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00:13I was the first Western scientist invited to do scientific research with
00:20the complex expedition. A small group of scientists who worked on forensic
00:27analysis of the remains of the destroyed reactor, Unit 4. The Soviet Union was collapsing.
00:39They took me to the plant kind of undercover. They dressed me up in workers' clothing, just
00:46under the radar. I thought it was just, hey, let's take this American along kind of thing.
00:55But no, it was get up, work, until you drop, pretty much every day. People sometimes laugh
01:05at scientists, but that's because they don't understand the sheer beauty of seeking the truth.
01:11And that's what these people wanted.
01:38This is where officials say a crime was committed.
01:43It's here that engineers conducted the experiment that led to the explosion.
01:52The destroyed reactor is still hot, buried deep within what the Soviets call a sarcophagus,
01:58a gigantic concrete tomb where the radioactive material will be buried for centuries to come.
02:22The structure of the sarcophagus was really a combination of improvisation and brute force.
02:31When it was complete, the Soviet engineers said that the sarcophagus was another triumph of Soviet engineering.
02:40But inside the ruins of the reactor building, around 190 tons of uranium fuel remained unaccounted for.
02:51The scientists were worried about what's called a critical mass coming together and restarting a nuclear reaction.
02:59They noticed on their neutron detectors a spike of neutrons that led them to believe that a critical mass had
03:08indeed formed and that a nuclear reaction had happened.
03:14They were puzzled.
03:15They were puzzled.
03:17So, we got to know where this fuel is.
03:23Scientists from the Kirchatov Institute, the Soviet Union's chief research and development agency for nuclear energy, launched what became known
03:33as the Chernobyl Complex Expedition to locate the fuel.
03:44It was this eclectic, almost ragtag group of scientists.
03:53They were soft-spoken people just trying to get to the bottom of things.
04:09My goal was to remove it.
04:12They gave me a camera and shoot me.
04:14This is it.
04:19This is it.
04:20This is it.
04:35I mean they're getting dosed everything is coated with varying degrees of contamination
04:45I mean you don't want to stay in there
04:51I mean I'm in the camera when I started to shoot
04:54I had a PZS, I thought this was dangerous
05:00And I said, Soviet radiation is the best in the world
05:06I have higher the size of the potential
05:10Well, I'm pretty upset
05:12I have better
05:27Some of the fuel had been thrown out of the reactor core by the explosion, but it was
05:32assumed that the rest remained inside reactor number four.
06:04It was made of steel, so that it could be possible. And there was water there, there were щели in
06:12the reactor.
06:14Well, it was active, so it was.
06:19And there was a bachill, there was water, but I went forward.
06:27Then, when I was done, I was done with the device, and I looked at it, and I was gone.
06:39It was, maybe, a week or two, until the skin was gone.
06:43a little bit of a tube.
06:52Nobody had been inside the reactor vessel.
06:55Anybody who went in there would have been exposed to very high fields of radiation.
07:17We took the camera to the reactor.
07:26It didn't go.
07:28It was somewhere.
07:32I went to the reactor vessel.
07:38I fixed the camera.
07:50They found an interesting thing.
07:56That's when they noticed what core.
08:00There was no core.
08:03There was nothing left inside the reactor.
08:10And so the immediate question was, where the hell did the fuel go?
08:20To help them locate the fuel, they would strap cameras to toy tanks.
08:29Because they were the ones that could withstand the radiation in there.
08:34Other, more sophisticated robots failed.
08:42They would have aerosol and air current detection methods.
08:50And that's when the bigger picture started to emerge.
08:54What happened was the core itself, the fuel and the graphite, basically were percolating through the floor of the reactor
09:03cavity.
09:05The fuel melted through and fell down onto the floor of the sub-reactor region.
09:13There were holes that led to what are called steam distribution headers.
09:18It flowed out the steam distribution headers and then two more floors down pipes into the water that was there.
09:34Roughly 75% of the fuel ended up in the lower regions of the reactor building.
09:43They thought that they could have a critical mass coming together to restart reactions.
