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00:11he is among the deadliest warriors in history once you have inflamed the wrath of the mongols
00:18they do not hold back trained to unleash destruction and horror boiling them alive in
00:25cauldrons they pour silver into all of his orifices and built to carve out an empire entire populations
00:35get slaughtered these bodies are landing on them and splat splat the only way to win respect is to
00:43be the ultimate warrior warriors aren't born
00:54they're built
00:59understanding how reveals the true nature of their greatness
01:05from the cradle to the grave these are the steps to creating history's greatest warriors
01:25the mongol the most feared warrior of the medieval world rule over the largest single landmass ever
01:35conquered by man the mongol is born into a hostile and turbulent society and raised to be both a
01:43brilliant strategist and merciless warrior as the mongols are bursting on the scene everyone is
01:51terrified of them they're viewed as an apocalyptic threat they want to build a giant empire that no
01:59one has ever seen before if you resist entire populations would get slaughtered
02:07the mongols killed between 20 and 40 million people
02:16over the course of the 12th and 13th centuries the mongols conquered 12 million square miles making it the
02:24largest contiguous land empire in history they create an empire that spans from the korean peninsula to the
02:32the middle of central europe
02:35they end up dominating some of the greatest warriors in world history and clearly there's something special about mongolian fighters
02:44the relentless expansion of the mongols territory can only be achieved by building a warrior who is faster and stronger
02:52than any other in the middle ages
02:55his journey to becoming a warrior will see him endure brutal training master deadly weapons of war
03:02and conquer his enemies through the most feared battle tactics of the ancient world
03:12it is a road map for greatness first developed in the 12th century in the wild mongolian plains
03:20mongol culture emerges from diverse people who are really intermixing on the step the word step
03:28is from the old slavic and it means flat grassy plain and the landscape is beautiful as it is
03:36it's also cold it's desolate it's empty you're hungry you've got to move from place to place to place to
03:42place
03:42to find your next sustaining day
03:44there's no unified territory for the mongols in the steppes their lands are scattered across parts of present-day
03:53mongolia siberia and northern china
03:56they're nomads they move herds of horses camels oxen or yak
04:02these are the wealth of the nomads and we have all these tribes that are competing with each other
04:08there hasn't been a unified empire on the plateau for almost a hundred years
04:14and so this means that we have a lot of leaders vying for power for control of resources for authority
04:23a young mongol must learn how to survive the non-stop bloodshed that engulfs his homeland
04:30historically groups who look after herds of animals are fierce
04:34in contrast to say farmers who have to cooperate to do well who are more settled
04:39herdsmen are territorial they have to be tough fighters to survive and to protect their flocks
04:45and to hold on to their grazing lands in case any of them are taken by rivals
04:50they would steal each other's pastures if they needed to and drive other people off
04:57but they also would steal other people's goods including stealing their women
05:02not only the chinese but other entities near mongolia never want the mongols to unite
05:10the chin dynasty moved its troops from mongolia back into china because of other concerns
05:17well that created a vacuum in mongolia so the different tribes have to figure out who is going to be
05:22the top dog there
05:24one man will unite the mongols and give birth to an empire by creating one of the greatest army of
05:32warriors
05:32ever his beginnings are legendary
05:39in 1162 there's a boy born he's the son of a powerful clan warlord his parents name him temujin
05:48and this is the future genghis khan
05:51the story is that temujin is born with a blood clot clutched in his fist
05:57and they take this as a very powerful symbol that he will be a great warrior a great leader
06:05before he can meet his destiny the boy's family will be terrorized by rival clans
06:14his father is poisoned and because he was a rising figure in mongolian society
06:21this leads to the ostracization of temujin's family
06:26he starts attaining adulthood and he eventually does get married and once he gets married
06:31then another rival tribe kidnaps his own wife
06:34so he then has to rescue her and form an alliance to do so
06:38but he never forgets where vengeance is due
