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00:08I am Themistocles, general of the Athenians.
00:16My story begins ten years ago.
00:23King Darius the Great rules the Persian Empire.
00:26Incredibly powerful, he puts down the Greek rebels
00:29of Asia Minor, and threatens us next, Athenians,
00:34free Greeks who went to their aid.
00:40Our resistance is organized by Militiades,
00:43the great stratego, and my role model.
00:47Few cities help us.
00:49Practically alone, Athens stands up with the Persian invader
00:52and leads the Greeks to a victory on the Plain of Marathon.
00:55A victory that brings glory and prestige to Athenians.
01:03A victory that brings glory and prestige to Athenians.
01:17Master of Could.
01:21The mountains have helped us,
01:24loot the men and the rebels,
01:28and looked at us
01:29and all of them in Iran.
01:52For Darius, the defeated marathon has left a bitter taste in his mouth, even though it
01:57doesn't have any real consequences on his empire or on his standing.
02:01To everyone, he seems invincible.
02:04I want to be able to live with you, and I want to be able to live with the Shurishians.
02:13I will be able to live with you, and I will be able to live with you.
02:42I will be able to live with you, and I will be able to live with you.
02:48I will be able to live with you.
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05:20The shores of Athens and the Aegean Sea should be peaceful after the Persian retreat.
05:24But in reality, it is the theatre of clashes between rival cities.
05:31Pirates from the Greek island city of Aegina regularly attack the modest trading fleet of Athens.
05:37Hardened fighters, the Aegeanians are far superior seafarers than the Athenians.
05:45We must remember that at this time Greece isn't a unified country.
05:48It's a series of separate city-states which are often at odds with each other.
05:54Old squabbles between cities, briefly put aside for the Battle of Marathon, flare up again.
06:00So there's no single authority on the seas.
06:03Athens, by tradition, has no great navy, no great naval skill.
06:07Instead, Athenian ships and harbours are attacked by brilliant sailors from the neighbouring island of Aegina.
06:14Aegina, not Athens, rules the waves of the Aegean Sea.
06:19Very few Athenians can imagine that their city will soon be targeted by a far greater navy than little Aegina
06:27could ever afford.
06:28The navy of the vast Persian Empire.
06:31But there is one man who does see the danger.
06:38A force of the map of the forest.
06:40The
06:41The
06:41As a
06:41As a
06:44As a
06:45As a
06:45As a
06:45As a
06:45As a
06:47As a
06:48As a
06:49As a
06:49As a
06:49As a
06:49I can't believe it, I just want to know that I have to do with things.
06:53What should I do with my own people?
06:59I think I should be able to do with the people of the people of God.
07:02I don't think I should be able to do with my own people.
07:07That's why I don't understand.
07:18What do you think?
07:19And if you look at it...
07:25Do you want to see it all over here?
07:28No.
07:29It's just metal, auto, stereotip and energotip.
07:39Many of us, the price is better than me.
07:41And if you look at the same price,
07:47only a year is better than you.
07:51We're gonna put it on a little more.
07:57If you look at the same price,
08:00we don't have any money to rent.
08:09Toi basilei tan nun uc arcese
08:12E andem balosinoi persae
08:17Catazara san ni gandese
09:01Catazara san ni gandese
09:21Catazara san ni gandese
09:41Darius the Great dies after 36 years on the throne
09:45Without seeing through his punitive campaign against Greece
09:48Which has been delayed due to troubles in Egypt
09:57His son, designated by Darius while he was alive
10:01Inherits a great civilization with a thousand year old history
10:06I am the king of the king of the king of the king of the king
10:36Oh
10:54. . .
11:34To begin with, Xerxes must defeat the Egyptians and make an example of them.
11:39Egypt is a major stake for the empire, as much for its wealth as for its strategic geographical location.
11:45This first military campaign is a chance for Xerxes to show his mettle and prove himself worthy of the title
11:51King of Kings.
11:52The men, the war is a war.
11:56We are fighting the night of the night of the night of the night.
