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00:22in 1937 the Japanese Empire embarked on a campaign to destroy the nationalist
00:29government of China however as the years dragged on hundreds of thousands of Japanese troops would
00:37be bogged down in a stalemate hoping to obtain a new Empire Japan was faced with two options
00:46expand north from the homelands or strike south seizing the resource-rich possessions of the
00:54Western colonies a four-year campaign of propaganda education and legislation had prepared the Japanese
01:03people for a high-stakes showdown it would come as a series of stunning offensives from Malaya to Pearl
01:40Harbor
01:58December 13, 1937, is recognized as the date when Japanese troops began to ravage the city
02:05of Nanjing. 24 hours earlier, the USS Panay, an American gunboat stationed on the Yangtze,
02:14was attacked and sunk by Japanese aircraft during the battle for Shanghai.
02:20Despite showing three American flags,
02:27diplomacy, apologies, and cash compensation settled the matter.
02:32The Japanese government and people wish to express sincere and profound regrets.
02:44But nothing could reverse the tide of global public opinion,
02:48as Japan's empire became increasingly mistrusted and increasingly isolated.
03:03In August 1937, the cabinet of Prime Minister Kanoe Fumimaro issued the guidelines for the
03:11execution of the national spiritual mobilization. The first steps towards galvanizing the nation for war.
03:20Everyone was encouraged to support the state and to see men off the war, to provide labor for various work
03:31projects.
03:35Those goods that are being sold are tied into products that have a linkage with
03:41imperial expansion. So we'll see comfort bags. These are bags that would have various items, perhaps
03:48chocolate, maybe caramel, letters from children, small gift items that imperial subjects, individuals can purchase and then have sent to
03:58the front.
04:01People also were encouraged not to be extravagant, not to waste and to remember that the country was at war.
04:09And so one of the banners that was flown in many cities read extravagance is the enemy.
04:18By 1936, the Imperial Military Reserve Association, comprising members who had completed their required national service,
04:28numbered three million, the majority recruited from the countryside.
04:33Within a year, half a million of them were back in uniform and sent to China.
04:39Nagatani Masao, a typical recruit, was seen off by his father. He wrote,
04:45I promised that I would become a splendid man.
04:49So what becomes the experience of imperial development for a young boy is that as the education system shifts
04:57from the 1920s to the 1930s, as the Japanese military becomes really much more kind of militaristic,
05:03or jingoistic, nationalistic in its push, young individuals in Japan see their future as a military soldier.
05:18Hideki Kurabayashi's story is not unusual. Born in Ozuzugawa village, his education was militaristic,
05:26and his opinions black and white. It was our mission to go and fight China, he recalled.
05:33Japan had to control China. That's what my father said, so that's where I went.
05:39In my village, I was called a patriotic child.
05:44Every extended family was affected in some way and sent at least one or more boys or men from the
05:52family
05:52off to fight. And of course, all Japanese were at the outset were patriotic and this seemed like
05:59the right thing to do.
06:03Textbooks and propaganda pamphlets issued by the Ministry of Education
06:07pictured children as shoku kumin, productive little nationals.
06:13Hatano Kanji, a child psychologist recruited to serve on a national education planning committee said,
06:20I would like to see a culture that makes children positively participate and work,
06:25not one that treats children as precious.
06:32Propaganda focused on service to the nation, including kamishibai, a form of picture storytelling.
06:41Kamishibai are paper plays, and they are the most popular form of children's entertainment.
06:48What you have is a box on the back, usually of a bicycle, and it's oftentimes a slightly elderly guy,
06:55and he pulls the images out of the box, and then he narrates the story, pulls the next slide,
07:02and the children can be involved in that. Initial kamishibai children's production,
07:08which was mostly about crazy characters, they start to have more militaristic themes.
07:15From 1934, roughly 750,000 children per day watched kamishibai in Tokyo alone.
07:24The heroes of the stories were soldiers, who almost always died valiantly.
07:32But the audience for kamishibai was declining, for a reason that caused official concern.
