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The Challenger Disaster (2013) (ENG) HD [Full Movie] [Full Story]Full EP - Full
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00:00:13Tonight's Space Shuttle Challenger on launch pad 39B as the Mammoth Space Center in Florida.
00:00:19It accounted and continues for tomorrow's launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger with its crew of seven, including New Hampshire
00:00:25school teacher Kristen McAuliffe.
00:00:38The Challenger mission L-51 has been the 51-L mission ready to go.
00:00:44At seven o'clock, the Challenger crew met with their traditional pre-flight breakfast.
00:00:49Roger, thanks Randy.
00:00:51And they're shooting O2-4.
00:00:52Ok, everybody.
00:00:53Cabs in.
00:00:54Copy P-O2.
00:00:55The Pfizer's down.
00:00:57The Sino 2-1.
00:00:58The Sino 2-1.
00:01:03Ladies and gentlemen of the faculty, students, if I add please.
00:01:08Please welcome our esteemed guest lecturer.
00:01:13Winner of the Einstein Award.
00:01:16One of the ten most significant physicists of all time.
00:01:20Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Dr. Richard Feynman.
00:01:41I bribed him to sell the nice stuff.
00:01:43Clearly I just escaped from jail.
00:01:49Energy from potential to kinetic gives you...
00:01:55You see that?
00:01:56No.
00:01:58Don't write it down.
00:02:00Don't write it down.
00:02:03Don't write it down until you know what it means.
00:02:15This will not hurt you.
00:02:17It might hurt me.
00:02:35why didn't i have you write down the equation
00:02:40you'd write it out la de da de da you feel pretty smart right
00:02:45but now you understand it mom hurry up coming just getting down in about three minutes and
00:02:51they think they can do it they are accounting the ice is cleared away and challenger should
00:02:56be going away very soon let's get out of the kennedy space center and take a look at challengers
00:03:00sitting on the pad as they continue the countdown challenges launch will be the 25th space shuttle
00:03:06mission it's estimated over 30 000 people have been involved yeah i don't want to come out there
00:03:12at a total cost of nearly 40 billion dollars okay everybody there goes christopher mcauliffe
00:03:20first teacher in space during the mission mcauliffe will be conducting scientific experiments which
00:03:26will be beamed live to children in school rooms across america the new hampshire teachers describe
00:03:31challenger as the ultimate field trip what is science science is a way to teach how something
00:03:39gets to be known
00:03:45in as much as anything can be known because nothing is known absolutely it's how to handle doubt
00:03:55and uncertainty
00:04:00eight seven six we have main engine start four three two one
00:04:10liftoff of the 25th space shuttle mission and it has cleared the tower
00:04:15solutions
00:04:29challenger go with throttle up science teaches us what the rules of evidence are
00:04:37we mess with that at our peril
00:04:51We will report more as we have information available.
00:04:59Checking with the recovery forces.
00:05:05Obviously a major malfunction.
00:05:09We have no downlink.
00:05:28The Space Agency NASA has not yet confirmed the deaths of the school teacher and six other astronauts who were
00:05:35on board the shuttle Challenger when it exploded on takeoff this morning in Florida.
00:05:39But there seems little doubt that there were any survivors.
00:05:41NASA is conducting a news conference at this moment.
00:05:46Challenger exploded into a fireball and pieces came down in the Atlantic.
00:05:50Never in 25 launches of the space shuttle had a life been lost.
00:05:55Today that record went down in flames.
00:05:58Tonight the search for survivors turned up not.
00:06:01The search for answers is just starting.
00:06:03Bruce Hall begins our coverage of a spaceship that became a fireball and a national tragedy.
00:06:09Go on for launch.
00:06:11And lift off.
00:06:12And lift to the cheers of the young students of the first ever U.S. teacher astronaut.
00:06:17Moments later a massive explosion.
00:06:20The cheering stops.
00:06:22I'm sorry, I can't watch this stuff.
00:06:29Seven Americans with the highest hopes.
00:06:32A billion dollars worth of the highest technology.
00:06:35Gone in suckers.
00:06:37The worst disaster in the U.S. space program ever.
00:06:53Hello?
00:06:53Uh, hold on, hold on.
00:06:54No.
00:06:55Wait.
00:07:02Fine, my menagerie.
00:07:05Sorry, how was it?
00:07:06Hold on, hold on.
00:07:07Oh.
00:07:10Yeah, who's this?
00:07:13Bill.
00:07:13Bill Hope.
00:07:15Bill Graham.
00:07:18I've got 15,000 former students.
00:07:21Listen pal, how did you get a hold of my home number?
00:07:26You're ahead of what?
00:07:29NASA?