11:59We are fighting the night of the night with the night of the night.
12:05Now, we will be able to see you.
12:08I will be able to see you.
12:16You are alive, you are alive.
12:18What is he doing?
12:20He didn't want to be the same.
12:22He's not the same.
12:25He's not the same, okay?
12:29He's not the same.
12:31No, okay?
12:37He's not the same.
12:39He's not the same.
12:58I'm seeking to perfect the rostrum, the fearsome ram of our triremes.
13:04By covering it in bronze plating, I will make it more effective during naval warfare.
13:09...
13:13...
13:14...
13:42Suddenly the discovery of a silver seam at the
13:45mines of Laurium on the outskirts of Athens brings new wealth to the city.
13:50The seam is exceptionally rich and the profits, as is the custom, are shared out among the
13:55citizens.
13:55And the Athenians are delighted with this unexpected prosperity.
14:01Meanwhile, Xerxes is leading his campaign in Egypt with determination.
14:05Once the revolt is crushed, he plans to impose even harder servitude than during the reign
14:10of Darius.
14:11The stakes are high, if he can pacify Egypt, he will earn his spurs as a warrior king
14:17and merit his place in the continuity of the dynasty.
14:40They will follow him up on the rules of the dynasty.
14:42Let go!
14:43Here it is.
14:43Here it is.
14:43Here it is.
14:51Sirxes wins fame where his father failed.
14:54The new king is capable of military feats and worthy of carrying out the mission to expand the empire,
14:59given to every king of kings by their god Ahura Mazda.
15:14The king of the king is on their own.
15:16The king will pay for them and give them a chance to kill them.
15:22Mardonius told Xerxes,
15:23You have punished the insolence of the Egyptians.
15:26Do not let the insolence of the Athenians go unpunished.
15:30If you march with all your forces on Athens, you will earn such renown that no one will dare defy
15:35you.
15:35The king of the king is praising the King of the King.
15:58A year later, back in Persepolis, Xerxes begins working on a plan for invasion from Asia Minor and into Europe
16:05to seize Athens and other Greek cities.
16:19Mardoneus aims to subjugate the Greek cities of Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly before attaining Athens in the heart of Attica
16:26and finishing by the Peloponnese.
16:57Mardoneus!
16:58With the power I've given, I can't believe that I've ever had a chance to do it.
17:04We need to go through the river and go through the earth.
17:11I can't believe that I can't believe that I can't believe in the desert of Autostra,
17:17I can't believe that I can't believe in you.
17:24What's your name?
17:27Please, we will have to do so much
17:31that all the workers, with thousands of people,
17:35will be able to leave them.
17:57In the port of Piraeus, in Athens, we count the wounded and lament the loss of entire loads of goods.
18:06On the sea, without a maritime force, we are in no shape to defend ourselves.
18:11Here, tempers rise at the very name, Aegeanus.
18:16Repeated clashes are driving my fellow citizens to detest their Greek neighbours,
18:20to forget the Persians and focus their hate on those who torment us daily.
18:24I cannot blame them, but I fear that wars between cities are weakening all Greeks in face of a Persian
18:31invasion.
18:34Meanwhile, Xerxes has begun his preparations, which are on an unprecedented scale.
18:39He orders the mobilization of countless troops, plans his route and orders gigantic works,
18:44like excavating a shipping channel across Mount Athos.
18:48He puts provisions in place in Thrace and Macedonia,
18:51orders the building of a bridge so his troops can cross the Hellespont, the Dardanelles Strait.
18:56Greek writers portray Xerxes as a mad megalomaniac, swollen with pride and in contempt of the limits imposed on men
19:03by the gods.
19:04In reality, his aim is clear, to punish Athens and subjugate all Greece.
19:09His plan is detailed, coherent and far from being extravagant.
19:16At the Ecclesia, it's a special day. Today, the profits from the silver mines at Lorium are being shared out.
19:23For many, this unexpected income is a chance to improve daily life and plan for the future.
19:28For many, we have to see the new ones and the new ones and the new ones on the list.