09:51So you have these great energies released, which would cause damage.
09:57Thank God that never happened.
10:01We later found out, once the fuel broke through and spread out, it basically shut itself down, right?
10:07It just froze in place.
10:08And you can see that to this day.
10:18If you're going to be working in the kind of environment that the complex expedition was,
10:26you really have to be dedicated.
10:29Dedicated to getting to the truth.
10:32The Soviet Union was not about truth.
10:51A year after the accident, it had become clear that the Soviet authorities intended to lay the blame for what
10:56had happened almost entirely at the feet of the operators.
11:06In a makeshift courtroom in a building in the center of Chernobyl, six men went on trial today charged with
11:12safety violations that caused history's worst nuclear accident.
11:16The defendants face up to 12 years in jail if they are convicted.
11:23The courtroom was packed with workers from the power plant and families of the victims.
11:29The defendants are accused of allowing unauthorized experiments at the plant, ignoring basic operating procedures and overriding safety systems.
11:39The judge made it clear that he wasn't going to listen to anything that contradicted the official version of events.
11:45It was effectively one of the final show trials of the Soviet Union.
12:09A chapter ended today in history's worst nuclear accident in Chernobyl in the Soviet Union.
12:14Six Russian nuclear power plant officials who flouted safety regulations were held criminally responsible for the deaths of 36 people.
12:23They had to have a scapegoat and that became the operators.
12:26The verdict was all six guilty of varying degrees of criminal negligence.
12:35The victim's incarceration was called an explosion during death.
12:39When he had flown in the earliest years of war, he turned the war for beauty, and he has refused
12:41any conditions of arma.
12:47Thatuyorsun conquest of rocket comprehensiverimination to protect security measures.
12:49It was now it was criminal.
13:02The trial has been closed to foreign journalists and no detailed reports have appeared in Soviet
13:08media so it's not known whether or how the accused defended themselves on the opening day one of the
13:15defendants suggested some of the blame lay with the reactor design but that's the only thing that's been
13:21said publicly in their defense меня вызвали как свидетели я так и не понял был я свидетелем
13:30защиты я был свидетелем со стороны обвинения не знаю и какой-то вопрос по техники задали я уже
13:40помню и все они прервали самое я пришел села машину ехал да у меня было ощущение что варя произошла не
13:55только из-за ошибок персонала и операторы допустили ошибки но было очевидно что власть что-то скрывает
14:10after leaving Chernobyl Steinberg eventually became part of an independent commission that reopened the
14:18investigation into what had happened at Chernobyl
14:24потому что погибли мои друзья не важно что прошло столько времени мы обязаны привести отрасль
14:38суть была понятна установить истину восстановить правду вот это была суть это все понимали
14:51все прекрасное понятное Ask者».
14:52Data еда новая реактораи на Jessieum
14:52Data about the performance of the reactor during the accident was being recorded.
14:58But in that immediate of amonne all the documentation and Data from the plan was seized and returned
15:05to Moscow and classified.
15:09Музыностоanny
15:23And so for us, there were two or three documents, principally.
15:29And we needed data, which would show, when the reactor started
15:35to get out of control, and when the operators tried to set it
15:39or shut it in our language, the management of the chief
15:45director, who created the reactor, did not give good good.
15:54The KGB classified the real reasons for the causes
15:58of the Chernobyl accident.
16:01Any dissent from the official line that the operators were
16:04responsible was essentially forbidden.
16:34It was the president of the court, the president of the court, and he gave
16:37the right to the court, and he gave the right to the court.
16:47шаг за шагом работа шла примерно полтора года
16:55доказательства были вас Seele-Grange
17:00мне дышит что-то не заурядное они сдвинули таки показать его времени на 6 секунд
17:10It allowed them to say, that the person is wrong, that he has violated the regime.
17:20So, they were falsified?
17:22Yes.
17:42The findings of Steinberg and the rest of the investigators finally brought to light the true causes of the disaster.