07:45In the interwar years, the birthrate in almost every developed nation fell, amidst economic hardship
07:53and increasing international tension. Japan was no exception. The live birthrate dropped from 13 per
08:02thousand before 1937, to less than 10 per thousand. Encouraging large families, the government lent
08:11couples wedding clothes if they were too poor to afford a ceremony. Families with 10 children or more were
08:19promised free higher education. Tojo Katsuko, wife of a government minister and mother of seven children,
08:27announced cheerfully that having babies is fun.
08:33At school, children received the ministry of education's 1937 cardinal principles of the national polity.
08:43Japanese people were told at school from a young age that their role as Japanese citizens was to respect
08:51the emperor and devote themselves to the nation.
08:53So the emperor was the supreme benefactor of the entire country.
09:01And so in theory, all Japanese felt grateful to the emperor for everything he did for them,
09:07felt obligated to repay him in some way.
09:12They rehearsed this idea on a daily basis by reciting the imperial rescript on education
09:19and bowing to the portrait of the emperor.
09:30As trams passed the imperial palace or Yasakuni shrine, the conductor would say,
09:35please bow and passengers would reverently comply.
09:41Beginning in November 1937, the Japanese government created what might be called
09:50moments of reverential silence. And what this orchestrated choreographed moment required
09:58was that all Japanese and Japanese subjects face the imperial palace in Tokyo and observe a minute of silence.
10:22On January 16th, 1938, a radio broadcast announced that Japan
10:27no longer recognized Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government in China.
10:35Prime Minister Kanoe would later call the announcement an utter blunder.
10:41The error was not recognizing that Chiang was still the most powerful and ruthless figure in China.
10:49The alliance between the Chinese Red Army and the Kuomintang was in name only,
10:55the former providing little support to battle the Japanese.
10:58Chinese. While the Communist Party built its strength in the countryside,
11:03Chiang Kai-shek concentrated his efforts on defending the cities and strategic infrastructure.
11:16To disrupt the Japanese advance, in June 1938, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the dike,
11:24of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang, to be breached.
11:30No warning was given. It would have alerted the Japanese to the plan.
11:413,000 square kilometers of Chiang's own country flooded.
11:47At the cost of perhaps 800,000 Chinese lives.
11:52Crops were destroyed, and the silt deposited across farms rendered the land untenable for years to come.
12:01The Japanese were beyond the range of the flood, and the waters only briefly impeded their advance.
12:09By December 1938, Japan held all of China that was necessary to control trade and communication.
12:17All of the major coastal cities and railways.
12:23Chiang Kai-shek had moved his nationalist government to Changqing.
12:29On December 22nd, Prime Minister Kanoe said,
12:34the Japanese government is resolved to carry on the military operations for the complete extermination
12:39of the anti-Japanese Kuomintang government. And at the same time, to proceed with the work
12:46of establishing a new order in East Asia.
13:08By the time of Pearl Harbor, more than a million Japanese military personnel were serving overseas.
13:26The Japanese military personnel were in the United States in the United States.
13:271930s Japan was perhaps the world's most homogenous major nation.
13:32Less than 1% of its population were not descended from those who had crossed from mainland Asia
13:38millennia earlier. Despite this, it was not a society without descent.
13:47If you were overheard saying things that sounded defeatist, the secret police would visit you and call you in
13:56for an interrogation. And children and teenagers and military recruits were all required to keep diaries.
14:05And the diaries were submitted to their superiors every seven to ten days for what were called diary checks.
14:15Rumors, gossip and spying all fed police intelligence about dissident activity, published annually in a volume called
14:24the state of social movements. The school teacher was heard to say,
14:29we are fighting in China because the military are out of control.
14:34In another, a farmer was quoted, if the emperor would just say the word, the war would stop.
14:41With the rise of militarism, the heavy handed suppression of domestic dissent sometimes included torture
14:48and imprisonment without trial. Voices of doubt were not confined to the home front.
14:57A soldier, Motajima Saburo, wrote home,
15:01It has been raining every day and I have been lonely most of the time.
