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fukushima days that shocked the world s01e02
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00:08It was very quickly apparent that this was a powerful earthquake, and was growing in power.
00:23It was terrifying at the moment, seeing all the devastating power of the tsunami.
00:39The news on the radio was talking about the Fukushima reactor.
00:44They said, there's been an explosion at the nuclear plant, turn the car around and drive south.
00:56It was sort of a Chernobyl moment.
01:12If this were to be a really significant release of radioactivity, would you have to evacuate Tokyo?
01:38On the 11th of March 2011, the largest tsunami to hit Japan for more than a thousand years devastated the
01:48evening.
01:48It was on the east coast, leaving thousands dead or missing.
01:54But few knew that another emergency was brewing at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
02:06Professor Kuzuto Suzuki investigated the crisis.
02:11Fukushima Daiichi had six reactors, and four of them were located in coastal lines.
02:19After the earthquake, three operating reactors immediately shut down.
02:23So once the reactor was shut down, it was considered safe.
02:33But the tsunami breached the reactor buildings, leaving the power plant without power.
02:40Professor Tom Scott helped with the disaster clear-up.
02:45Part of the damage that was caused by the tsunami, pumping systems were disabled.
02:52The problem with light water reactors is that even though you may shut down and stop causing fission,
02:59the fuel will generate lots of residual heat.
03:02And it's essential that once you've turned off a reactor, that you continue to take away this residual heat.
03:10And if you fail to do so, the reactor core will get hotter and hotter and hotter.
03:20So the plant needed electricity, and for an extended period it couldn't get it.
03:27It couldn't keep those key parts cool, and that's when the crisis was turning into a potential disaster.
03:39The power company and its workers scrambled to avert a nuclear meltdown.
03:45It was very difficult to bring in off-site emergency response capability
03:51because of the debris and destruction caused by the tsunami,
03:55because roads were physically broken.
03:57So very much it was a situation that the power plant and the people on the power plant
04:02were volunteering to go into the plants to turn off key valves,
04:06or to try and open key valves in some instances,
04:08to try and make sure that they could keep cooling those reactor cores.
04:12Those were very, very brave people.
04:14It was a moment when there were difficulties because of the lack of light and everything.
04:20So there was no way that the Fukushima Daiichi will restart the cooling system,
04:28and therefore the fuels are starting to melt down.
04:38We had a situation where the fuel elements started to get very, very hot,
04:43started to generate steam, and we got a sort of runaway steam corrosion.
04:47What that meant is that lots of hydrogen was quickly produced,
04:52and it started to fill the insides of the building.
04:55The release of hydrogen from the reactors made a very combustious mixture
05:00in the reactor halls of the wider building around them.
05:04Temperature started to rise, and the clock began to tick.
05:11The government declared a nuclear emergency.
05:16But in the chaos after the tsunami,
05:19many were unaware of the crisis at the plant,
05:22including some who fled inland for Tsushima district,
05:26with Mizue Kano to her centuries-old farmhouse.
05:31In the chaos, many people went to Tsushima and went to the beach.
05:35Many people went to the beach and went to the beach.
05:37Some friends, the friends who were the same apartment,
05:41were the same relatives,
05:42and there were no connection to the other people.
05:44There were 25 people who were there,
05:46and there were a new用人 who were there.
05:48There were some people who were there.
05:51I think that's what happened to me.
05:57Meanwhile, across Japan,
06:00thousands were still waiting for news of loved ones caught up in the tsunami.
06:04Like Kazuma Obara, now a photojournalist.
06:10In 2011, I was in Kyoto,
06:14and I worked as a salesperson in a financial company.
06:18My best friend's hometown is Minamisanurik town.
06:23It's really cursed in Miyagi Prefecture.
06:27It's like second hometown for me.
06:32I asked him, how was your parents?
06:35And then he just answered.
06:38The phone was dead,
06:40so he couldn't know if they were okay or not.
06:46I totally felt I'm powerless,
06:49but I wanted to do something.
06:52You know, I was in Osaka,
06:54so I could buy almost everything,
06:57like fuel, food, water.
07:00So I bought the surprise for the disaster area,
07:05and I picked up my best friends in Tokyo,
07:07and slowly and slowly I moved to the north.
07:16Financial Times bureau chief Muir Dickey
07:19was already reporting from the area.