19:38The waters and the Berlin Stevens, where the German armies are not yet to be present.
19:46For the ears and the Japanese-like people, expose them to the English-like people in the German,
19:54as well as the Europeanians, the old ones with the Chinese-like people in the German who are just more
19:54increasingly
19:54How can you make a better way to the German and German?
19:58This is a special day to myι― in Syria.
20:06Thank you very much.
20:28You can't die.
20:32We've got three days so that we can't do it.
20:37We've got one other day and we've got one.
20:45We've got one more time.
20:48We've got one more time.
20:51You'll try it.
20:54Do Iisqerde Si
20:57Prostotei Polesimferon CrohΓ³medza
21:01Uppertona fenon na upegestai
21:03Tynameza GiacosΓas TrΓeres
21:06Epitoa IgeiΓ³n Pelagos
21:08Ta Proteia Tei Poledantes
21:30The art of oratory is a source of all influence.
21:34I used the Agenius as a pretext to finally build the maritime force we severely lack.
21:42Of course, I am really concerned with the Persian threat, but I failed to mention that.
21:55Amid the hubbub of the shipbuilding, I am delighted to be building this war fleet.
22:00Each trirene will hold 200 men, and I am planning to build 100 trirenes a year.
22:06The poorest citizens already thank me for this shipyard, which offers them unheardful work.
22:23This fleet will be our biggest asset, and for three reasons.
22:28It will defend our coasts from attacks by sea.
22:31It will protect our merchant ship convoys and our communications.
22:36But primarily, it will be our offensive against our enemies.
22:45Athens will rule the waves.
22:51In Greece, it's only Athens which is launching a huge program of building warships.
22:58Meanwhile, Xerxes assembles a huge land army in Asia Minor, whose troops come from the 50 peoples of the Empire.
23:04He also put together an impressive fleet, manned by Egyptians, Phoenicians and also Greeks from Asia Minor.
23:11As for the Mount Athos channel, work is progressing despite difficulties.
23:15To avoid the caving in of the walls, the Phoenicians have the idea of excavating in a V, despite doubling
23:21the size of the task.
23:23Thousands of laborers work in ships for three years.
23:26When finished, the channel measures two kilometers long by 30 meters wide and 50 meters deep.
23:34Greeks understand that engineering, recruitment of troops on this scale, means only one thing.
23:40Xerxes is utterly determined, and Greece is his target.
23:52I have done everything to ensure that all Greeks are aware of the considerable preparations of Xerxes on land and
23:58sea.
23:59For the first time, 31 Greek cities must unite to debate on how to act.
24:04The most important, Sparta, Corinth and Agena are all present.
24:09I am ready to speak on behalf of Athens.
24:12Tezan was by the source of the way, Othrae Helix.
24:16The Lord κ΄οΏ½iou, a great boss, and the King of Agena is still dying.
24:26I am ready to my world to get closer to the calculations.
24:27The Lord is still alive and there is an update to the acerca of the King of Agena's crimes, and
24:34this is the only way we are seeing as the enemy.
24:34The Lord unwind and the king, and the king of Agena!
24:40I am ready to be here, and I am ready to be here.
24:41I am ready for the king of Agena and in the multΡΠ·Π°Ρans and the king.
24:41Let me say the message that we are fighting because I have been fighting for my life.
24:48Let me pray in advance,
24:50Please let me cry for you.
24:52They have a few demons that have been given me to us and have a good day.
24:57Would you like to watch me?
25:02I pray for you,
25:03your Helen,
25:04and your messages and your prayers.
25:09I do not belong to the Lucerias Majesoneta.
25:14In the past, they put the power of the egemonia.
25:18They are the demon that is not a symbol.
25:22For the Arretin...
25:24...and the people who are in the same way.
25:29They are the Leonidas...
25:31...and again.
25:33I am a man who is the king of war.
25:38Now I am the king of war, and I am the king of war.
25:46I am the king of war.
25:50I am the king of war.