18:11The new information tended to shift the focus of responsibility from operator actions to fundamental design flaws in the reactor
18:20itself.
18:24The Chernobyl Power Station used RBMK type reactors that was uniquely Soviet technology.
18:31There was nothing like that produced in the West.
18:38RBMK type reactors are very large reactors, that is, large physically.
18:44A core that was 14 meters in diameter is 7 meters high.
18:50This is extremely large compared to reactors in the West, which have a diameter of maybe 3 or 4 meters.
18:59The RBMK reactors had nearly 1,700 fuel channels that contain the uranium fuel that produces heat that's used to
19:09boil water to make steam, to make electricity.
19:13This core is so large, it's almost like having two reactors in one, one at the top and one at
19:18the bottom.
19:20One side of the reactor couldn't speak to the other side of the reactor.
19:26So, it forced the operators to keep careful watch over this.
19:37The only way that the operators can control the reactor is with control rods.
19:44The only way that the operators can control the reactor is with control rods.
19:58Insertion of the control rods tends to decrease the reactor power.
20:04Removal of control rods causes the reactor power to increase.
20:16The control rods are used by the operators to fine-tune the level of the chain reaction taking place.
20:25So, it's really like having brakes and accelerator on a car.
20:39The control rods are also used to shut down the RBMK reactor.
20:46The emergency shutdown function on the RBMK, also called the AZ-5 by Soviet terminology, was to shut the reactor
20:54down quickly in an emergency.
20:57The AZ-5 system was designed to insert almost all of the remaining control rods into the core at the
21:03same time.
21:05And it was intended simply to bring the reactor into a safely shut down state.
21:20During tests in 1983, nuclear engineers at another RBMK plant in Ignolina had discovered that there was a disturbing anomaly
21:30about the way the AZ-5 system worked.
21:35With a very low number of control rods inserted into the core of the reactor, when the emergency shutdown system
21:42was activated, it could induce a runaway reaction leading to a meltdown and an explosion of the core.
22:12They'd begun to make progress on modifying the emergency shutdown system.
22:18And although the Chernobyl 4 unit was on the list as due for those modifications, they decided that they would
22:27just save it until the next scheduled maintenance shutdown to make the fixes.
22:33Information about this fault did not make its way down to the level of the individual operators.
22:56The operators were attempting an experiment to power the reactor when the off-site power had been lost.
23:07The midnight shift came in, and they were told that they would conduct the experiment. They were not expecting to
23:16do this. They had not been familiarized with the test protocol.
23:26The operators had great difficulty in bringing the reactor up to a power level that would make the test possible.
23:35They had withdrawn an equivalent of 203 of the 211 control rods from the core of reactor number 4, making
23:47the reactor as unstable as it was possible to be, and very sensitive to any further changes in control.
24:02By the time the test actually began, the reactor was like a loaded gun, just waiting for someone to pull
24:08the trigger.
24:21In the test protocol, the completion of the test was marked by the operators pressing the AZ-5 button to
24:30release the control rods to shut the reactor down.
24:35They press the AZ-5 button at 1.23am.
24:40to send off the census 2000-7.
24:59The doctor ran to finish the Khan'sank.
25:09The Earth was marked by the
25:10during this time, Vaqu Zen said.
25:24It was a design flaw of the control rods that ultimately caused the explosion.
25:32The control rods are made of boron, which is a material that reduces the reaction rate
25:36in the reactor.
25:39Unlike most reactors, underneath those rods was sections of graphite, which tend to increase
25:45the reaction rate.
25:49If the rods were completely withdrawn, then this graphite was pulled into the core.
25:57Under normal circumstances, this graphite would never cause a problem.
26:03But in this case, the core was already in such an unstable state, the slightest additional
26:09power fluctuation could initiate a runaway chain reaction.
26:17The AZ-5 button that was pushed by the operators inserted all the control rods at once.
26:24The problem was, the graphite caused the power to increase at the bottom of the reactor.
26:31The power is shutting down at the top, but you had a power surge at the bottom.
26:37The overall effect was disastrous.