07:22Looking around, it's almost impossible to believe
07:24that this was a bustling seaside town
07:27until that wall of water smashed through,
07:29turning the wooden houses into matchsticks.
07:33I don't think anything prepared me
07:37for the kind of scenes
07:40that I saw when we finally made it
07:43to the actual coast,
07:47and this absolute devastation
07:50of towns and cities along it.
07:54back in the middle of the war of Russian
07:57by the time of the United States.
08:06By the time of the war,
08:07It has a huge noise.
08:09There were so many images
08:09that it was close to the storm.
08:10How did it sound?
08:11At the same time,
08:11we couldn't know
08:12When I was the leader
08:12at this moment,
08:13there was no longer
08:14what happened.
08:19A little spark
08:21will create the hydrogen explosion.
08:29The hydrogen explosion basically blew out the building,
08:35and this creates the visual impact
08:39that it was sort of a Chernobyl moment.
08:44I got a message from my editors in Hong Kong
08:49saying there's been an explosion at the plant.
08:52That was the first time I realized
08:53that this was more than just worry about a nuclear plant,
08:59that it was something very, very serious.
09:05Plant worker Yukio Shirahige had fled home after the tsunami
09:09and saw the explosion on TV.
09:11So, 1号機が爆発したのを見たときにはもうこれは大変なことになったっていうふうに思いました。
09:44当時、1号機は原子炉建屋が屋根ごと吹っ飛んでましたからね。炉心油も起きてたわけですし、蒸気とかが、湯気とかそういう煙が出てましたのでね。
09:49炉心油も起きてたわけです。
09:50Because within that explosion,
09:51the heat that's released,
09:53you release radioactive material up into the atmosphere.
09:57But at the same time,
09:59there was very little information about the spread of radioactivity
10:03and part of the reason for that
10:04is this site had 24 static monitors
10:07for measuring radiation,
10:10but the tsunami took out 23 of those 24.
10:14at her farmhouse,
10:16Mizuei Kano didn't yet know the source of the explosion.
10:29でもそのときね、空気が金属の味がしてたんです。安いスプーンを口になめたような。
10:45空気がゆらっとして光る。で、こう、金属…こう、フライパンがから焼けしたような味がする。
10:58なんかこれ違うよねって。そして皮膚が本当にチクチクしていたかったです。
11:21この爆発音を聞いた後だったので、これはひょっとしたらって思いました。だから、いとこと、とにかくこんだけ人がいるんだから。野菜とか取り入れとこう。私、それから犬を飼っていましたから、絶対外に出さないに家に閉じ込めていました。
11:48その時に、いや、いだめに。ほしろせい物質が飛んでいるかというのは、その当時は分かりませんでしたけども、ただちに、こう、逃げなければならないという、今から逃げても、遅い、遅いっていうのは、感じましたね。
11:52the picture that the first reactor building was blown away that was the time
11:58that people recognized the seriousness of the problem my view was that oh this is
12:07not the worst case yet news of the explosion at Fukushima Daiichi spread
12:18around the world but there was little information about the radiation risks
12:23for those on the ground everybody knew there was a very serious crisis at the
12:31plant and the population was watching anxiously the updates from the
12:39government but I think it was clear at times that the government itself was
12:45struggling to understand the situation about what was happening and the plant
12:51assurances that such a thing could never happen in the first place had been shown
12:56not to be warranted so there was a great deal of confusion a lot a great deal of
13:02doubt and a great deal of concern
13:09the government ordered an evacuation for 20 kilometers around the plant but in
13:15Tsushima district Mizuei Kano was 10 kilometers beyond the zone when she had
13:21unexpected visitors
13:25of the
13:31it's
13:32it's
13:34it's
13:35it's
13:36it's
13:37it's
13:38it's
13:38it's
13:39it's
13:45it's
13:59Mizue had no idea who the people were, but she was scared, as were her neighbors.
14:29While thousands packed up and left, some feared the radiation could be blown south to Tokyo,
14:36triggering deadly stampedes as 30 million people tried to flee.
14:42If this were to be a really, really significant release of radioactivity, were those people
14:47genuinely in lots of danger, would you have to evacuate Tokyo?
14:53People were scared.
14:55The Prime Minister was scared.
14:58We discovered later that the Prime Minister himself had started to think about the need
15:06to evacuate Tokyo, which in itself would have caused huge loss of life.
15:14The Prime Minister was thinking in those terms that this could turn into an extraordinary disaster.