15:06But the national sentiment was more truthfully represented by a soldier who wrote,
15:12The Hinamaru flag was raised high. We were 100 meters from the enemy when we shouted Banzai.
15:18I was moved beyond control.
15:33Tokyo's hopes for a resolution of what it persisted in calling, the China incident,
15:39rested on the economic disintegration of Chiang Kai-shek's government.
15:44The flight of 12 million refugees from Japanese atrocities, notably in Nanjing,
15:50was the largest movement of people in history and compounded Chiang's problems.
15:57Shanghai contributed 85% of the country's revenue before it fell to the Japanese.
16:04China was dependent on foreign loans, which Japan wanted to cut off.
16:13The Japanese war was not enough to end.
16:16The Japanese war is a huge problem.
16:19The Japanese war is that China is supported by the English.
16:22And the US was supported by the Japanese.
16:25There is a structure of the Japanese war.
16:28So Japan has no longer fought against the Japanese war.
16:31In Japan, the Japanese war is the most difficult to counteract.
16:35The Japanese war is a strong idea that that the Japanese war would reach the US and the US.
16:37The Japanese war is a strong idea.
16:40Alarmed by increasing hostilities from Japan, the United States announced that it would
16:45not renew the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan.
16:52This proved to be the catalyst that pivoted the empire's plan of expansion.
16:58From an initial strategy of striking north, occupying and suppressing territory in China
17:04and Mongolia, it turned to a plan of striking south.
17:32The Japanese Army needed to demonstrate that victory would come on land.
17:37The Navy wanted to win at sea, but advancing north placed the Japanese army face to face with a dangerous
17:46opponent.
17:54The Soviet Far East and the Japanese Empire in Northeast China kind of overlaid each other.
18:00Stalin began to build up military forces along the Manchurian-Siberian border.
18:13In May 1939, a dispute flared up near the village of Nomanhan between Soviet troops stationed in their client state
18:22of Mongolia and Japanese troops who had moved across the border from Manchukuo.
18:29Within days, both sides built up their forces, with nearly 60,000 Soviets facing almost 40,000 troops of the
18:38Guangdong Army.
18:40Throughout June, the clash escalated into a modern mechanized offensive.
18:48This time, the Soviet Union is in a big turmoil. Stalin is essentially purging his officer corps in the army
18:56and the navy, and so Japan is thinking the Soviets are sort of easy pickings.
19:06As both sides added to their strength on the ground, battles raged in the skies, with the latest aircraft meeting
19:14in continuous dogfights.
19:24By July 6th, Japan had secured its only successors.
19:32In the next stage, they were thrown back over the Kalka River.
19:36The Soviet Union's counterattack opened on August 20th, with a massed artillery barrage.
19:44They used tanks, armored cars, heavy, heavy artillery concentrations, and air power, and give the Japanese a preview of what
19:52it might be like to fight the Soviet Union.
19:58The Japanese had anticipated a battle of attrition.
20:02The Soviets, with more than 500 armored vehicles at their disposal, launched a campaign of movement.
20:1111 days later, the Japanese Manchuko Army were almost completely wiped out.
20:18And this becomes the first time that they look at the Soviet Army with some kind of respect.
20:25Now, the local commanders, they're all ready to start again.
20:28But this is one of those moments where the high command in Tokyo said, enough.
20:34We're already bogged down in China.
20:36We cannot afford to expand into a major front with a war against the Soviet Union.
20:48On September 1st, Germany's invasion of Poland opened the European war, transforming diplomacy.
20:59Japan began negotiations in Moscow, reaching a truce on the 16th.
21:05With quiet on the northern Soviet front, Japan had more flexibility to move in the south.
21:18120,000 Japanese troops began to move deeper into China, descending on the National Army at Changsha on September 14th.
21:28The Japanese were rebuffed at first, but on the 19th of September, renewed their attack.
21:35This time with airstrikes and poison gas.
21:41By October 6th, well-managed Kuomintang counter-attacks had so bloodied the Japanese army that they were forced to withdraw.