06:43ultimately this is a warrior culture
06:45and the only way to win respect is to be the ultimate warrior
06:50temujin skillfully forms some key alliances to seek revenge
06:53he's a natural born leader and he and his new coalition crush all of his rivals
06:58he gains a reputation as a brilliant negotiator and a fierce warrior
07:02he's definitely not somebody you want to cross
07:04while crushing his enemies in the steppes he also faces a new rival
07:10within his own family
07:12temujin's brother goes to war against him
07:15and when that blood brother takes 70 of temujin's warriors and tortures them
07:20by boiling them alive in cauldrons
07:24it's a huge insult to the future khan
07:26and when that brother is eventually captured and brought to temujin's feet
07:31he's executed
07:32some say that temujin broke his spine
07:44he'll continue to be threatened by competing clans
07:47but this Mongol leader uses his tactical brilliance to rule over them all
07:53he has the perfect combination of charisma and ruthlessness to be able to rule an empire
07:59the size of which he was able to conquer
08:01in 1206 temujin gets elected as the new khan
08:08there is only one khan it's like being the king of the entire nation
08:14he is given a new title
08:16and he becomes Genghis Khan
08:18which means firm, resolute, or fierce leader
08:23and so he becomes the single leader of Mongolia
08:27having unified the surrounding clans
08:30Genghis Khan now looks beyond his own borders
08:33into the wider world
08:34he wants to take control of trade routes
08:37and generate wealth and tribute from the spoils of war
08:41but a powerful rival to the east
08:44the Jin dynasty
08:45is a formidable empire
08:47since 1115 it has ruled over northern China and Manchuria
08:52and is hostile to the Mongol threat to the west
08:55there are some old grievances between the Mongols and the Jin
08:58that go back for generations
09:00and so his goal is to do enough damage
09:04so they cannot bother him while he's stabilizing Mongolia
09:07but he's also getting his army outside of Mongolia
09:10and he's keeping them busy
09:12there's nothing better as a team building experience
09:15than to go where other people might kill you
09:18the khan cannot fulfill his ambition for conquest alone
09:22to seize vast hostile lands
09:26Genghis must build the Mongol warrior
09:28to be unlike any before him
09:35the rugged Mongolian terrain tests the strength of every Mongol who lives here
09:40but to become a Mongol warrior
09:43training begins before he takes his first step
09:51what makes the Mongols so special and different for their time
09:54was their relationship with horses
09:56they were the greatest and most powerful cavalry unit on the planet at the time
10:05children just a few months old
10:07they're going to be strapped to horses
10:10then at three years old your mother is teaching you how to ride
10:14at five years old you're given your first bow
10:17and from five years old on you're living your life in the saddle
10:22everything the Mongols do
10:23perfecting their horsemanship
10:25becoming highly skilled archers
10:27hunting
10:27all those skills translate into being a great warrior
10:30and if you have enough great warriors
10:33you're going to have a great army
10:34the Mongols relationship to his horse is a bond that will serve him on and off the battlefield
10:42it's said that in the cold the riders use the horses for warmth
10:46they'll eat the body of their dead horse
10:49they'll drink the horse's blood
10:50the horse is more than just a beast of burden or instrument of war
10:54but it's a big part of how they survive
10:58the young Mongol warrior trains to be a lethal combatant
11:02whether he encounters the enemy on horseback or on the ground face to face
11:07there's a combination of things that the Mongols do by tradition
11:11what is Mongolian wrestling which is called the Bach
11:16Mongolian wrestling takes place in an open area
11:18and the key is to throw your enemies so that they touch the ground with something besides their hands or
11:24feet
11:24they're putting so much pressure on one another
11:27the weight of each other
11:28and they're barely moving until they can tip one of the other over
11:32what this does is train you for strength
11:34also balance which is key
11:36whether you're on foot or actually on horseback
11:40in combat if you can keep that balance
11:42you're more likely to survive
11:45as he masters the art of fighting one on one
11:48the young warrior also learns to work in concert with his fellow Mongols
11:54in the training of Mongol warriors
11:56we usually discuss a couple things
11:58hunting and shooting
11:59the Mongols are on the move when they're hunting
12:02in fact they might be hunting hulan which are wild asses
12:05or antelope
12:06you have to have to keep up with them