26:59It literally caused the reactor to explode, hence the building being destroyed.
27:11It was as if when you stamped on the brakes of a speeding car, it accelerated instead of slowing
27:17down.
27:18The Soviet version of events was that the accident began to occur, and then in a panic, the operators
27:25pressed the AZ-5 button in order to try and shut down the reactor.
27:57The
28:06правда хорошо но те кто ответственен за это они не понесли никакого то есть никакой никакого
28:15наказания
28:19сидели другие которые были невиновны
28:21у изданут ответ на это те кто контролировал что так почему он взорвался
28:32the operators in uniform and the night of the accident not know the potential consequences
28:38of triggering the emergency shutdown system the soviets believed that their system was so superior
28:46that no mistake could ever be made that their technology was beyond a reproach
28:54the reactor had been designed by people at the pinnacle of the soviet scientific state
29:03so if it came to a choice between making these people culpable for this catastrophe and laying
29:10the blame at the feet of some lowly reactor operators in ukraine then they were going
29:16to be the ones who took the fall
29:22the design flaws set them up for failure
29:27when the perfect storm of the circumstances the actions
29:30and the design problems came together it was almost inevitable
29:39the nature of the soviet system was such that denial secrecy and cover-up was endemic to the way of
29:47their operation
29:50the truth is chernobyl is more of a metaphor for the failure of the soviet system than it is a
29:57a reactor safety story the increasing reporting about what had really happened and information about the
30:09failures of the design of the reactor
30:13finally revealed to citizens of the ussr that the soviet union did not in fact lead the world in high
30:21technology the dramatic failures of the chernobyl accident undermined one of the last sources of of soviet
30:29prime
30:30foreign
30:39foreign
30:40foreign
30:40foreign
30:42Because if we don't have our real state,
30:46there will be Chornobyl, there will be and will be.
30:49If we don't have our own state...
31:06Good evening.
31:07Eleven Soviet republics agreed to form a new Commonwealth
31:10of independent states today and consigned the Soviet Union to history.
31:21The Soviet Union saw itself as a great empire.
31:24And in one day, that all came crashing down.
31:28With eleven signatures and a round of applause,
31:32the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.
31:39There was chaos. People lost their jobs, didn't have any food.
31:44It was deeply humiliating for many Russians, for millions of Russians.
31:48We have really encountered such a dangerous force,
31:53which is the nuclear energy that came out of control.
31:57Gorbachev said he thought the Chernobyl accident was the ultimate cause
32:03of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
32:06Because huge numbers of people, especially in Ukraine,
32:12began to realize the Communist Party protected itself.
32:16It didn't protect us.
32:41It didn't protect us.
32:46It's a very fastened reactor building.
32:47It was a hastily engineered structure that they built in the summer of 1986.
32:53It was leaky.
32:55It was not as structurally strong as it could have been.