00:07:51You got your results back yet?
00:07:53Nope.
00:07:59What's booking yet?
00:08:00I got a phone call this morning.
00:08:05They want me to go to Washington.
00:08:08To sit on a presidential inquiry thing.
00:08:11What?
00:08:13Find out why the shuttle exploded.
00:08:16Did you say yes?
00:08:17I'm not even that into the space program.
00:08:20I know people died, and I'm very sorry about that, but...
00:08:24Quinn, I do my work, my teaching, you guys.
00:08:31They just wanna say that they bag the famous physicist guy.
00:08:36They're a bunch of bureaucrats and generals with pokers up their asses, you know?
00:08:45What?
00:08:46You just said it.
00:08:47They wouldn't know where to look.
00:08:49You would.
00:08:50You can't pass up a puzzle.
00:08:52You're not as important as this.
00:09:01I'm sorry, love, you're right.
00:09:03I wasn't thinking.
00:09:06Write and explain that you're not fitting.
00:09:08I'm fit.
00:09:09I'm fit.
00:09:10What are you kidding?
00:09:11I'm fit as a fiddle.
00:09:12What do you Yorkshire folks say?
00:09:15I'm fit as a flea.
00:09:17You want the proof?
00:09:18Yeah, especially.
00:09:19You smell so good.
00:09:24Okay, but...
00:09:25then you'd have no excuse.
00:09:30Damn you, woman.
00:09:37I'll have to wear a tie.
00:09:58I'll have to wear a tie.
00:10:07well…
00:10:07well…
00:10:08it's cold…
00:10:10NASA headquarters…
00:10:12NASA, you've got it.
00:10:15Cold.
00:10:19With America still in shock after the world's worst space disaster, the address given by President Reagan in the hours
00:10:25following the accident now seems to have captured the mood of a nation.
00:10:29we mourn seven heroes we mourn their loss as a nation together are you something to do the
00:10:34inquiry there yeah i'm on the presidential commission alongside some super important
00:10:41people and slipped survey bonds of earth to touch the face of god focus now turns to the cause of
00:10:49the tragedy as the presidential commission we got to get back up there something went really wrong
00:11:12keep that thank you sir could i trouble you for an autograph sure who do i make it out to
00:11:21him oh not you sir i meant mr neil armstrong first man on the moon you can mail it that's
00:11:30my driver
00:11:30number at that address okay i promise thank you thank you
00:11:47professor mr armstrong excuse me i think we met i'm bill rogers i'm chairman of the commission
00:11:54we're very fortunate to have you with us hey i've got somebody who wants to meet you
00:11:59the first woman in space oh wow mr me i'll never do it dr alden laureate richard feyman your name
00:12:08i recognize too several years oh how is your integrity seriously
00:12:22commissioner i appreciate you all coming together at short notice
00:12:27we have a huge vital task ahead of us upon which might depend the future of man's space flight in
00:12:34this country now i intend for this investigation to follow an orderly and proper procedure we are
00:12:42not going to conduct it in a manner that is in any way unfairly critical of nasa because we believe
00:12:49and certainly i believe that nasa has done an excellent job and i believe that the american people think
00:12:54so too anyway we have to accept the fact that this shuttle is the most complex machine that's ever
00:13:04been built understand it has more than two and a half million parts it may be after due consideration
00:13:10it's just not possible to identify the cause now in terms of scheduling that's nothing
00:13:18i'm sorry dr feyman two and a half million small potatoes i mean really look i i i don't know
00:13:25much
00:13:26about space rockets but i know a little something about probability something i developed called um path
00:13:33integral formulation
00:13:38it's quantum mechanics but um basically what it means is that you can figure out the probability
00:13:46of something occurring not just when you've got two and a half million events but an infinity of possibilities
00:13:55you know over large the number of causal paths for whatever happened to challenger an explanation can be found
00:14:07what are we doing here if we don't think it's possible all right
00:14:16uh chairman rogers i i headed an investigation into the failure of a titan rocket and i i suggest i
00:14:22outline
00:14:23the procedure we use there i appreciate the offer general continue but i think in this case there's
00:14:27far less collectible evidence i don't like to contradict you sir but in the case of the shuttle as
00:14:34there were human beings aboard there it generates far more database material mr rogers what the general
00:14:38said is the case there are external cameras there are black box recordings there are telemetry sensors
00:14:43there's a great deal of information thank you general container and mr armstrong i'm certain we can get back to
00:14:49this
00:14:50please anyone chairman yes i don't know about anyone else but uh coming in i got some major press attention
00:14:59i'd like to know what we're to say for the sake of the astronaut families what are we saying at
