but it holds many secrets
09:15inside is a labyrinth of tunnels and hidden within
09:19lies a secret room that changed the course of history
09:24during world war ii future u.s president general dwight d eisenhower set up his headquarters in this
09:31humble space during operation torch
09:38this was the first mass involvement of u.s troops in the european north african theater of war
09:46from deep inside gibraltar eisenhower coordinated the successful invasion of french north africa
09:53to reduce pressure on allied forces in europe and egypt in november 1942 dwight eisenhower spent 12
10:00days in one of the offices here implementing operation torch it was very important because
10:06the most important decisions were taken here in secret so a lot of intelligence gathering was done
10:12and the top brass was briefed of what the next move should have been according to eisenhower's
10:18autobiography he was not impressed with the lack of fresh air and natural light while it couldn't
10:24offer creature comforts eisenhower's command office was protected from enemy bombs by rock in every
10:31direction we are literally in the middle of gibraltar north south east west so we are in the heart of
10:37gibraltar it was a tin roof construction so in world war ii this must have looked very very different it
10:42must have been quite dismal at the time however this hidden space in the heart of the rock is perfect
10:50for a new modern day purpose now functioning as a data center it keeps servers safe in a climate controlled
10:57environment luis garcia works for a technology company that benefits from the security of this space
11:05once occupied by the famous u.s general this was refurbished in the 1980s walking in obviously you
11:13cannot but notice that you are underground but once you're in here it looks like a normal office
11:18it's just that we haven't got any windows
11:22and while the rock held many subterranean secrets during world war ii there is one that was almost lost to
11:39history gibraltar's best kept secret is located on the southernmost tip of the rock behind rusting metal and debris
11:47for years in gibraltar there was rumors about this secret chamber inside the rock that was locally called
11:52state behind cave people were often out looking for it but in 1997 members of the gibraltar caving group
12:01were in this tunnel they stopped just here to have a break and they felt wind coming through the corrugated
12:07iron
12:07what exactly had these cavers stumbled upon they moved further down and took another couple of panels
12:14away and they found the way that the men would have been put into the chamber concealed inside was a
12:21secret
12:22cave what was the purpose of this hidden cell
12:28it was part of an elaborate counterintelligence ploy if the nazis captured gibraltar this layer would
12:35allow allied soldiers to survive within to spy on the germans
12:41the bold plan was to seal six naval personnel within the chamber they would have bricked up the inside
12:47and people on the outside would have sealed the corrugated iron so there was no visible sign that
12:52anybody had been inside the original plan was to hide the courageous men in here for one year
12:59but provisions and equipment were supplied to last seven years known as tracer cave it was built to last
13:08with two toilets and two ventilation systems operated by hand like a kind of exercise bike it was a static
13:16bicycle and instead of having a chain it had got a leather band so that it wouldn't make a noise
13:21the men would need to stay in good physical condition to keep the noise down on the floor there are
13:27cork
13:28tiles to deaden the sound the men could charge batteries and stay active while remaining completely silent
13:38this secret cave has tunnels that lead to outlook posts on either side of the rock
13:44one pointing east to the mediterranean and the other west out to the bay and to the atlantic ocean beyond
13:51the original plan for the apertures was for them to be 30 centimeters wide and 15 centimeters high
13:57when they got to the east side this is part natural cave there's a small natural platform on the outside
14:04and the men could actually climb outside they shielded from view from the germans anywhere because there
14:10was a lot of foliage around it so they can actually get outside get some sunlight and monitor the shipping
14:15from there but on the western side it was very exposed very close to where there was a path that
14:22the germans
14:22would be patrolling the slot itself is only about 15 centimeters long and two centimeters high
14:30they had a concrete wedge which normally would be slid in there with a tiny pinprick hole they'd look
14:36through there check that there were no germans in the area and then they'd carefully remove the wedge
14:42once they'd gathered the information that information would need to be transmitted back to london
14:47but they couldn't have an aerial sticking out of the side of the rock because it would have given away
14:51the position the immense risk of detection forced them to come up with an ingenious solution a retractable
14:59flexible antenna during the day it would have been pulled into that pipe there and then at night