22:01In February 1940, the last public criticism of the army was heard in the Diet.
22:08If we miss a chance for peace, the politicians of today will be unable to erase their crime, even by
22:16their deaths.
22:18The Speaker was forced to resign, and within six months, all political parties were banned.
22:26There was a clear leadership in the person of the emperor.
22:29There was a coherent narrative in which Japan had been in danger for decades and had to fight for its
22:35survival.
22:36And there was a grand plan.
22:38The eight corners of the world under the one roof, and eventual victory.
22:46On August 1st, Foreign Minister Yusuke Matsuoka formally announced the plan to create a greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere.
22:57The idea had been part of Japan's political conversation for some time.
23:02An idea that evolved from an ideal.
23:07Liberating Asia from white colonial overlords, and transforming East Asian territories into satellites of Japan's empire.
23:23何百何千というようにですね、狭い地域を支配するという、そういう計画までに立っていましたけれども。
23:30じゃあこれだけの広大な土地をどういう生態性で支配していくかということでは、まだ全然議論してません。
23:37それから、どういうスケジュールでこれを作っていかということも、全くできていないんですね。
23:38The catch-cry for the ideal was Asia for the Asiaticics.
23:56The reality was made explicit in March 1941, when the Imperial Rule Assistance Association explicitly stated,
24:05Although we use the expression Asian cooperation, this by no means ignores the fact that Japan was created by the
24:13gods, or posits an automatic racial equality.
24:19In the 1940s, when Germany returned to France and the Netherlands,
24:24when Germany returned to France and the Netherlands, and France, the inhabitants of the Netherlands were taken from Asia.
24:31Japan thought that Japan would be able to take the place to Germany,
24:35which made the difference between Germany and Germany,
24:48which made the alliance with the Reich and its Italian allies.
25:18結局当時の日本っていうのはですねやっぱりドイツがヨーロッパでフランスを降伏させたっていうこれを非常に衝撃的に捉えていてドイツの力を非常に高く見積もったんですねですからドイツにつき従って国家戦略をですね組み直していくわけですですから
25:30日本のアリティのアリティのアリティのアリティの重要な事を、日本と一緒にいると われわれました
25:35日本は日本に電話を受けずに伝えるようなアリティのアリティのアリティのアリティは発言されました
25:48ただордのアリティのアリティのアリティは必要だと語り合われました
25:49restricted access to the country and in 1940 the government began to control food distribution
25:57it's determined that each person should get so much rice so much fish so many vegetables
26:03and the portions are not generous and so the daily per capita fish ration in 1941 is 1.8 ounces
26:14of
26:14fish pretty small piece of fish rationing had been a fixture of life in japan since 1938
26:24when the government launched two austerity campaigns
26:30imposed austerity controlled petroleum coal telephones and leather goods
26:37voluntary austerity was a hearts and minds campaign compulsion as a matter of conscience
26:45flashy fashions were condemned and men were urged to wear the national civilian uniform
26:52women were discouraged from wearing cosmetics and hairdressers were permitted to give each customer
26:58only three curls in august 1940 the government fixed the prices of 40 vegetables and fruits
27:06which had risen by 400 percent in the previous year
27:10aoto minso the wife of a farmer declared they demand more work more work and we have to do it
27:18there are higher taxes farmers can't take it anymore
27:30most daily basics were strictly controlled but a black market flourished
27:36city dwellers defied regulations traveling to the countryside in their thousands to buy direct from farmers
27:45in the face of growing doubts a newspaper told its readers peace and contentment can only be gained
27:52by eradicating the evil encroachment of the anglo-saxons
27:56in the past
28:13on april 13th the soviet union signed a neutrality agreement with japan
28:19that recognized the puppet state of manchukko
28:30in a broadcast on june 29th the foreign minister advocated the inclusion of certain south sea areas
28:38in the new order in east asia
28:41it was the first public expression of the policy of expanding to the south and building a defensive perimeter
29:11on the 17th of july 1940 just as france fell
29:16The British government yielded to Japanese pressure and closed the Burma Road, a vital
29:24artery supplying the Chinese.