00:15:05this point
00:15:06this is very important any and all inquiries from the press are to be directed to chairman rogers office
00:15:14so the plan is lady and gentlemen we will reconvene in five days time but for the president enjoy your
00:15:23stay
00:15:23in washington what we're not gonna press it kill we don't start right away
00:15:53dr feinman bill graham head of nasa thank you another guy that got me into this
00:15:59well i took your physics x lectures way back never forgotten i think you're going to bring
00:16:04something unique to the commission i abandoned my teaching and a lot of important consulting to
00:16:10come here i didn't imagine i was going to be told to sit on my tush for a week
00:16:17so here's what i'm going to need i'm going to need a crash course shuttle designer i need to know
00:16:22everything when how this thing was put together so you can start supplying me with technical manuals
00:16:26and so forth and most of all you got to get me straight on the factory floor pretty new to
00:16:31nasa
00:16:31myself we actually only took over two months ago that's bad timing we're based here in washington
00:16:37but the shuttle engines and systems are all out the marshall space flight center it pretty much
00:16:41takes care of itself you're the head of the whole schmear i mean you can get me in this marshall
00:16:45place otherwise i'm a busy fellow i'll do my best i'll get on it right away all right thanks
00:16:55i like that you didn't live up there on the mighty chairman
00:17:01you take it i don't care for limousine well neither do i i'm just a two-star general
00:17:06don't get assigned limousine take the subway pleasure you too maxi
00:17:20oh and there was a phone call for you sir please call your doctor
00:17:28doctor weiss the elevator is just to your right sir
00:18:00to begin what may be a lengthy process millions of americans who watched our heroes perish only
00:18:0673 seconds after takeoff on that cold january morning are waiting for answers nancy and i are
00:18:12tamed to the core for the tragedy of the shuttle challenge hello all the people of our country
00:18:19graham future doesn't believe you got me in great don't take a plane down in the morning
00:18:27thanks alpha plus
00:18:31i've always had great faith in and respect for our space program we don't hide our space program
00:18:37we don't keep secrets and cover things up we do it all up front and in public
00:18:43that's the way freedom is and we wouldn't change it for a minute
00:18:58oh that's immense this is an identical craft no it's a training simulator
00:19:04for your purposes the flight back systems the payload bay etc virtually identical
00:19:17that's
00:19:18nice
00:19:18you want to see the flight deck
00:19:19uh
00:19:41You have four human beings jammed in this space.
00:19:45Can I sit here?
00:19:46Yeah.
00:19:50Wow.
00:19:52Okay.
00:19:54They got S-band communication links, environmental control systems, cabin pressure gauges.
00:20:02What is that?
00:20:03Emergency oxygen.
00:20:05Don't touch things.
00:20:11Come on.
00:20:14Come on.
00:20:17Come on.
00:20:36Given all your experience, what you thought the probability was of an accident on any single
00:20:42lodge.
00:20:43What would you say?
00:20:51If you don't want to say out loud, perhaps you could write down on a piece of paper.
00:21:08Okay.
00:21:10Okay.
00:21:10You're looking at the solid rocket boosters.
00:21:12Okay.
00:21:13So, they're not made here.
00:21:16No.
00:21:17They're made by our contractors, Morton Thiokol in Utah.
00:21:20Railroaded into Kennedy and Inception.
00:21:22That's a pretty standard Tang and Cleavis joint.
00:21:25Look, there's no ways it was the solid rocket boosters.
00:21:27How so certain?
00:21:28Because they don't fly with holes in them.
00:21:31If it was the SRB, it would have exploded on the launch pad.
00:21:34These kept on flying.
00:21:35You see it in the footage.
00:21:36You watch the footage.
00:21:38Tell me what you saw.
00:21:39What went through your mind.
00:21:41What did you think it was?
00:21:43I thought it was the main engines.
00:21:45Okay.
00:21:45Why?
00:21:46Why the main engines?
00:21:47Because of the complexity.
00:21:48They're working at the outer edge of any experience base.
00:21:52In the blade technology.
00:21:54No, no, no.
00:21:55It's more than the blades.
00:21:56It's...
00:21:56Hey.
00:21:58There is no ways that I'm ratting out my co-workers here.
00:22:01Look, pal.
00:22:02If we're not allowed to find out what went wrong, there will be no more co-workers.
00:22:07All these jobs will be gone.
00:22:08Caput.
00:22:11It won't be another shuttle launch.
00:22:16Of the events on the morning of the 28th of January,
00:22:19the Presidential Commission investigating the accident headed by former Secretary of State William Rogers
00:22:24has met mostly behind closed doors.
00:22:29So far, it's given no hints about what it believes may have been the cost.
00:22:36Meanwhile, off the coast of Florida, the hunt for Challenger wreckage continues.