12:08you have to hit the target while you're shooting
12:09so that's a great skill to have
12:11but they will also implement another hunting technique
12:17each winter young Mongols participate in a unique event
12:21that not only sharpens their horsemanship
12:23but exposes them to death on a massive scale
12:28the Mongols engage in this annual three month long hunt called the NERJ
12:34you would participate in the NERJ from the earliest age
12:37learning to shoot learning to hunt learning to kill
12:40they deploy their warrior hunters in a single line
12:43in some cases it's reported to be 80 miles long
12:46and as this line moves forward
12:49the hunters gradually start bringing the wings of the line in
12:53to attract all the animals inside
12:55it's like tightening a giant noose
12:58all of the riders have to keep the animals in the circle
13:02as they're doing it to control these animals
13:05to drive them where you want to
13:07and then the great con gives the word kill
13:12and then they slaughter the animals
13:13you have sort of a chaotic scene of animals that are frightened
13:17who are trying to break out
13:22you have to be able to shoot an animal while it's panicky
13:26and other guys are also shooting
13:28and you obviously do not want to shoot the other hunters
13:37the execution of the entire maneuver has to be done perfectly
13:42because any soldier that allows an animal to escape gets punished
13:46and so this is one of the ways that tactics are perfected
13:50and discipline is maintained
13:52this is fantastic training for war
13:55Chinggis Khan uses tactics like the NERJ
13:59to conquer what he considers to be less than human
14:02he doesn't see foreign fighters as people
14:06he sees them as cattle, as prey
14:09he is willing to take all of these hunting techniques
14:12and apply them to people
14:15when you look at the Muslim and the European chroniclers
14:19the Mongol army is described as the most organized
14:22the most disciplined they've lived their entire lives
14:25a young Mongol quickly learns that no one in a hunt
14:30or in the army will be given preferential treatment
14:34the Khan only rewards excellence on the battlefield
14:37he's gone from the heights of being the son of a well-respected aristocrat leader
14:44to basically poverty
14:46he's seen all levels of society
14:48and so what he does is he sets a meritocracy
14:52where he values talent and skill over lineage
14:58even the Khan's own enemies are worthy of mercy
15:01if they prove themselves in combat
15:06Chinggis Khan is shot in battle
15:08and after the battle is done and he has won
15:11he gathers all the captives
15:13and asks them
15:15which of you has shot me
15:18and Jebe the warrior who is responsible
15:22raises his hand and says
15:23it was me
15:24knowing that he's about to be executed
15:26and instead Chinggis Khan says
15:30I want you to be one of my generals
15:32when this warrior takes responsibility
15:35protects his own people
15:38Chinggis sees the kind of nobility
15:40that he needs in his ranks
15:43Jebe goes on to become one of the Mongols
15:46most loyal and successful generals
15:48for the next 20 years
15:49proving that the Khan knows how to build his warrior army
15:53if you make it a meritocracy
15:55and anyone can prove their worth
15:57by what they contribute on the field of battle
15:59you're actually helping those who otherwise
16:01would have felt themselves ostracized
16:03find a way in
16:04and you're creating a new order
16:06a new hierarchy
16:07of which the Khan
16:09Genghis Khan
16:10is the center
16:11it switches allegiance
16:12from the clan
16:14to the Khan
16:17Genghis Khan
16:18in service to his growing empire
16:20will test this allegiance
16:22and his warrior's skills
16:24against the tactics and weaponry
16:26of Central Asia
16:27there's a territory to the west of the Mongol Empire
16:30that's ruled by a people called the Karakitai
16:32this is also known as the Western Lao
16:35when the monarch of the Western Lao
16:37Prince Kuchluk
16:39sends his forces into a small medieval city called Amalik
16:42they murder the king there
16:44who is a relative of Genghis Khan
16:47Genghis of course is furious about this
16:50and so the Kirikittai become the Mongols' next target
16:54Jebe, the Khan's trusted general
16:57leads an army of 20,000 Mongols into the Karakitai
17:00where they seized the capital
17:02here the Mongol warrior will learn that bloodshed
17:06is not the only path to victory
17:10Jebe, like Genghis, is a brilliant strategist
17:13he'll appeal to the Kirikittai
17:14and turn them against Prince Kuchluk
17:17Kuchluk is ousted from power
17:18and then eventually captured
17:20and brought back to the Mongols
17:21who then cut off his head
17:25the young warrior sees first hand
17:27the consequences of losing in battle
17:30such lessons motivate him