15:26Fear of radiation continued to spread.
15:30And 100 kilometres north of the plant, the news reached communities hardest hit by the tsunami.
15:39People in the area, including in the disaster zone, were desperate to know what was happening
15:46at the plant and also desperate to know what it meant.
15:52Richard Halberstadt was sheltering at Ishinomaki University.
15:58I ended up spending two nights just sleeping at the university with many of the other staff.
16:06Our main way of getting news from outside was using battery-driven radios.
16:12And so, of course, the news on the radio was talking about the Fukushima reactor.
16:20We knew when it was broadcast that there had been an explosion and so on, which was concerning
16:26for us, but ironically, not as concerning as maybe for other people because we were so
16:34busy trying to look after ourselves from the earthquake and tsunami damage.
16:42Just north of Ishinomaki in Minamisan-riku, Kazuma Obara arrived to help search for his friends' relatives
16:50and reveal the devastation to the world.
16:55Since I was 16 years old, I wanted to be a photographer.
17:00I wanted to shoot.
17:02I wanted to document.
17:07There were 30 housing before the tsunami.
17:12When we arrived at the town, only two housing were still there.
17:18And my friend's house wasn't there.
17:25From the basement, everything was moved to somewhere.
17:31So, when my best friends saw that situation, he wasn't stopped crying.
17:49His grandfather was missing and what he could do for him was just visiting the place where
18:03someone saw the grandfather at the last moment before the tsunami came and he was just crying.
18:17And told something to his grandfather.
18:24I couldn't do anything for him.
18:38The kind of level of trauma, the wave of trauma and distress that came in with the tsunami is hard
18:47to describe.
18:48But as a journalist, what you have to do is try to describe it, what you have to do is
18:51try to understand what happened and communicate it to the outside world.
18:57Soldiers, doctors, firemen, other relief groups are all working hard to try and bring some kind of semblance of normality
19:04back to people's lives.
19:05But just walking around this town is to sense the scale of the challenge.
19:16A friend came to find me, partly to check that I was alive, and also he gave me information which
19:26included the fact that one of our best friends had lost his life.
19:32Everything was so surreal and so completely removed from everyday life that I really didn't have a chance to kind
19:41of think about how I felt about anything.
19:44One of our other really good friends, who is a hotel owner, had converted the hotel into an evacuation shelter.
19:52And so my friend suggested that we go and meet him.
19:56So that's what I did.
20:00We had no electricity, no water, no gas.
20:05And it was cold because March is very, very cold in this area.
20:12Sewing all the clothes that we had 24 hours a day, huddling around little kerosene stoves,
20:19and like shivering in bed clothes at night.
20:29Meanwhile, Ryoko Endo was stranded at Ishinomaki City Hall, believing her three children were sheltering across town at their school
20:38gymnasium.
20:41In the same time.
20:43Every time in a family – the people were suffering from the hospital from the hospital.
20:48They took a day to his staff to be taken care of to staff and save their home.
20:56We were able to overcome that life.
21:00And we did this work on a daily basis and we were able to travel back in and have a
21:05care of their labor,
21:06so that I was able to do it for a daily life.
21:09I think I was able to keep it in mind.
21:12If the kids are at the gym,
21:17we should go to school.
21:20I didn't think that much.
21:32100 km south at Fukushima Daiichi,
21:36after the explosion at Unit 1,
21:39workers were also trying to cool nuclear fuel
21:42in Units 2, 3 and 4.
21:47You have a series of reactors that are in trouble,
21:50but one of them blows up.
21:52Then your teams that are trying to work on the other reactor buildings
21:57are withdrawn because of the danger,
22:00and that made it very, very challenging
22:02to try and prevent similar hydrogen explosions
22:06in those other reactors.
22:09The key thing was to deliver cooling water
22:12to the parts of the plant that were getting too hot,
22:16and they tried various ways of doing that.
22:21The initial priority was just restoring electricity supply.
22:26They found, in fact, at one point,
22:29that plug and socket didn't fit for an emergency supply.
22:34Around 11am on the 14th of March,
22:37a second explosion blew the roof off reactor building 3.
22:43On the 15th, there were two further explosions.
22:47Effectively, it was the same mechanism each time.
22:51Build-up of hydrogen followed by an explosion,
22:53starting with Unit 1 and then with other units as well.