00:22:40The combined NASA, Naval and Coast Guard operation involving 14 ships, 4 submarines and 11 aircraft
00:22:45is combing hundreds of square miles of ocean.
00:22:48Although NASA today released pictures showing recovered debris,
00:22:51they've been unable to confirm if they've found the crew compartment.
00:22:54In the absence of detailed information about what happened to Challenger,
00:22:57speculation about the cause of the accident continues to grow.
00:23:01Recent theories include everything from a computer programming error
00:23:03to unusually strong winds.
00:23:34The
00:23:43Chairman Rogers, the boat's, uh, just pulled in the crew compartment.
00:23:52Can you tell me, was the oxygen activated?
00:23:57Yes, Dr. Ride.
00:23:59It was.
00:24:01We, uh, maybe won't make that public.
00:24:05Straight away.
00:24:07Excuse me.
00:24:24Dr. Feynman, it's very important that this team stays together all the time.
00:24:32Why?
00:24:35It's been reported to me that you spent some time at Marshall, alone.
00:24:40That's not very helpful.
00:24:41Oh, no, Mr. Rogers, I don't find it helpful to stand around.
00:24:46The other commissioners are just being respectful.
00:24:49And you're saying I'm not?
00:24:53You understand the implications of the oxygen being activated?
00:24:58I do.
00:24:58The astronauts had to do that themselves, which means that they were alive for at least some of those two
00:25:08minutes and 36 seconds before they slammed into the ocean.
00:25:11Mr. Rogers, I'm an atheist, and I personally doubt that they're touching the face of God, so I prefer to
00:25:15show my respect by finding the cause of their appalling deaths and not stand around looking sad.
00:25:23You know, I didn't even want to be on this commission, but now that I'm on it, I got every
00:25:27intention of finding out what went wrong.
00:25:29You know, I don't know that NASA did an excellent job.
00:25:44The crew will be leaving in 30 minutes, except for General Kutina, who's made his own arrangements.
00:25:50I also may have my own arrangements.
00:25:55I can't force you to go.
00:25:57Nope.
00:25:58Nope.
00:25:59Nope.
00:26:00Nope.
00:26:00Nope.
00:26:01Nope.
00:26:02Nope.
00:26:03Nope.
00:26:04Nope.
00:26:17Are you going to work all night?
00:26:23Uh, if necessary.
00:26:25I don't know.
00:26:26How do you plan to get back to Washington?
00:26:28Uh...
00:26:28I got myself in kind of a pickle.
00:26:31I want to go back to Marshall...
00:26:34I guess I'll hire a car, but it's hundreds of miles.
00:26:37Well, I can give you a lift. I'll drop you in Alabama.
00:26:40Oh.
00:26:43Here, post 600.
00:26:45Okay.
00:26:57Well, I may not get a limo, but occasionally I get the use of a government jet.
00:27:02No.
00:27:03You imagine I was going to drive you 400 miles?
00:27:05This is tremendous.
00:27:09New for you?
00:27:11You serious?
00:27:12No.
00:27:20It's okay.
00:27:28You know, what you have to realize is that you are uniquely independent.
00:27:34Yeah, how's that?
00:27:35Well, everyone on the commission has strong associations.
00:27:40So how?
00:27:42Well, to NASA, Armstrong, Ride, the government, Keele, Rogers was Secretary of State, and Bill Graham's even a personal friend
00:27:50of President Reagan's.
00:27:52And you?
00:27:53Me, the Air Force.
00:27:56How does the Air Force?
00:27:57Air Force, 3-9-2-6-5.
00:27:59Level 4-2-0.
00:28:01Head in 3-2-0.
00:28:02I'm not in the air.
00:28:04265.
00:28:15I'm not in the air.
00:28:16That's a fighter pilot's expression at 6 o'clock, the blind spot directly behind you.
00:28:23Uh-huh.
00:28:26Watch my ass.
00:28:28What the hell?
00:28:32Okay.
00:28:32Watch your ass here.
00:28:34What?
00:28:34It's a little steep.
00:28:59That's what we call the diamond.
00:29:01Wow, now that is very beautiful.
00:29:11What the hell?
00:29:13You happy with that, with that vibration?
00:29:15Don't worry, it steadies again after 65%.
00:29:21But to get to 65%, you gotta go through that?
00:29:25Sometimes, yeah.
00:29:31Can I see components?
00:29:33The blades?
00:29:43Oh, what is that?
00:29:46It's a crack in this blade.
00:29:49Yeah, it is an obvious crack.
00:30:02The blades often get those after a flight, but that's not a flight safety problem.
00:30:07Well, what is it, then?