17:32to master all of the Mongols' weapons of war
17:38the Mongols expand their territory to the west
17:41after seizing control of the Karakitai
17:44now they share a border with the Islamic State of the Khwarazmians
17:48these two massive empires will soon become mortal enemies
17:53but before the young Mongol follows Genghis Khan's army into battle
17:57he must first master the instruments of war
18:07through their conquests
18:09the Mongols are able to create the ultimate arsenal of their era
18:13as the Mongols are expanding the empire
18:16they encounter new weapons, new warriors
18:19if the Mongols find a weapon that's useful, they'll incorporate it
18:24the preferred Mongol weapon is one he's trained with since childhood
18:29one that allows him to kill from afar
18:32the majority of the army are what we considered horse archers
18:36and the primary weapon of the Mongols is the composite bow
18:46the difference between the Mongol composite bow
18:49and the long bow made famous by the English and the Welsh before them
18:53the long bow is typically six to seven feet long
18:56the Mongol bow is about four feet
18:58it is made specifically for horseback use
19:01the composite bow is a recurve style bow
19:05the string is placed on the opposite end
19:08of where you might think it's placed
19:09the reason for this is because you can get
19:12a longer range of firing with it
19:14now there's one record of a Mongol warrior
19:18shooting over 500 yards
19:20that's a remarkable shot
19:23typically however the Mongol bow is going to be more about
19:25an effective range of about 300 yards
19:28as the Mongols approach
19:29the Mongols are engaging in what we call an arrow storm
19:35where they're just firing arrows
19:37you know so it looks like it's raining arrows
19:41the full weight of a bow is 160 pounds
19:44and the stone ring is used to pull the string
19:47and they don't pull it full they just pull it enough
19:50so that they have energy into the bow and let it go
19:54having that capability allows the Mongol soldier to actually shoot faster
19:59the average English bowman could fire maybe between 6 and 10 arrows a minute
20:05the Mongols they could go up to 20 arrows a minute
20:10it's very difficult to do archery on horseback
20:13because of the up and down motions the shock of the hooves on the ground
20:16so they have to learn from an early age how to time their shots
20:20with the moment when the horses hooves leave the ground
20:29the speed and versatility of the Mongol warriors arrows
20:33proved to be deadly in more ways than one
20:36the type of arrows used by the Mongols can sometimes be poison tipped as well with wolfsbane
20:48even if they miss a vital organ they could be killing the opponent using the poison instead
20:56arrows are effective from afar
20:59but at close range the Mongol warrior will need new armaments to strike down his enemy
21:05in hand-to-hand combat the Mongols would use several different weapons
21:09we see axes we see maces and clubs but the saber is probably the preferred weapon
21:20the saber is a very functional weapon on a horseback or on foot
21:24if the Mongols break into a city it's going to be a weapon that gives them maneuverability in close combat
21:31the Mongol sabers famously draw blood during the siege of Sandomirs in 1260
21:37when the Mongols breached the walls of the Polish city and moved through the streets on foot
21:43they methodically executed citizens with their blades
21:51when defending his own life
21:53the Mongol warrior will use his enemy in an unconventional and terrifying siege tactic
22:01one of the things that the Mongols did on a regular occasion was use human shields
22:11they would conquer an area raid a village they take the population
22:15they would march in front of the Mongols and if they stop the Mongols will kill them
22:19they would drive the enemy captives as they converge on the walls and push them into the moat
22:26so that they can actually use the bodies as a platform to scale the walls
22:31if you think about the psychological effect of watching your own people in front of the invading army
22:37you have to make a difficult choice
22:41do you kill your own people in front of this army to protect yourselves
22:46or do you allow the invading army to get closer and closer
22:49and there is one weapon that amplifies the capabilities of the Mongols entire arsenal
23:03their horses probably are not like what most people picture in terms of horses today
23:10these are kind of tough ponies who learn how to scavenge themselves
23:14so when they're encountered with the snow they dig out with their hooves
23:19the grass that's underneath and drink the snow
23:22because of their capability the Mongols are able to travel long distances
23:27when we discuss the mobility of the Mongols