22:58The fourth reactor, which was not in operation,
23:02was also blown away because the hydrogen
23:05was leaked into the building of the fourth reactor
23:10because the third and fourth are connected.
23:17Three reactor buildings were now open to the elements,
23:21risking further radiation leaks into the atmosphere
23:24from the reactors or the spent fuel.
23:28Not only is there a requirement to keep the reactor core cooled,
23:33but there's also a requirement to keep the spent fuel ponds
23:36filled up with water and to keep the fuel cool in that as well.
23:41The spent fuel pools were on the high floors of the reactor.
23:48So when the steam explosion happened,
23:53then the spent fuel pool was also exposed to the air.
23:58If there was no cooling system,
24:01there would be a meltdown of the spent fuel.
24:03It could cause fires among the uranium spent fuel
24:08with the potential for very large releases of radiation.
24:19The explosions that tore open Fukushima Daiichi's reactor buildings
24:24unexpectedly helped with the effort to cool overheating fuel,
24:28but at a huge cost.
24:33So what happened in the end was they were able to bring in military fire fighting vehicles
24:40that could deliver large amounts of water into the cooling pond,
24:44and they were also able to flood the lower reactor areas with water.
24:51That averted the possibility for a much bigger disaster,
24:57but it also created this problem of lots and lots of radioactive contaminated water.
25:05The reactors had lost their integrity,
25:08so you can imagine each reactor core being like a broken teacup.
25:13You can keep pouring water into the top of the teacup,
25:17but the crack at the bottom will keep allowing water to flow out.
25:20So what that meant is as they continued to put water through the reactor cores,
25:25they produced more and more radioactively contaminated water
25:28that was physically draining to ground or they were having to pump out.
25:34The threat of explosions had passed,
25:37but workers at the plant still risked radiation exposure.
25:42Meanwhile, evacuees like Mizuei Kano were facing a trauma of their own,
25:47the stigma of contamination.
26:11It's a really painful moment.
26:14There are jobs, there are houses, there are birth places.
26:18These are all gone.
26:21So there are a lot of scars in the society by this incident.
26:27Many living beyond the 20km exclusion zone sheltered in their homes.
26:33One thing that I found quite harrowing actually was for the people that had been displaced.
26:39They'd been displaced, they'd been moved away.
26:42But the people that lived just outside the exclusion zone,
26:46demonstrably sometimes they received more radioactive fallout than people inside the fallout zone,
26:50and yet they hadn't been relocated.
26:54Despite the risks, plant workers who had been evacuated days earlier
26:58were recalled to try and prevent further spread of radiation,
27:02including Yukio Shirahige, who supported the mission to cover reactor building one.
27:08And then I had to get more of 1F.
27:16So I had to work with 1F.
27:18When I was in a breakout room,
27:20I started working with 1F.
27:481号機のカバーリングって原子炉の建屋の1号機ですから線量がすごく高いんですね休憩所とかそれからクレーンのオペレーター室とかそういうところの汚染管理ですねそういうサーベイに入りました
27:59あとは車両の汚染管理ですとか作業者の被爆管理ですとか
28:02Kazuma O'bara arrived in the exclusion
28:04zone When I was high school student, I already started
28:12having the interest to the nuclear industry
28:16So I wanted to do something with Fukushima
28:23No media could go into the nuclear power plant and ask the workers what was the condition
28:31A contact helped Kazuma gain entry to the plant
28:35So I was afraid but I decided to visit only one day
28:41So I thought maybe it's okay
28:44Most of the workers lived surrounding the area of nuclear power plant before the accident
28:51But they had to evacuate from the zone
28:54So many of the workers I met lived in temporary housing
28:59And they went to a nuclear power plant from temporary housing
29:04That is so hard
29:13So I was scared
29:15They could go into the fire
29:20So I thought I was going into the fire
29:21And I had to evacuate from the bathroom
29:25So I thought it was going to be nice
29:25And I think it was supposed to be the truth
29:25But here I think there was a very short story
29:29Only then there was a kid
29:30I thought it was able to do esque
29:32So if I was able to take care of the street
29:34And there were a kid
29:35And there were a kid
29:35So I was trying to evacuate from the fire
29:56It was so hard to see the worker is facing hard working condition.
30:05People thought they are kind of hero to stop spreading the nuclear elements from the reactor.
30:16But at the same time, we didn't care anyone in the zone, especially in the front line.