00:30:08We were told to log it as a maintenance problem.
00:30:10Only if it develops into a full fracture, that would be a failure.
00:30:14So a failure only happens if it actually shears off?
00:30:17Uh-huh.
00:30:21Well, failure is the crack.
00:30:23Well, you could argue that failure is the crack.
00:30:26I mean, because it's not in the design.
00:30:28You know what I know is not supposed to crack.
00:30:35Who has the rest of the test data?
00:30:41Is that it?
00:30:43I guess that's it.
00:30:50I hope it happens.
00:30:51Do it.
00:31:51As early as 1,375 seconds, equivalent to full power level.
00:31:56Also, at 4,000 hertz, there's some nasty vibrations.
00:32:00So you think the cause lies within the engine?
00:32:02I bet my last dime on it. I just got back from Marshall.
00:32:05I just heard an interesting new definition of the word failure.
00:32:09Well, it's interesting that you should say that, Doctor.
00:32:12We've just received the telemetry data from NASA, and the sensors on the engines show that they performed absolutely perfectly.
00:32:21Get out of here.
00:32:22The engines began to shut down as fuel pressure decreased, exactly as designed.
00:32:31Well, that's extremely lucky, because I'm telling you, those engines have profound problems.
00:32:36Now, there is a step-by-step process for us all to follow.
00:32:41And I respectfully request that, from now on, you abide by it.
00:32:48We're all trying to find the answer.
00:32:52All right.
00:32:54Shall we begin?
00:32:58Step by step.
00:33:02All right.
00:33:03All right.
00:33:08Prof.
00:33:12Don't let the chairman put you off.
00:33:16Look, you should come by the house at night for a bite if that appeals.
00:33:21Yeah?
00:33:22Okay, good.
00:33:23Excuse me for a second.
00:33:24Listen, I robbed that stuff.
00:33:25Graham, why didn't I know that we had the results from the sensors on the engines?
00:33:30NASA drip-feeding us information to suit itself.
00:33:33I hear you.
00:33:34Doing this with one hand tied behind my back.
00:33:37I hear you, but...
00:33:40Richard?
00:33:46You okay?
00:33:54I'll see you tomorrow.
00:34:09I goofed.
00:34:12I thought I had the answer. It was way off.
00:34:15So what are you gonna do?
00:34:16Are you gonna stick with it?
00:34:18I don't know.
00:34:23Listen, there's a knock on the door. I'll call you later.
00:34:26All right, I'll go.
00:34:37Yep, you look right.
00:34:57I'll call you later.
00:34:57I'm not sure why they chose to do this.
00:34:59Just lay them out in this order, just didn't want to tell them.
00:35:02But this is half that.
00:35:06Sherman Rogers.
00:35:07Those would be the same.
00:35:09This is half.
00:35:09NASA's failure analysis team supplied a still from camera E-207, trained on flight.
00:35:20Seems like it took a long time for this photograph to appear.
00:35:23Well, it's here now.
00:35:25What is that?
00:35:29A flame coming from a position on the side of the solid rocket booster?
00:35:35Did we know that?
00:35:35Did we know that already?
00:35:42We get stills from other angles, am I right?
00:35:47They had cameras all around.
00:35:48Yeah.
00:35:48Yes.
00:35:49Some of the cameras that were looking directly at the area were not working on the day, I'm told.
00:36:01Well, that's unfortunate.
00:36:04Hmm.
00:36:09Can I have that, please?
00:36:10Of course.
00:36:27Am I super late?
00:36:28I had to pick this up at the lab.
00:36:30No, no, it's not a problem.
00:36:31Nice car.
00:36:33You like it?
00:36:34I like it.
00:36:35I love it.
00:36:37I don't know if that enlargement's going to tell us anything.
00:36:40Let's see.
00:36:43Well, it's somewhat clear, no?
00:36:45No, that just makes the whole thing wider open.
00:36:46The flame is sharper.
00:36:47But that flame, where is it originating?
00:36:49And perhaps what we're seeing is the tip of a larger flame on the other side where there's no damn
00:36:53camera.
00:36:55A flame is not a cause.
00:36:57A flame is an effect.
00:36:59It's a symptom.
00:37:01It doesn't tell us which component.
00:37:03Split, sheared off, cracked.
00:37:05It shows us nothing.
00:37:08It takes us nowhere.
00:37:11I want to show you something.
00:37:12Multiple successful launches, identical components, and launch locations.
00:37:17So what made that day special?
00:37:19What were the variables?
00:37:21Take a break, Prof.
00:37:36Oh, you lucky fella.
00:37:38Yeah, I'd be lucky if I could get it running.
00:37:41It's out of commission.