23:30we have to remember that this is on a scale that isn't really matched until the 20th century with mechanized
23:36warfare
23:37we have Mongols who are able to travel a hundred miles in one day
23:41and this is because they're switching horses they bring about five extra horses for every man
23:46so they keep on going
23:48with each new conquest the Mongol warrior acquires new weapons for his own arsenal
23:54one such instrument will lay waste to the walled cities of his enemies
23:59one of the key capabilities that they acquire when they're in China is the trebuchet
24:12when trade relations break down between the Mongols and the Genoese in the port city of Kaffa
24:18the Mongol warrior uses his trebuchet in a diabolical maneuver
24:25they lay siege to the city for two years
24:28bombarding it with rocks and other debris in an effort to force the Genoese out
24:34what they discover is that their men are dying from some strange disease which is the bubonic plague
24:43what a better way to get rid of these bodies than to fling them over the walls of the city
24:47into the midst of the Genoese
24:49according to one Italian writer what the Mongols did was they load bodies onto the trebuchets
24:57launch them over the walls
25:02and this is how the plague gets into the city
25:04these bodies are landing on them and splat splat and entrails are spilling out
25:12literally having death rain on them from above
25:19as the Genoese are fleeing the city and boats now infected with the bubonic plague
25:25they spread the disease throughout the rest of Europe
25:28taking the lives of upward of 25 million people
25:32equipped with an array of deadly weapons
25:35the young Mongol warrior is ready to taste first blood
25:43the Mongol has mastered his horsemanship and his weaponry
25:47but he will only be deemed a true warrior after he succeeds in battle
25:52and takes a trophy carved from the flesh of his enemy
26:03in 1241 the Mongols continue their westward expansion by invading Europe with a two-pronged attack
26:10while one army marches into Hungary
26:12a second is sent to Poland where the Mongols face an army of 30,000 men
26:18that includes a cavalry of European knights
26:21here the mounted Mongol warrior will need to prepare for all manner of combat
26:26Mongols prefer to be on horseback
26:28it gives them the most advantage they're higher they're stronger they're faster
26:33but let's say a Mongol is on foot
26:36this could happen a couple of ways
26:37his horse is killed
26:38he's thrown from the horse some way
26:40he has now to fight on foot
26:45without his horse
26:47the Mongol warrior lacks the mobility and speed he relies on in battle
26:53what do they do then?
26:55they have to face perhaps a European knight in huge heavy metal armor
27:02the knight would probably have a slight advantage because they're more accustomed to fighting on foot
27:07but the Mongol warrior is a more cunning and agile fighter than any the western knight has faced before
27:24the Mongols are not going to put on lots of heavy armor because they do value the mobility over the
27:31protection
27:31the Mongol with his lightweight leather armor is much more nimble so he can move more quickly and catch the
27:40European knight off balance
27:48the Mongols
27:49the Mongol knows his enemies impenetrable helmet is also his greatest vulnerability
27:59the helmet on the knights are very heavy
28:02you don't have peripheral vision
28:04you're isolated with one focal point
28:06kind of like horses with blinders
28:07they don't have the mobility
28:09where you see their Mongol warriors who get just out of the distance of where they can strike
28:16it's very very effective
28:19a lot of times you get so agitated you exhaust yourself getting in that panic mode
28:24and you're not assessing the situation properly
28:28to overcome his enemies fortified exterior
28:31the Mongol preys on the knights innermost fears
28:35Mongols are masters of psychological warfare
28:39they had built up such a reputation of ruthlessness of cruelty
28:44that I think many warriors would have been quaking in their boots just with the thought of it
28:52terror inhibits the ability to fight back
28:55and the Mongol uses the opportunity to dominate his enemy
29:05in the 13th century obviously there's no rules for engagement
29:09it's all about survival
29:11and who can beat the enemy first
29:17years of training and hand-to-hand combat
29:20have prepared the Mongol for this life and death struggle
29:25with their background in a wrestling culture
29:28they're able to keep up with anyone on foot
29:31and hold their own
29:32because Mongolian wrestling matches can be quite long
29:35even lasting hours
29:38they can use this skill to off-balance this huge weighty metal man
29:46and throw them onto the ground
29:54even the smallest opening can be exploited by the Mongol warrior