15:07they would compress the information down so you could send a lot of information in a very short time
15:12luckily for the troops on gibraltar and the allied forces the rock was not overtaken an operation tracer
15:20was never put into action the incredible efforts and ingenuity of military personnel in constructing this
15:31vast 34 mile long subterranean city capable of housing up to 16 500 soldiers for up to 16 months were
15:41instrumental in helping allied forces defeat the nazis in world war ii
15:55in central europe a secret is buried underground
16:00concealed for millions of years people are coming from all over the world
16:06slovenia is rich with subterranean wonders
16:11and one discovery is fit for a king i found paradise
16:19are mysteries still hidden below ground we don't have satellites to film the underwater caves and what
16:28mythical creature has been found thriving in this underground labyrinth
16:33they're actually top of the food chain
16:44slovenia a stunning mountainous country with 90 percent of its land towering 650 feet above sea level
16:54yet beneath this limestone terrain lies a secret underworld with 11 000 caves hidden below
17:08in 1818 something unexpected was discovered shortly after the napoleonic wars the region was unstable but
17:19in preparation for a royal visit from the emperor of austria a local worker named luka czech unearthed a natural
17:28treasure
17:29the task of luka czech was simply to climb as high as possible to put a welcome sign to the
17:37emperor as he
17:38he walked up the wall he discovered a narrow passage and the rest of the cave he said i found
17:48paradise
17:54it was back then the biggest discovery in slovenia if not worldwide luka czech had discovered what is to
18:02this day one of the largest cave systems in the world the postonia caves at 15 miles long it was
18:11created by the puka river which has eroded down through the limestone rock to create this stunning
18:17complex complex of caverns halls and passages
18:23the stone skyama was actually formed in a lot of limestone layers approximately 80 to 90 million years ago
18:33these caves began forming when dinosaurs still roamed the earth and may still be home to ancient
18:39creatures that exist nowhere else on the planet
18:43the biggest cavern is known as the great mountain
18:48the room is 330 feet long 130 feet wide and 100 feet tall this massive space is home to enormous
18:58cave
18:59formations stalactites and stalagmites are formed by rain water dripping from the ceiling this water will
19:08dissolve and transport the limestone to the inside of the cave and the limestone will solidify into various shapes
19:18these incredible formations have been here since long before man ever walked this earth
19:23and could be home to a mysterious creature that's lived here since the time of the dinosaurs
19:30some of these limestone layers are 90 million years old the average speeder for the growth of cave
19:40formations in poston skyama is approximately 10 years for one millimeter that is a hundred years
19:47approximately for one centimeter
19:51luca czech the 19th century worker who first discovered these caves found something that not
19:58only impressed the austrian emperor but attracts tourists from around the world
20:04the popularity of the postonia caves brought further excavation investment and innovation
20:11in fact on may 25th 1884 the caves became just the third place in the world to have permanent electrical
20:19wiring
20:23in 1901 the electricity supply in this underground world was more extensive than the city of london's
20:32major renovation of the wiring after world war one saw the caves dance hall decorated with this stunning
20:38murano glass chandelier from italy electricity also made possible a motorized railway in 1923 creating the world's first cave train
20:53because sending postcards from exotic locations was so popular at the time this tourist hotspot even had its own post
21:01office
21:03the magic of these caves drew people from across the globe for already 200 years people are coming from all
21:12over the world you know from china from states from greenland iceland from really everywhere
21:19one of the biggest attractions was and still is a stunning extremely rare example of a massive pure limestone stalagmite
21:28it stands an impressive 16 feet tall and is simply called brilliant the name of the formation is the brilliant
21:36because it's so pure white it's made of limestone pure limestone no impurities
21:48the discovery of postonia's caves was hugely significant and not just for tourism
21:55biologists have discovered a legendary monster here a creature that could actually help us fight one of our deadliest diseases
22:12deep beneath the slovenian landscape are a staggering 11 000 caves home to magnificent structures and surprising creatures
22:24to this day the search for secrets hidden in the depths of the postonia caves underground world
22:31continues exploring beyond the known limits of the cave system are divers like igor vrahovich who continue
22:41to venture into the unknown
22:44today here going to do exploration of this cave
22:48for postonia's cave divers each new expedition is another step into uncharted territories