30:25That was so strange, I felt, because if they are hero, we want and we need to protect them.
30:47100 kilometers north of the nuclear crisis,
30:50aid was slowly arriving for survivors in areas cut off by the tsunami.
30:57We were getting deliveries of food from the self-defense forces and from the city and so on.
31:05So it was basically nothing but kind of like the sort of sweet bread snack rolls
31:10that you can buy in convenience stores and also the onigiri rice balls,
31:16which they had gathered from all over the country.
31:20They were past their sell-by date because it took a long time for them to make their way to
31:25us.
31:25But we were just grateful to have anything.
31:27And as long as it wasn't really rotten, then we could eat it to survive.
31:31And it wasn't much. We all lost a lot of weight then, but we were very grateful to just have
31:36that.
31:41For two days, flooding had prevented Ryoko Endo from trying to locate her children.
31:47But when the waters subsided, she went to find them.
31:50For those memories of Russian explorations,歩いて帰った時にそちらの方面に帰느라고
31:58,ibao and that go to the.:希望を捨てないでっていうふうに市役所の人から変な声をかけられて
32:09,それで初めてうちの地域っていうのが深刻な状況だっていうことが分かって、
32:10I was really worried that I had to go to school, but I had to go to school.
32:17I was walking on the road and walking on the road to the street, and I was at the school.
32:24I was asked to go to school, but I was wondering if there was a lot of people who saw
32:30it.
32:30I was not sure if I was going to walk through the door, but I didn't know.
32:37I was in the home of my family, and I was talking to my mom and I had a friend
32:44of mine.
32:45I was like, I can't say anything.
32:48I was like, I don't know if you're a child.
32:50and he says,
32:51he is a child.
32:53He says,
32:55he says,
32:58he says,
33:04he is a child.
33:05We were sent to the school to a school, and we were sent to the home door to a school,
33:10and we were sent to the house to a bad place.
33:15We were sent to the house, and we were told that the house would be a good father to say
33:19that the house didn't hurt her.
33:23We were told that the house didn't.
33:39It was a dream that was a bad dream that I could not be able to live in a long
33:46time.
33:47But I couldn't believe it.
34:19The devastation unleashed.
34:21on the 11th of March 2011 shocked the world but tsunamis are a well-known risk
34:30in Japan so why did this one trigger a nuclear disaster one of the phrases that
34:40was used a great deal in the days after the tsunami hit is so they guy which
34:49means beyond expectations and in many many ways the tsunami was beyond
34:56expectations that's the the core explanation to some people or the excuse
35:06to other people for why the tsunami caused this crisis
35:17one by one Japan's nuclear plants were shut down until the cause could be
35:22established Kuzuto Suzuki consulted on an independent investigation I was invited
35:31by the chief editor of one of the largest largest daily paper of in Japan and we
35:39set up the first investigation of the accident itself but also we investigated
35:45the responses of the prime minister's office and the government three other
35:54investigations were launched all agreed that a critical point of failure was the
36:01plant's level of protection against a large tsunami the plant was originally
36:07designed to handle about the five meter tsunami but the actual tsunami goes up to
36:15the 15 meter high and once the waves breached the plant there was another
36:22weakness when the tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiichi the water flowed into the
36:30basement of the Fukushima Daiichi 3 reactors and those reactors had emergency generators in the
36:39basement the tsunami swamped the diesel generators which were the main source of
36:46backup electrical power because water couldn't be cycled through the reactor to
36:51take away the heat we had a situation where the reactor core even though they were
36:56shut down they started to get hotter and hotter what that led to is a build-up of
37:01hydrogen and what that means is you only need to have a spark for that hydrogen to
37:06explode and that's exactly what happened
37:11the first reactor of the Fukushima Daiichi was made by an American company the
37:17higher risks for the American power plants were the tornado so you know they
37:25naturally designed the generators to place in the basement where it is much more
37:33safer but in Japan you know we don't have much tornado but we have tsunami so
37:40putting the generators on the ground was not really a good idea the scale of the
37:52disaster that followed shattered public confidence in nuclear power there was
37:57shock in Japan I think that the system wasn't able to deal more effectively faster with the crisis at
38:09the plant I think people had been reassured by the electricity utilities that their
38:17plants wouldn't get into this kind of problem as a result of an earthquake or a tsunami when it
38:24did I think people assumed that there would be an effective emergency plan and an effective
38:32backup to that emergency plan and they were stunned to find that there wasn't really