29:27With her focus elsewhere, Britain was unable to counter militarily.
29:33The problem for Japan is the flow of war material into China.
29:39It's flowing in through Hong Kong and southern Chinese ports such as Guangdong and it's also
29:46flowing through the Burma Road which goes through Burma.
29:50This war material is absolutely keeping Chiang Kai-shek's military afloat.
29:57In appeasing the Japanese, Churchill failed to prevent dangerous developments.
30:03On July 22nd, 1940, the military party in Japan triumphed.
30:10General Hideki Tojo, the future prime minister, became minister for war.
30:16Tojo was very well controlled by the陸軍.
30:20The British government was very well controlled.
30:23If it was a war, the陸軍 would be united.
30:30If it was a war, the陸軍 would be united.
30:32If it was not a war, it would be impossible to be united.
30:36If it was a war, the陸軍 would be able to prevent the陸軍 from the war.
30:42If it was a war, it would be impossible to prevent the war.
30:46A request that the Vichy government of France permit the stationing of Japanese troops in
30:51northern Indochina was the first practical expression of the Strike South policy.
30:58The tripartite Treaty of Alliance allowed the Japanese government to negotiate directly with
31:04the Vichy regime.
31:06Japan goes to France and says, you know, we want to cut off the material coming through
31:11northern Indochina, North Vietnam.
31:15And so they get the French to agree in 1941 to allow the Japanese to occupy northern Indochina.
31:26Later, the Vichy government was informed that the Japanese army would push further into Indochina
31:32on July 24, 1941, irrespective of the Vichy government's position.
31:41They acquiesced to the peaceful entry of Japanese troops.
32:06America begins to tighten the noose and gradually escalates different kinds of economic sanctions.
32:12It was spectacular failure of deterrence diplomacy because instead of deterring aggression,
32:18it did the exact opposite.
32:20It accelerated it.
32:43The Japanese army on September 22, 1941.
32:47The Japanese army on September 24, 1941.
32:51border in three places and advanced on the railhead near Longzhou.
33:02On the morning of the 24th, Japanese aircraft, in breach of the agreement with Vichy, attacked
33:09French positions on the coast.
33:17By the evening of the 26th, fighting had died down.
33:22Japan was allowed, amongst other concessions, three airfields, facing her aircraft within
33:28range of future targets and control of port and railway facilities that choked off a supply
33:35route into China.
33:37When the Japanese offensive to create the co-prosperity sphere was launched at the end
33:42of 1941, the air bases were critical to providing air support for the invasion of Malaya, Singapore,
33:50and the Dutch East Indies.
33:53Japan strikes south, conquered each area, providing the empire with tin, rubber, and above
33:59all, oil.
34:03One giant question mark hung over the plan.
34:10Japan.
34:12Japan.
34:18Japan.
34:20Japan.
34:23Japan.
34:23Japan.
34:24Japan.
34:24Japan.
34:25Japan.
34:25Japan.
34:26Japan.
34:28Japan.
34:29Japan.
34:30Japan.
34:32Japan.
34:42Japan.
34:52Japan.
34:54Japan.
34:55Japan.
34:55Japan.
35:00Japan.
35:02Japan.
35:06Japan.
35:08Japan.
35:09Japan.
35:09Egypt.
35:15Japan.
35:15Japan.
35:17He was in the U.S. and in Asia,
35:20and he was able to get to the military military
35:23and to get the military military.
35:25And the goal was to have a goal.
35:28The goal was to fight the Chinese war against the end of the war.
35:34That goal was to fight the war.
35:39And the goal was to fight the war.
35:41And the goal was to fight the war.
35:42So, in the end of the war, if you hit the American army in the war, you won't be able
35:49to get the American army out of the war.
35:59Prime Minister Kanoe thought it manifestly unwise for Japan to plunge into an unpredictable war and resigned on October 16,
36:091941.