32:59it's way beyond its design life it's crumbling we've already had to collapse
33:04from one part of the turbine hall with a very heavy snow load we see some very very
33:08major structural damage there if it had collapsed it could have stirred up some
33:15of the radioactive debris and caused additional release of some of the radioactive material that
33:20was within it because of these concerns ukraine and western donors got together
33:27and created a structure to cover over the entire building a very large structure called the new
33:32safe confinement construction began on the new safe confinement in 2010
33:48a massive international effort something like 40 countries and organizations
33:53played a role in funding and designing that structure
33:59it was hugely expensive as well the best part of two billion dollars
34:04this is actually one of the most ambitious projects in the history of engineering
34:08it is twice the length of a 747 airplane it is the largest movable land-based structure ever built
34:18the new safe confinement was actually built to be mobile and was built off to the side of the reactor
34:24and moved on rails over the original building
34:30over these knocks we put the teflon pad
34:34and basically if you put a lot of them you make your own sliding way for the skid shoes to
34:39slide on
34:49the construction on the new safe confinement was a long and arduous process
34:55and it ended six years later in 2016
35:03it's a big step for safety and ukraine and europe will be much safer now
35:12ukraine unlike the soviet union very much wants to be part of the international community
35:17and not an insular state
35:26i was standing on a roof doing a live shot on cnn ukrainians who who resist oh i tell you
35:34what i just
35:34heard a big bang right here behind me i thought we shouldn't have done a live shot here it was
35:40quite
35:40shocking that russia had decided to send its forces into kiev into ukraine and the first explosions of
35:49that conflict were being heard russian forces are said to have taken control of the chernobyl power plant
35:55in northern ukraine the site of the world's worst nuclear disaster military advisor says staff members
36:01are held hostage there's a potentially dangerous military confrontation around that nuclear reactor
36:08that could kick up all sorts of horrific radioactive material and cause that massive catastrophe to
36:16repeat itself all over again the russian soldiers plowed across the exclusion zone
36:25they dug trenches in the forest which is an extraordinary thing to do
36:31the amount of contamination absorbed by those soldiers is pretty shocking
36:37they will undoubtedly suffer health consequences of exactly the same kind that was suffered in ukraine
36:44post the 1986 calamity at chernobyl the soviet kremlin had an utter disregard for the
36:52liquidators for the firefighters of chernobyl in the same way the the russian kremlin had
36:59an apparent disregard for the welfare of the soldiers
37:05shortly afterwards the ukrainians took back the chernobyl exclusion zone
37:13the russians found they had to fight for every square inch of the territory they were going to capture
37:32you're looking at footage that shows a russian drone with a high explosive warhead striking the shelter
37:40that covers the fourth unit of the chernobyl nuclear power plant sparking a fire that was later contained
37:49in the ground
37:50are you kidding lobbing a a missile into chernobyl what what possessed you to do that
38:09the strike on the new safe confinement structure underlines the nuclear threat
38:15the nuclear threat throughout the whole ukraine conflict
38:19that it could cause another chernobyl another nuclear disaster and that would be catastrophic
38:57that would be catastrophic
38:57like a
39:00When we left Chernobyl, I was a child, but I was put in a situation that not even some
39:07adults can live through.
39:10It feels that the situation repeats itself, that we again are forced to leave our home.
39:18When the Russians started invasion in 2022, we left Ukraine and moved to Luxembourg, and
39:28now they are here.
39:33I hoped better for my kids, but it didn't happen.
39:40I always teach my children to be adaptable and be resilient.
39:48And Ukrainians are proved to be resilient.
39:55Which story of Chernobyl can teach us about the history of the war?
40:05Every one of these scary things brought people's lesson of the consequences of неправильных
40:17And so, and so, it's a huge shame, a huge shame and a huge threat for every nation.
40:36I think that this accident has affected psychologically on everyone.
41:05I think the legacy of Chernobyl, 40 years on, isn't just a disaster, it's not just a disaster.
41:10It's just in the minds of people. The scars are physical as well.
41:16These radioactive toxins caused a huge spike in thyroid cancer.
41:21And you can go to Ukraine today and you can see people who were around in 1986 when the catastrophe
41:27happened.
41:31They've got little scars on their necks where they've had operation on their thyroid glands to take out parts of
41:36the thyroid because they've become cancerous.
41:39I remember quite often I would hear that that person died, friend or neighbor or colleague, just young people.
41:50It was radiation, but doctors would not mention that.
41:54So, it was a silent war.
42:03What to take from the story of Chernobyl?
42:08Hmm, that's a hard one.
42:12What would I say?
42:14To maintain open societies that can provide checks and balances to the pride that comes with having huge, complex technologies.
42:32If I were to give a lesson for my grandchildren, tell the truth, no matter how bad the situation is,
42:40it can only be made worse by lying and being untruthful.
42:48I think that the Chernobyl story is arguably more relevant than ever, given that the causes of the accident lie
42:57in a government and a society that had completely lost touch with what the truth really was.
43:32One of the things that I think we all learned.
43:35is when the regime is serving itself rather than the people, that's when power evaporates.
43:44That's the moral binder.
43:47The truth.
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