22:57caves is the only place in the earth now where nobody has been we don't have satellites to film the
23:06underwater caves diving into the unknown is dangerous and time consuming complete exploration it's going to
23:15last about 11 hours but this underwater part is going to be like hour and half it's dark with poor
23:24visibility
23:26it's like hostile environment for those whose life's work is dedicated to cave exploration there's a real sense
23:34of purpose to push further and deeper there is so much more to discover and within the deepest darkest parts
23:42of the caves something was discovered a mysterious creature that inspired fear in the explorers who
23:50first found them the first people that found it they actually thought it was baby dragons
23:58this is the biggest cave animal in the world they're actually top of the food chain known as an
24:04olm they can live up to a staggering 100 years and have completely adapted to living in the cave system
24:12the olms mutations are so surprising charles darwin featured them in his 1859 groundbreaking publication
24:19on the origin of species they have very good sense of hearing and of smell so that's easier to
24:27to find their prey and they prey on all the other cave animals that we can find here
24:41here you can see the head if you look closely you're going to see the heart which is basically located
24:47in the throat behind its head they look a bit like red ears these are the external girls
24:54given the scientific name proteus anguinus they aren't actually baby dragons as the first explorers feared
25:02they are hunters but this is as large as they ever grow they don't have eyes they hunt by using
25:10a
25:10combination of taste and smell as well as vibrations in the water a new type of organ has also been
25:17analyzed
25:18on the olms head which suggests they can even register electric fields helping them to detect other organisms
25:27the whole darker part of the body these are the intestines if you take a closer look at the front
25:33legs
25:33you're going to see it has only three fingers on the hind legs it only has two fingers
25:40these creatures never know when their next meal will come and have the ability to slow their metabolic rate
25:46allowing them to survive for up to 10 years without feeding it is extremely rare to see
25:54cave salamanders actually eating in nature so you have to consider yourself lucky to get such a good shot
26:04and in 2016 something unprecedented was witnessed in this remote cave system something very special
26:12happened in this aquarium the mama actually started to lay eggs yeah she laid 64 eggs 21 of the young
26:19links hatched and this is actually an event it has never before been seen in nature we were very lucky
26:26that it happened in this aquarium given their natural habitat alms are extremely sensitive to light
26:33together with their slow metabolic rate and genetic makeup they continue to reveal surprising
26:39characteristics to researchers they may be immune to cancerous cells so they can't get cancer
26:46and this is the only place in the world where you can find them so there's still much research to
26:52be done
26:52on this subject i mean it's amazing to comprehend that in such an environment that anything would actually survive
27:07far from slovenia beneath london a subterranean world is being exposed to the light of day
27:15giant holes are being bored out deep under the capital
27:20they're connecting to a vast historic underground system rarely visible to the city dwellers above
27:27this is a cathedral this mysterious masterpiece has secretly saved millions of lives
27:35how was such a complex network constructed with victorian technology this was radical what secrets did the
27:43victorians give us and why are they responsible for the london population and economy that we know
27:49today and what can be done to support this international city into the 22nd century
28:03deep below london lies a historic marvel
28:08until now this victorian era labyrinth has been kept a secret from the people above
28:14but what hides beneath was designed to save lives and made way for an international city of epic proportions
28:27it was in about 1831 that the bacterium cholera arrived from india lots of people drawing the drinking
28:34water from the thames but their sewage was flowing out of their houses into the thames via the tributaries
28:39they were drinking their own excrement as london grew so did the problem thousands of people were
28:46dying in these outbreaks of cholera it actually would have got worse and worse and worse had there not
28:51been a cleansing of the city and a city-wide solution
28:57in order to understand the inspiration for the revolutionary engineering that ultimately saved london
29:03you have to travel a few hours away to the city of liverpool
29:08where in the 1840s civil engineer james newlands made it his mission to clean up this port town
29:16if we were to think about liverpool in the 1830s it was filthy
29:22where you had butchers slaughtering animals in the street fishmongers throwing the guts around and
29:28hoping for a heavy rain to maybe wash them down into the mersey there was a sanitary report and it