36:13He was replaced by the war minister, Hideki Tojo, who said,
36:18If we just acquiesce to the American demand, everything we have achieved in China will be lost.東条という人はかなり独裁者のイメージがありますけれども、非常に人を使うのが上手い人だったんです。東条は一度失敗した人をもう一回使ってやるんですね。
36:56東条に忠誠を誓うんですね。天皇の信頼というのは非常に高かった。彼は確かに独裁者的なところはありましたけれども、ある意味でやっぱり非常に天皇には忠実だった人物であるというふうに言えると思います。
37:08彼の力の源は総理大臣であるということにあるのではなくて陸軍大臣ですね。当時戦争をやるについては国民を黙らせないといけない。
37:26で、憲兵を握っているのもやっぱり陸軍なんですよね。ですから、その東条秀樹の権力の源は陸軍大臣であるということに、その権力の源があって、彼はこれを最大限に利用しました。
37:51だけど、彼の力の前に立ち辱しを信じていることができるとは、おいしいとしています。それから、彼の戦争を強'dいかるとは、彼の戦争を戦するのができました。そのため、彼の戦争を戦争に決しています。
37:53There is a strong probability that our advance to the south will enable Germany and Italy to defeat England.
38:00It will also greatly increase the probability that we can force China to surrender, and then even the Soviet Union.
38:10Japan is already at war with the largest nation in the world in terms of population, China.
38:17She's planning for a war with the second largest nation in the world, territorially.
38:23The Soviet Union.
38:25And here she goes actively at war against the largest empire in the world, the British Empire, and the largest
38:34economy in the world, the United States, to say nothing of the other major maritime power like the Netherlands.
38:43On December 4th, the Imperial Combined Fleet was sailing for Hawaii under the command of national hero, Admiral Isoruko Yamamoto,
38:52who had studied at Harvard University.
38:54Admiral Yamamoto, he lived in the United States. He saw the oil fields of Texas. He saw the steel mills
39:02of Pittsburgh and Cleveland and the wheat fields of Kansas and Iowa.
39:07He knows the latent potential of the United States if it fully mobilize for war against anybody.
39:13Yeah, it was too many figures.
39:14After all the military, when I thought of being able to USD can't be able to impose weapons to defend
39:18the world.
39:18At that time, the American European forces come from China and India for wiping to Japan and try to make
39:32the allies
39:32逮捕戦をやるっていうのが海軍の
39:37基本的な戦略でしたので
39:39これを何とかしなきゃ
39:46その時にはいそ六が考えたのは日本がパーフェクトで勝つ方法は
39:48既 cie sa 戦之内アメリカ艦隊が ハワイのパールハーバーにいる時に
39:58そこにís
40:17攻撃をかけて全滅させれば、少なくても半年や1年はアメリカは日本及び東南アジアのところに来ることができない。
40:42その間に日本の東南アジアにおける、すなわち大東亜共栄圏ですね。共栄圏のブロックを完全にすれば。もちろん基本的に作戦を立案するのは陸軍や海軍が立案しますけれども、最終的な許可を与えるのは天皇です。
40:50天皇がオッケーを出さなければ、命令は出せない。
41:42戦を奪って、戦ったときの安全に、居宅にどろやる戦いに行くことができる。同じ国たちと一緒に敵がある意向を行くことで、強さが出まった原点を集め、全国は一緒に集められます。全国は一緒に集められることができることで、戦の一緒に堅持がないことができる。戦法の支援で、戦の使い方を決めることをできることができる。
42:06However, by the time the re-script declaring war had been made public, the first battle
42:13was over.
42:28Earlier on December 7th, Japan's striking force of six aircraft carriers were positioned
42:36northwest of Hawaii.
42:39Admiral Yamamoto's cable ordering the strike famously instructed, Nitaka Yamanabore, climb
42:47Mount Nitaka, attack as planned.
42:51Mount Nitaka was then the highest peak in the empire.
42:57A pilot said, I saw a heroic battle for the first time.