26:05Yes, I have yielded command to the Spartans, but who was it who convinced the cities to
26:10unite against the Persian invader?
26:12Isn't that more important?
26:16Rather than linger on dark thoughts, I prefer to assess the Persian forces.
26:32F
27:00G
27:01G
27:01I don't know.
27:33We will make a little bit of a plan.
27:35Garde.
27:46After four long years of work, Xerxes's massive invasion plan is coming to fruition.
27:52The contingents must cross the Hellespont and join up with the fleet.
28:01Xerxes ordered the building of this pontoon bridge from Asia to Europe.
28:06Mardonius has linked the two shores of the Dardanelles by joining together 674 triremes.
28:15This bridge covers the full width of the strait, one and a half kilometers.
28:21The ships, anchored and bound with linen rope and bark, are covered with planks, then with leveled earth.
28:28Wooden barriers prevent the animals from being scared by the waves.
28:34Herodes assesses Xerxes's army at five million men and notes that the crossing took seven days and seven nights.
28:43This is surely an exaggeration.
28:44The Persian army must have numbered one to two million men.
28:48The Persians advance supported by the fleet which follows the coastline.
28:58The Persian army must have a ton of boats.
29:03And of course, it's like a
29:06The Persian army's bearish.
29:11The Persian army must have been taken.
29:12The Persian army's bearish.
29:13And the Arab army, it's like a gift.
29:13The Persian army must have been raised lying with them.
29:14One, the Persian army must have been raised by thedas.
29:15For them, the Persian army must have been made up.
29:19The Persian army must have been raised by its army to Mount Keepers.
29:21What do you mean by yourself?
29:25My father.
29:28My father is a mistake.
29:30My father is a big one.
29:33Who?
29:35I will not let you go.
29:38Then, let me go.
29:46Okay, go.
29:47I will not let you go.
29:49I will not let you go.
29:52You will not let me go.
29:54You will not let me go.
29:56You will not let me go.
29:59You will not let me go.
30:00Why are you going to let me go?
30:03What do you mean by me?
30:11If you are willing to let me go.
30:14You will not let me go.
30:17You will not let me go.
30:20There will not be any other need.
30:24Or if I will will deliver.
30:27Or I will never finish.
30:36Indeed Xerxes will provoke unprecedented fear.
30:40Although his army is a logistical nightmare to move around, it nonetheless captured Thrace
30:46and Macedonia with ease. Xerxes is now ready to descend on central Greece without cause
30:52for concern.
30:56The feedback from spies throws the Greeks into confusion.
30:59For Sparta and her neighbours in the south, the preferred defensive line is the Isthmus
31:03of Corinth, the narrow gateway to southern Greece. But to protect Athens and central Greece,
31:09two advanced positions are to be guarded, the narrow pass of Thermopylae and the sea right
31:15next to it, a narrow channel between Thermopylae and Cape Artemision.
31:19In the late summer of 480, Leonidas, one of Sparta's two kings, heads there with 300
31:26elite Spartan citizens and about 7000 hoplites from other states.
31:31Urbiades, the Spartan general, leaves for Artemisium with Themistocles and the entire Greek fleet.
31:36What happens at Thermopylae soon becomes legendary. Persians cross the mountains to encircle
31:44Leonidas' position. He sends away his allies to save them and himself dies fighting with
31:52his 300 Spartans. The Spartans, always brilliant at propaganda, turn this into a moral victory.
31:59They have proved they are the bravest of warriors who will always lead their allies from the
32:03front. Sparta's leadership of the Greeks wasn't undermined by this defeat, it was cemented.
32:10The fleet fights well, but withdraws after the fall of Thermopylae.
32:15Zerses invades Phocis, Boesia and besieges the cities he crosses, whose only choice is surrender
32:21or be destroyed. The Persians are at the gates of Attica. The Athenians need to turn to
32:26the gods.
32:27Let's do it.
32:57You are good, and you are good, is good.
33:04Alarmed by our future,
33:06we question the gods through the Oracle of Apollo, as is the custom.