00:37:42Yeah, the carburetor's seasoned this weather.
00:37:49This must be how you stay calm.
00:37:52Roger the Dodger has got me going crazy with the process of his.
00:37:58He's a lawyer.
00:37:59He's working it through the way he knows.
00:38:01Yeah, well, maybe some others are kind of working it through the way they know.
00:38:05What, you think somebody's working it for themselves?
00:38:08Do you?
00:38:10It's Washington, after all.
00:38:12Yeah, I can't believe I got myself back in this world.
00:38:14Government, politics, military guys like me.
00:38:19You're surprisingly okay.
00:38:24I guess you had your fill of military personnel through the 40s, so.
00:38:33What was your role back then?
00:38:37When?
00:38:39During the war, with the A-bond.
00:38:45I did the theoretical figuring.
00:38:49It was the math.
00:38:51I calculated how much fissionable material would be necessary to make an effective weapon.
00:39:00It's not a good use of science.
00:39:10You helped end the war.
00:39:11Yeah.
00:39:15Wow.
00:39:16This is beautiful.
00:39:19Shall we try that Bordeaux?
00:39:21You go ahead.
00:39:22I no longer drink.
00:39:23I drink.
00:39:23I can't think.
00:39:35Oh, sir, we had maintenance look at your heating.
00:39:38Oh, thank you.
00:39:39Let me know if you still feel chilly.
00:39:41Yeah.
00:39:51Could you help me find the number of the National Weather Service?
00:40:00Can I borrow this?
00:40:02Sure.
00:40:03Yeah, please.
00:40:05Um, not a forecast.
00:40:07Uh, temperature at Cape Canaveral, nearby.
00:40:11Yeah, Jacksonville, Florida, on the morning of the 28th of January.
00:40:36That's the variable.
00:40:40I got the variable.
00:40:42It was freezing cold in the morning of the launch.
00:40:44We need to focus our questioning of the NASA managers on stuff to do with temperature.
00:40:49Temperature?
00:40:50You talking about ice?
00:40:50I don't know.
00:40:51Perhaps out of weight of ice.
00:40:52Perhaps some metal component becoming brittle.
00:40:55I don't know which component.
00:40:56There are only two and a half million possibilities.
00:40:58I'm pretty certain.
00:41:00Certain as you were about the engines?
00:41:04Not...
00:41:10Anything from NASA failure analysis?
00:41:13I'll do this afternoon.
00:41:16Dr. Feynman's becoming a real pain in the ass.
00:41:21Well, yeah.
00:41:26You betcha.
00:41:27I don't know.
00:41:31I don't know.
00:41:35I don't know.
00:41:41I don't know.
00:41:43I don't know.
00:41:44I don't know.
00:41:47I don't know.
00:41:48I don't know.
00:41:50I don't know.
00:41:52I don't know.
00:41:53I don't know.
00:41:54I don't know.
00:41:56I don't know.
00:41:57I don't know.
00:42:14Dr. Weiss?
00:42:15There.
00:42:19What are you doing here?
00:42:21Well, if the mountain won't go to Muhammad,
00:42:24you didn't answer my calls.
00:42:26So you tracked me down all the way across the country?
00:42:29No, no, no.
00:42:30I'm at Washington Hospital Center for a conference.
00:42:32You got an hour to come over there?
00:42:34Now?
00:42:35Yeah.
00:42:38Sure.
00:42:39Hold on.
00:42:42Um, I need to get this delivered to Dr. Keogh,
00:42:46Presidential Commission, this address.
00:42:49It's extremely important that I get there.
00:42:51Yes, sir.
00:42:56Good to see you.
00:42:58Hi.
00:43:10With a vengeance?
00:43:13Mm-hmm.
00:43:15It's compromising your remaining kidney.
00:43:19Show me the cells.
00:43:22Sure.
00:43:34Okay.
00:43:35That is not so pretty.
00:43:38I read up my chances if my sarcoma recurred.
00:43:42What's the deal if we add in this lymphoma?
00:43:45It's pretty difficult to calculate the decline.
00:43:47Don't.
00:43:48Wazel it, Doc.
00:43:49It's meth.
00:43:50Look, Dick.
00:43:51It's not something we see.
00:43:53The particular cancers you have,
00:43:55they're extremely rare.
00:43:57Chance of having them in conjunction.
00:44:00Yeah, but given what you were doing during the war...
00:44:02Mm-hmm.
00:44:03Could it even matters?
00:44:07What do you think?
00:44:08Well, the radiation,
00:44:09a lot of safety precautions were there.
00:44:11For the test, I...
00:44:14For the test, I had a pair of dark glasses,
00:44:16which I never put on.
00:44:18Jeez, they were...