43:02To have been able to take part in this battle was for a warrior the greatest joy.
43:11The first wave of fighters and bombers struck at 07.50 hours in the morning.
43:3219 American ships were lost and damaged in the carnage, along with 300 airplanes.
43:38The deaths of military and civilian personnel exceeded 2,400.
43:47But Pearl Harbor was just one of Japan's Pacific targets.
43:5111,000 kilometers away and 40 minutes earlier, the first Japanese landings went ashore in Malaya.
44:00Three hours after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Hong Kong.
44:04To mount the coordinated offensive, Japan had 680,000 troops in China and 170,000 to be used elsewhere.
44:17Probably the largest globally synchronized series of one-day attacks in the history of mankind.
44:24They are attacking targets that stretch from the Indian Ocean to Pearl Harbor.
44:3011,000 kilometers away and 40,000 troops in the history of Japan.
44:42Hidayuki Kurabayashi remembered reading about the attacks in a newspaper.
44:47He thought Japan had done a bold thing.
44:49He remembered, everyone thought we would probably win.
44:54People were excited, they were really ecstatic.
44:57And the various government agencies, the home ministry, prefectural governments,
45:04and even local town and village governments carried out pro-war rallies beginning on December 10th.
45:14Kenji Kitagawa was a schoolboy.
45:17He remembered hearing the news on the radio.
45:21My mother and father said how a terrible thing had happened.
45:25Because besides the people in high spirits saying we won the battle at Pearl Harbor,
45:30there were many Japanese who were concerned about going to war against such big countries.
45:36They were anxious about what would happen.
45:39People who had some sense of American power are very upset
45:44because they don't think Japan can defeat a country as great as America.
45:5141-year-old Sakamoto Tane, who lived in a port city on the island of Shikoku,
45:57expressed the general feeling in her diary when she wrote,
46:00At long last, the war has started.
46:05We were all in the US.
46:09We started to fight in Japan,
46:11and we had a war with Japan.
46:19We were all in the US.
46:21We were all in the US.
46:25We had to fight in Japan.
46:31We were all in the US.
46:32We were all in the US.
46:49the Asahi Shindu newspaper described the scenes in Hiroshima city on December 9th
46:56yesterday's excitement turned today to a determination to serve in ways that could lead to certain victory
47:02and in the cold rain that had been falling from early morning crowds of ordinary people
47:08went to pray for certain victory at the Gokoku Shrine
47:21the governor of Shizuoka prefecture said recognizing that the conflict will be long each of us should
47:29pledge to overcome the 10,000 difficulties overthrow the enemy countries and move towards their
47:35annihilation and the rallies had grand names like rally to support the greater East Asia war or a
47:46rally to support the annihilation of the Americans and the British some of these rallies attracted as
47:52many as 70,000 people West of Hawaii lie a ring of fortified islands that would render Japan's
48:08co-prosperity sphere defensible Wake and Guam were American outposts that upset the integrity of Japan's
48:18perimeter each were targets in Japan's mass assault on the Pacific Guam fell at once however a marine
48:28garrison held out on wake for two weeks until December 23rd Japan had galvanized its foothold in the Pacific
48:37but the ramifications of war was soon to be felt on January 7th the USS Pollock sunk a Japanese freighter
48:47off Tokyo it was the first of 1113 merchant ships and 201 warships American submariners were to sink in the
48:57Pacific
48:57war belts started to tighten on the home front but early success fueled the military and Admiral
49:09Mutomiyukaki declared on New Year's Day 1942 the main thing is to win and we surely will
49:19the Japanese described themselves as being victory drunk their troops were closing in on the supposedly
49:26impregnable fortress of Singapore and their navy was making plans to draw the Americans into a
49:34decisive encounter near an island of which nobody had heard Midway
49:51PBS America discovers how monasteries shaped every aspect of medieval Britain and created a dazzling ray of art
49:59architecture and literature in Saints and Sinners a millennium of monasteries next
50:05so
50:07the
50:09the
50:09hmm
50:12bye
50:16bar
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