38:41the Fukushima cleanup is expected to last for decades including dealing with vast quantities of
38:49contaminated water so there are lots of tanks everywhere in in the Fukushima Daiichi plant they are using every
39:00three inches every corner of the open spaces to store those tanks but it comes to the you
39:10know to the limit they quite quickly established a sort of filtration plant which would take out the
39:18majority of all of the radioactive material that dissolved into the water in terms of its
39:24radiological danger it really doesn't present much hazard so the decision in the end was to start
39:31discharging into the sea through a pipeline that would go out off the coast and to let the Pacific
39:39Ocean and dilution solve the problem meantime a vast area around the plant has been scraped clean of surface
39:49radiation but residents remain in fear of contamination the thing that struck me most was that there was
39:57this lack of understanding of where the radioactivity had gone so one of the things that I did with my
40:03team at the University of Bristol is we got funding to develop to develop a flying robot that could map
40:08radiation and within weeks we were flying in different parts of the exclusion zone in partnership with the
40:15Japan Atomic Energy Authority to understand the distribution of the fallout material the forest litter
40:24and the bark and the moss on the bark are very good for holding the radioactive fallout particles and so
40:30by flying over over the forest and we go several hundred meters into the forest or over the forest we
40:36can measure the radioactivity without actually having to go in there we would stay in a hotel near to but
40:44not inside the exclusion zone and on several occasions at the end of our stay we would go
40:49to try and pay our hotel bill and the manager of the hotel would say your your bill everything's
40:55been paid already and every time it was you know a local businessman wanted to express his gratitude for
41:04you coming to help our country and you know this is a small measure of gratitude that we pay all
41:10of your costs
41:14more than a decade later the so-called difficult-to-return zone is shrinking
41:20Mizuei Kano is considering moving back but the decision stirs up traumatic memories
41:26his
41:27I lived in a house for 5 years.
41:30I lived in the city of the city, so I left my house in the city.
41:35It's like a living with money.
41:40And I lost my life, so I left my house again.
41:49I said, I'm going to go to the city of the city, so I said,
42:04It was so strange feeling when I come back to home from Fukushima region, especially when I come back from
42:15the zone to my house, you know, in the zone everything is there.
42:22You know, housing, supermarket, and a convenience store, but no one there.
42:31The Japanese government I think has recorded something like 2,300 lives attributed to Fukushima.
42:36None of them to radiation, but a lot of them to induce mental ill health and suicide.
42:44And part of that is caused by, you know, this notion of am I contaminated, am I not?
42:49Am I going to die from cancer because of radiation exposure?
42:54All of the worries that are manifest because of the lack of understanding about radiological risk genuinely had a human
43:01toll.
43:04And I can't do this when I live.
43:10I live in the same way.
43:14I can't wait to see my own life.
43:19My own life is completely different from life.
43:20I live in a certain way.
43:22and how we live in the world.
43:32The tsunami that triggered the nuclear disaster claimed almost 20,000 lives,
43:38with more than 2,500 still missing.
43:51A few years later, former lecturer Richard Halberstadt became a guide at a ruined school,
43:58which serves as a memorial for the disaster.
44:01I felt like I wanted a change even before the disaster,
44:06but I didn't really have the courage to leave the job.
44:10And ironically, that terrible disaster gave me the courage to actually leave
44:17without knowing what I was going to do next,
44:19because it made me feel if I can live through this disaster,
44:23I can just leave work and something will happen.
44:27While working there, Richard met Ryoko Endo, who lost her three children to the tsunami.
44:33Before the disaster, I felt like the pandemic was a disaster
44:39and it felt like it was on television.
44:41I felt like it was on television,
44:42but I felt like it was just one of the history here.
44:48I felt like it was just one of the things I've ever had.
44:51I felt like it was just one of the things I've ever had.
45:01Everything's changed in so many ways because on a more sort of philosophical level,
45:08when you look at all the people who lost their lives,
45:11then I'm much more appreciative of just life.
45:16It made me think about my mortality,
45:19speaking to so many people who had had their lives overturned
45:26and had had loved ones wake up in the morning
45:32and then be taken away by the sea.
45:40So many people in the disaster zone dealt with this unspeakable tragedy
45:51with dignity and grace that I found that inspiring as well.
45:57So it was a privilege to be able to report on it.
46:38So if I can make a difference,
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