00:44:20They were crazy days.
00:44:23We never slept.
00:44:25And we were on fire, you know,
00:44:27getting the theory and the math and the physics.
00:44:31It was a race.
00:44:32We thought we were saving civilization,
00:44:33but then we found out the Germans didn't have
00:44:36nuclear capability,
00:44:37and we kept on.
00:44:38Science was so exciting.
00:44:49Should have stopped.
00:44:52We threw a party.
00:44:54More people struggled and died.
00:44:56We threw a party.
00:44:57Hey, you were young.
00:45:00I wasn't a child.
00:45:02Yeah.
00:45:15I guess we'll talk on the phone.
00:45:17Sure.
00:45:20I think there are probably worse ways to go.
00:45:25Hey.
00:45:26Yeah?
00:45:27It's, uh, possibly lymphoma.
00:45:30The blood gets gummy.
00:45:31The pill is loose.
00:45:33Thanks.
00:45:35Yeah, I just taught me components
00:45:37that are flexible.
00:45:39Like, what about a solid rocket booster?
00:45:42Go ahead.
00:45:48Thank you, Louis.
00:45:50Hey.
00:45:51I thought this might be helpful.
00:45:53It's a section model of the SRB joint.
00:45:57I don't want to see a model.
00:45:58I want to see the real thing.
00:46:09So there are two O-rings
00:46:12and they squidge in here.
00:46:14Correct.
00:46:16Has there ever been a history of problems with them?
00:46:19Well, there has been some erosion.
00:46:21Even some blow-by.
00:46:23Blow-by is what?
00:46:24So, getting past the first O-ring.
00:46:27No, I mean that the seal is incomplete.
00:46:29Right.
00:46:30But the manufacturer said that...
00:46:31Morton Thiokol.
00:46:32Right.
00:46:32Thiokol said that the blow-by
00:46:34never got past the second O-ring.
00:46:36Never.
00:46:36But if something prevented the O-ring
00:46:39from doing its job,
00:46:42if it became rigid,
00:46:44because, for example,
00:46:46it was cold.
00:46:58I think
00:46:59what we're looking at
00:47:00is the O-rings
00:47:01within the seal of the SRB.
00:47:04Lower temperatures
00:47:05would diminish the flexibility.
00:47:06Rubber would get harder,
00:47:07less malleable.
00:47:08At a certain point,
00:47:09it would be too rigid
00:47:10to move into the gap.
00:47:13Bill,
00:47:15I need any data
00:47:16NASA have
00:47:18on the timings of Springback.
00:47:20Resilience
00:47:21of the SRB O-rings
00:47:23in response to temperature.
00:47:26Ladies and gentlemen,
00:47:26good morning.
00:47:27Just a reminder
00:47:29that we have many witnesses today
00:47:31and the press
00:47:32will be in the room.
00:47:34Yeah.
00:47:35Ladies and gentlemen,
00:47:37I would like to call
00:47:37the commission to order,
00:47:38so please
00:47:39take your seats.
00:47:41Make yourselves comfortable.
00:47:45Pilot to co-pilot.
00:47:46Fix your hair.
00:47:48Our first witness
00:47:50is Mr. Malloy.
00:47:51Mr. Malloy,
00:47:52would you come forward
00:47:53and identify yourself, please?
00:47:55I am Lawrence Malloy,
00:47:57Solid Rocket Booster Project Manager
00:47:59for NASA
00:48:00at the Marshall Space Flag Center.
00:48:02All right.
00:48:03Commissioners,
00:48:04anyone?
00:48:08Dr. Rye.
00:48:11Mr. Malloy,
00:48:13in your position
00:48:14at the Marshall Space Flight Center,
00:48:16you'd be aware of
00:48:18correspondence,
00:48:19memos, etc.
00:48:22I guess I'm wondering
00:48:24whether memos exist
00:48:25relating to
00:48:27problems of launching
00:48:28with the O-rings
00:48:29at low temperatures.
00:48:31I understand
00:48:32the morning the launch
00:48:32was exceptionally cold.
00:48:34I'm not aware
00:48:35of such documents
00:48:36at Marshall.
00:48:39It's not correspondence,
00:48:41but on the evening
00:48:42before the launch,
00:48:43as a matter of routine,
00:48:46those of us from NASA
00:48:47asked our technical people
00:48:48and our contractors
00:48:49if there were any concerns
00:48:52about low temperature.
00:48:55Morton Thiokol,
00:48:56who make the Solid Rocket Boosters,
00:48:58presented us with the fact
00:48:59that the lowest temperature
00:49:00we had ever flown
00:49:01in O-ring
00:49:02was 53 degrees,
00:49:04and they wanted to point out
00:49:07that we would be outside
00:49:08of that experience base.