29:58with devastating results
30:01he can attack viciously at vulnerable access points
30:05where they lack shield and protection underneath the armpits
30:08Mongols are very strong-willed fighters
30:11they can be very ruthless as well
30:14there's no mercy from the Mongol warrior as he moves in for the kill
30:21but before he leaves the night to bleed out on the battlefield
30:25the Mongol will extract a gruesome trophy
30:30after the battle is over
30:31there is a requirement on behalf of the Mongol commanders
30:35for an accurate body count of everybody that's been killed
30:38they would take the right ear
30:40slice it off and put it in the bag
30:43at the battle of the Kalka River
30:45the Mongols reportedly killed 50,000 soldiers
30:47they leave with nine sacks of severed ears
30:52the Mongol warrior has tasted victory for the first time
30:56but to achieve true greatness
30:58he'll have to breach the fortified kingdom of a rival empire
31:02alongside thousands of his fellow Mongols
31:0913 years into his reign
31:12Genghis Khan has proven to be a master strategist
31:16having already conquered the armies of the Jin Dynasty
31:19and the Western Lao
31:21but Khan seeks to expand his empire into much of present-day Central Asia
31:26including Afghanistan and Iran
31:29to do so
31:30the Mongol warrior will draw on all of the tactics he has learned
31:35to prove himself in the battle ahead
31:47the awesome might of the Mongol army is demonstrated in the year 1218
31:53during an infamous conflict with the Khwarazmian Empire
31:56a region with which Khan intends to form an alliance
32:03the Mongol Empire is now butting up against the Empire of Muhammad Shah
32:11so Genghis Khan sends a caravan to the Shah
32:16in order to establish trading relations with Shah's Empire
32:20and so the caravan reaches the town of Barchara
32:24and the governor, who is a relative of the Shah
32:28thinks that the caravan is full of spies
32:30the governor of Otra communicates a message to the Shah
32:34saying, I mean to execute everyone in the caravan
32:37and take all the spoils
32:38and the Shah agrees
32:40he gives the governor permission to carry out this massacre
32:48one guy escapes, gets back and spreads the news to the Mongols
32:52now Genghis Khan, he wants his stuff back
32:54and he also wants the governor who did this atrocity
32:57so he sends a new delegation
32:59directly to the Shah
33:01with the demand that the governor be executed
33:04Sultan Mohammed Horazam Shah
33:06is offended by Genghis Khan
33:09he's also viewing himself as the second Alexander the Great
33:12he's created this vast empire
33:14is an army of over 400,000 men
33:17and so he dismisses the Mongols
33:19he kills the ambassador
33:22and burns the beards of his guards
33:24and sends them back
33:26with his message of no
33:28Crossing the Mongol warriors
33:30brings about a swift and significant response
33:34Genghis Khan gets the news of what's happened to his second delegation
33:40and he declares war
33:43Genghis Khan raises an army of between 100 and 150,000 warriors
33:48the challenge with this invasion
33:49is there's only one established route of access into the Shah's empire
33:54to take the Shah by surprise
33:56the Mongol leader uses a series of tactics refined over decades of successful warfare
34:02he begins by dividing his armies and sending them through
34:06what is thought to be impassable mountain and desert terrain
34:10they're marching divided
34:12but they all have one objective which is the capital
34:21there's deserts, there's mountains which allegedly was impassable
34:24turns out it isn't
34:25the Mongol horses are not the fastest in the world
34:28they're probably the toughest
34:34three months later
34:35Genghis Khan's army arrives at the city of Ohtrar
34:39the Mongols are bringing siege equipment from China
34:42they have trebuchets, they have baton rams, they have siege towers
34:45the genius behind Mongols is that they learn and they adapt
34:50they incorporated all the things that they learned from all these conquered people
34:54they learn how to attack a city, they learn about siege warfare
35:03they use these trebuchets to sling pots filled with naphtha
35:08which is a petroleum based incendiary
35:12naphtha is basically like the napalm of the middle ages
35:17Genghis Khan enters the Friday mosque and says
35:20know that I am the punishment of God
35:23if not for the sins of your leaders
35:25God would not have sent a punishment such as me
35:30the Mongol definition of victory is the total annihilation of the opponent
35:35and in particular the opponent's leadership
35:38is the total annihilation of the country
35:39of the country
35:53with his city surrounded and his armies divided
35:56the Shah escapes with his life
36:01his relative the governor is not so lucky