29:34highlighted liverpool as being particularly filthy at the time liverpool was a key industrial hub for
29:40england but its reputation for squalor and disease affected its trade as a port the ability to solve this
29:47problem would be the only thing that could save the city in 1847 james newlands was appointed the first
29:55borough engineer from this it went from the basest form of filth and disgusting environment to really
30:06the heights of modern sanitary thinking james newlands turned out to be in some ways the sanitary savior of
30:13liverpool didn't yes he definitely did when he arrived in liverpool and was appointed
30:18he targeted a lot of specific issues such as street line pavements communal bathhouses
30:25which all played the small part of ultimately cleaning up liverpool
30:29in conjunction with a major sewage system which he created the first of its kind
30:36construction of the sewage system began in 1848 and by 1851 17 miles of sewers had been built
30:45this increased to a staggering 300 miles by 1869
30:52the construction of the world's first integrated sewer network
30:56completely changes the health and the outlook for liverpool
31:04before systems like this were built the average life expectancy in liverpool was 19 however over the
31:1210-year period it took to construct the life expectancy doubled
31:17this was a standard design in the victorian era and it was built using an open cut method so this
31:26would have been exposed built by the various trades and laborers and then eventually once it's complete
31:34then they backfill the ground above it so we've got bricks on the bottom and then a stone arching over
31:40the top yes and then that comes on to a brick channel on the bottom that's carrying the effluent around
31:45yeah keeps the solids in the middle where the velocity is the greater the actual gradient is one in 113
31:55so that actually gives it the potential to self-cleanse so the floors will be enough
32:00to ensure that it's kept as clean as you can see even today at peak flows this sewer can handle
32:06more
32:07than seven million gallons per hour enough to fill an olympic sized swimming pool in three and a half minutes
32:14this was the first time anyone had contemplated having an integrated sewer system across anywhere
32:20in the world i mean this was radical it was a system that many other people followed after and
32:28ultimately it was built for a reason it achieved that reason and it's still standing so it is quite
32:35magnificent the remarkable thing about liverpool sewers is that we can still see parts of that original
32:42victorian brick network integrated in to modern concrete systems liverpool's pioneering subterranean
32:52sewer project had transformed the lives of its people and sustained the city to grow into the future
32:59its success wasn't going unnoticed but could it help save the capital city and for how long
33:05this was a model that was then going to be picked up by other towns and cities most notably across
33:13london to
33:14manage this new modern sanich revolution it was designed to last it was designed to allow the city to grow
33:23and it was james newland's design that would allow london resident joseph basiljet to solve his city's
33:301860s cholera epidemic and support the city's people and future economic growth
33:39this is cross nest sewage pumping station on the south side of the river thames in london
33:46it's where basiljet's mammoth subterranean system culminates
33:50this is a cathedral a cathedral to municipal engineering we're at the end of basiljet's
33:59major sewage improvement works that he'd started in 1856 across london
34:10so here we have a map of london showing the basiljet sewer network all in place
34:17so firstly in the north of london there are three main sewers uh they all meet at abbey mills pumping
34:26station at the top then in south london we have three more and they come flowing down takes the
34:33waste and puts it out the cross nest where it then hits the more tidal reaches of the thames
34:38and you can hold the waste and then release it as the tide goes out
34:44cross nest was the southern guardian of that sewer network it was a matter of huge pride and at the
34:52opening we saw prince albert and lords and ladies came here so it was something to boast about
35:01it wasn't going to just be a anonymous building hidden away in the marshes
35:08we're surrounded by the cast iron tracery and then all around here we've got
35:16beam engines beam engines with pumps that are being used to move the effluent that's been taken
35:23through the sewers the pumps were used to lift outgoing sewage up from the sewers deep underground
35:30and into vast holding pens then at each high tide 75 000 tons of waste would be released with the
35:39estuary tide out towards the north sea it wasn't a sufficient long-term plan but it was a significant
35:47improvement over the existing system and proved that keeping the people healthy allowed the city
35:53and its economy to grow this is a massive piece of pumping work everything here is just solid it's just
36:03gorgeous this is something to be proud of sir peter basiljet is joseph's great great grandson