00:49:10But having heard the discussion,
00:49:12we all concluded
00:49:13that there was no problem
00:49:15with the predicted temperatures.
00:49:17And I have a document
00:49:18from the management
00:49:19of Morton Thiokol
00:49:19to that effect.
00:49:22Well, thank you.
00:49:23Thank you, Mr. Malloy.
00:49:24You may stand down
00:49:25for the time, V.
00:49:27Some guy in the back
00:49:28who wants to say something.
00:49:30I have something to add.
00:49:32I beg your pardon,
00:49:33I hear it.
00:49:33We need to add
00:49:33to what he said, please.
00:49:35All right, sir.
00:49:36Please, step forward.
00:49:37Step forward.
00:49:37Identify yourself.
00:49:46My name is Alan McDonald.
00:49:49I work for Morton Thiokol.
00:49:51I'm the director
00:49:52of the Solid Rocket Motors project.
00:49:54So I was at the launch
00:49:56at Kennedy.
00:49:57I'd like to say something
00:49:58about the meeting
00:49:59the night before the launch
00:50:00that Mr. Malloy talked about.
00:50:05Our Thiokol engineers
00:50:08warned NASA.
00:50:11They recommended NASA
00:50:13not to launch
00:50:14below 53 degrees.
00:50:16And I agreed with them.
00:50:17That was the coldest
00:50:18that we knew was safe.
00:50:20So you said
00:50:21not to launch
00:50:23below 53 degrees.
00:50:25And what was the actual
00:50:26temperature that morning?
00:50:28We believed that at launch
00:50:30it was going to be much colder.
00:50:32Below 32 degrees.
00:50:35Below freezing.
00:50:38NASA wasn't happy
00:50:39with that.
00:50:40Larry Malloy
00:50:42said, my God, fire call.
00:50:44When do we launch?
00:50:46April?
00:50:49Let me understand this.
00:50:51Now,
00:50:54are you saying
00:50:55that NASA applied pressure
00:50:56to change
00:50:58the launch recommendation?
00:51:00Yes, sir.
00:51:01There was pressure.
00:51:03They said, go review the data.
00:51:05Our people in Utah
00:51:05came back
00:51:06and recommended to NASA
00:51:08to launch.
00:51:10I refuse to sign.
00:51:16It is important
00:51:17that NASA be given
00:51:19the opportunity
00:51:20to respond.
00:51:21What's just been alleged?
00:51:23We must allow...
00:51:24What the hell
00:51:25is going on here?
00:51:33Some people say
00:51:34McDonald's not going to CYA.
00:51:35CYA, what is that?
00:51:37NASA stands for
00:51:37cover your ass.
00:51:38But if they were warned...
00:51:40The astronauts
00:51:40you warned.
00:51:41I want to know
00:51:42what's happening right here
00:51:43between NASA
00:51:43and the contractors.
00:51:44We need to talk
00:51:45more to him.
00:51:47Richard.
00:51:48Richard.
00:51:49The data you wanted
00:51:50was just the time
00:51:51of the organization.
00:51:51Okay, thanks.
00:51:51We need to hear
00:51:52more from him.
00:51:52Can you stop
00:51:53Mr. McDonald
00:51:54from...
00:51:57Nah...
00:52:32Hi, I need to contact Alan McDonald with NASA's Challenger Failure Analysis Team.
00:52:38I phoned, but I was told he's no longer in Washington.
00:52:42That information is restricted.
00:52:46He was on the team, but he's been removed?
00:52:49I can't answer that, sir.
00:52:57Look, all I want to do is speak to Alan McDonald.
00:53:01What?
00:53:01So there's no one I can talk to in the whole entirety of Morton Fire Call?
00:53:06There's no one who can answer my question?
00:53:10Well, have a nice day.
00:53:45I tried to find McDonald.
00:53:48No luck, but it's clear why his bosses want to please NASA.
00:53:52Very big money at stake.
00:53:54I'll catch you later.
00:54:24I'll catch you later.
00:54:58I'll catch you later.
00:55:34I'll catch you later.
00:55:59I'll catch you later.
00:56:34I'll catch you later.
00:56:47I'll catch you later.
00:56:48I'll catch you later.
00:56:48I'll catch you later.
00:56:49I'll catch you later.
00:56:50I'll catch you later.
00:56:53I'll catch you later.
00:56:54I'll catch you later.
00:56:55I'll catch you later.
00:56:56I'll catch you later.
00:56:57I'll catch you later.
00:56:57I'll catch you later.
00:56:58I'll catch you later.
00:56:59I'll catch you later.
00:57:00I'll catch you later.
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