36:05the governor he's eventually captured and the Mongols do have a sense of irony
36:11and since he was so greedy and took all of their treasure
36:14they pour silver into all of his orifices
36:27once you have inflamed the wrath of the Mongols
36:31they do not hold back
36:35the Harazmian Empire is probably the largest empire you've never heard of
36:39and Genghis Khan is why
36:40he literally wipes it off the map
36:43for the Mongol warrior and his army
36:46victory over a powerful rival empire
36:49sends a message to his enemies across the continent
36:53the Mongols are now looking back and realizing what they've just accomplished
36:58Genghis Khan has conquered more territory than any other person in history
37:03but just like the fiercest warriors
37:06all empires eventually fall
37:08and that of the Mongols is no exception
37:14the Mongol warrior builds an empire that stretches across a continent
37:21just 15 years after Genghis Khan is proclaimed leader
37:25the Mongols have won victories against the Jin Dynasty of Northern China
37:29the Western Lao in Western China
37:32and brought down the Khwarazmian Empire
37:35the Mongols try to rationalize
37:37why are they so successful
37:40and the only answer they can come up with is that
37:43the world is meant to be ruled by the Mongols
37:46the empire's sheer size
37:49once its greatest strength
37:51makes it vulnerable in later years
37:53even more so after the fall of the Mongol warrior's ambitious leader
37:58Genghis Khan dies of an arrow wound that becomes an infection in 1227
38:05and his sons and his descendants are unable to sustain the coherency that makes the Mongol Empire great
38:14when you consider the Mongol Empire
38:17its creation
38:18it's based on the Mongol belief in raid and plunder
38:23not occupation
38:24so they continue to raid across all of these different nations
38:29countries and countryside
38:30to create this empire
38:32but they don't build any national institutions
38:34there is no infrastructure building
38:37the Mongols are great at conquering
38:40they're not great at administration
38:42after the death of Genghis Khan
38:44leadership splinters into four rival factions
38:47one in China
38:48one in Persia
38:50another in Central Asia
38:51and a fourth in what is today Russia
38:55the empire will break up over time
38:57and then in 1368
39:00we have a rebellion in southern China that builds up
39:03and will eventually lead to the creation of the Ming Diocese
39:06and drives the Mongols from China
39:08and there's a great fear among the Ming that the Mongols will rise again
39:12which will lead to the creation of the Great Wall
39:14but the Mongol Empire does not fall
39:16it's still there
39:17it's just in Mongolia
39:19we'll see generals will struggle for the throne
39:23so the Mongol Empire it never falls
39:25it fades away over time
39:28700 years after the empires declined
39:31the Mongol warriors achievements continue to reverberate across the continent
39:42the Mongols exist because of the Mongol Empire
39:47not for the rise of Genghis Khan
39:48we probably wouldn't know a group of people known as Mongols
39:52we wouldn't have a Mongolia today
39:54he's a polarizing figure
39:56because on one hand people might remember him as such a brutal conqueror
40:00and a brutal warlord
40:03on the other hand he's still revered and celebrated in parts of East Asia even today
40:09now the Mongols do have this darker side
40:15we do have massacres
40:21it's alleged that the carbon levels dropped because Genghis Khan had killed so many people
40:28the bloody conflicts stoked by the Khan
40:30transformed the Mongols into masters of warfare
40:34and the lessons they leave behind are studied to this day
40:39the military legacy of the Mongols is vast
40:42after World War I with the horrors of trench warfare
40:45many military thinkers tried to find a way to add mobility to warfare
40:50this will be passed on to Germany
40:52which will help lead to the formation of blitzkrieg warfare
40:56in Britain we have military thinkers looking at tanks and airplanes to add that mobility
41:03if you look at the battle plan for Gulf War I
41:07the U.S. Marines attacking straight into the front
41:11which was the heavy cavalry of the Mongols
41:14while the light armored forces swing around the rear
41:16to take the opponent in the side
41:19and so studying the past
41:22translating into warfare in the future
41:24the Mongols occupy a unique place in conversation
41:28primarily because they dominate such a large region over the course of their run and reign
41:35they're the best of the best
41:36their leadership
41:39ruthlessness
41:41innovative thinking
41:43and astonishing mobility
41:46earn the Mongols their rightful place
41:49among history's greatest warriors
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