36:15peter hello so colin here's our cathedral of sewage basiljet was hardly talked about hardly known
36:24compared to say brunel because most of his achievements are underground you can't see them
36:29there was an article in one of the newspapers i think it was the observer that called him the drain
36:33brain and then having read that i realized quite how profound his achievements were london at the time
36:40had a population of between two and two and a half million and when basiljet finally got the money to
36:47execute the scheme he over specs the whole scheme for a population about four and a half million
36:55what joseph basiljet did was save a city yet in a major international metropolis this victorian era
37:03technology isn't enough to support london for long what could engineers do to save the city from its
37:10dirtiest problems and transform it into the major financial hub that it is today
37:23the future of london and its economy is at the mercy of a victorian era sewer network
37:30although it is an engineering marvel it can't keep up with the city's modern needs could the dirtiest
37:36problems be its downfall 29 vertical shafts like this one in hammersmith west london have been excavated
37:46to link up to a brand new 19 mile underground urban wastewater system this 5.25 billion dollar
37:56subterranean network will run directly beneath the river thames serving 13 boroughs and the city of london
38:03because some of its basis needs aren't being met
38:08sewer expert colin fenn is meeting john corcoran of the thames tideway project
38:19john i've come down this huge shaft which is so many steps deep how far below ground are we here
38:26we're
38:2735 meters deep and it's a 12 and a half meter diameter shaft how on earth did you construct such
38:35a shaft like
38:36this so we dig out a meter then we spray a lining we've sprayed concrete then we continue to do
38:41another meter spraying that spray that lining and carry on down the main tunnel is 300 meters that way
38:49or will be ultimately we've completed this connection tunnel so this is 300 meters long and later on this
38:56year underneath the river thames the larger main tunnel with the tunnel boring machine will come
39:03through eat off the side of our tunnel just the very end of it while the larger main tunnel boring
39:09machine spans over 30 feet the smaller feeder tunnels like this need their own agile tunneling equipment
39:17this is the specialist excavator we use call it a chafe excavator it runs on electric
39:24the two big features of this which make it good for tunneling
39:28uh one is the special knuckle joint on the arm here which means you can dig that tunnel profile
39:34and the second one is all the spoil comes into this conveyor system so the excavator driver doesn't
39:41have to keep rotating and the guys can excavate one meter in an hour we actually have four or five
39:47dumper trucks this machine keeps them busy basically they keep loading it and they take it away as quick
39:53as possible and it's taken away by surface muck wagons and used for land reclamation
40:04now this tunnel has been designed to last 120 years and we want to absolutely minimize the amount
40:09of maintenance because it's very very difficult to go into a sewage system once it's operational
40:15currently london has a problem and it isn't sustainable
40:19when there's heavy rainfall and the storm drain network fills with water it floods the sewer system
40:25causing raw sewage to escape into the thames the pumping station here is activated on average once a
40:31week so over the course of one year that's two million tons of sewage going into the river which we
40:37will
40:37intercept so any fish in the river anyone canoeing anyone dipping their hand in the thames is likely to
40:45have a bit of a surprise 50 days of the year i've talked to people locally around hammersmith and they
40:51know when the sewage is coming out because it kills the fish we're going to do something about this and
40:56have this fantastic project within a few years time we'll capture all that sewage and we'll have a much
41:02better cleaner river thames and those are tons of sewage that will take a toll on the people of london
41:09their health and ultimately its economy if they can't get it under control because what the victorians
41:17originally taught us when they created their revolutionary underground network is that keeping
41:22your people healthy allows a population to grow and an economy to flourish london now has almost nine
41:30million people and is one of the greatest cities in the world all thanks to victorian ingenuity
41:36we need today to understand as much as they did in the victorian era that great public works
41:42are a legacy this is something that people couldn't have imagined years ago the technologies
41:48the way that this all come together and i'm looking forward to that day when we start seeing
41:54wildlife coming into the river you know and who knows we could see dolphins coming up and down the
41:58thames and that'd be fantastic this infrastructure has been designed to last not just our generation
42:05not just our children's generations but for generations beyond that
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