33:10But how should we greet the Divine Announcement
33:12of great misfortune to come?
33:15With docility?
33:18I do not want the king
33:19but with the king of hell.
33:23With his son,
33:24You are the king of the world.
33:38You are the king of the world.
33:42I will be two.
33:43You will be one.
33:54convince my fellow citizens to pan an extra tax to obtain another consultation with the Oracle.
34:27Decropidae, Neon Excery.
34:32Once the enemy has seized all that encloses the country, Jupiter the Omniscient will grant Athena a wall of wood
34:40which will be neither taken nor destroyed.
34:43It will be your salvation, that of you and your children.
34:48It will be the most powerful and powerful of the Necenae.
34:53What do you think?
34:55What do you think of this?
35:02Do not quietly await the large army which will come to attack you by land. Rather, take flight.
35:09A day will come when you will stand up to it. For you, O Divine Salamis.
35:20Themistocles interprets the prediction in his own way and explains it to the Athenians.
35:25The Oracle evoked their enemy's downfall, not their own.
35:29If they must evacuate the city and protect their army, it's so as to fight better later, on the sea
35:35at Salamis, an island close to Athens.
35:37If the outcome were disaster, the Oracle would have said ill-fated Salamis and not divine Salamis.
35:46My family, like those of all Athenians, packs our belongings.
35:54My loved ones' hearts are heavy with the idea of leaving our ancestral land.
35:58For the first time in our history, we Athenians must evacuate our city.
36:26I bid farewell to that which is most precious.
36:30My father may have disowned me in the past.
36:32But that will not stop me honouring his grave.
36:49Would he understand that Athens, without walls, will fall to the massed Persian ranks marching on her?
36:56We have no other choice. Flee or perish.
37:03I organise the evacuation of the city and use our fleet.
37:07It's aboard our triremes that the Athenians will go into exile and remain safe.
37:13May no one scorn our fleet. If we flee, it is to better attack later.
37:45The height of the flames disguises nothing of the violence ordered by Xerxes.
37:50The Persians set about destroying Athens, surely furious at finding the city deserted.
37:56I refuse to be shaken by it.
37:59Our temples may have been disfigured, but we're all safe and free.
38:04May the Persians fear the effects of our wrath when the time comes for our revenge.
38:10Shoo!
38:16Shoo!
38:19Shoo!
38:21Shoo!
38:24Shoo!
38:25Shoo!
38:39Shoo!
38:42Shoo!
38:43Let's go!
38:46Let's go!
38:55Let's go!
39:14Xerxes is prepared to pursue the Greeks to their refuge, the island of Salamis.
39:19No subject kings dare oppose him.
39:22Everyone docilely agrees to a naval battle, all except one person, a woman.
39:34Artemisia I, queen of Halicarnassus, disagrees.
39:38She thinks it wrong to underestimate the Greeks at sea and that it's preferable to avoid naval conflict.
39:44She advises Xerxes to advance on land and capture the Peloponnese.
39:54Xerxes is unconvinced.
39:55He wants to pursue the Athenians and their allies and face them in a naval battle.
40:00It's not the usual plan.
40:02Until now, the campaign has advanced simply.
40:04You besiege a city, it surrenders or is razed, then you go on to the next one.
40:09As Athens is in ruins, the king should sweep down on the Isthmus of Corinth to attack the cities of
40:15the Peloponnese and complete his conquest of Greece.
40:17But the Athenians are not subjugated and the king doesn't want to leave an enemy fleet behind him.
40:23So the Persians sail their fleet to Salamis, but the Greeks are divided about what action to take.
40:32The Persians have defied us all day off the coast of Salamis.
40:36It was easy to convince the Greeks to refuse this unfavourable battle.
40:40But now, we must debate which battle to take to them.
40:48The Germans are very, very quiet in the trade of the Eastman's empire.
40:58That's why we must leave the Union there.
41:02When you come back to I CS and I say as a town,
41:04you will know that a part of the country are not safe.
41:08As you go to the country, you will get another sight.
41:10As you go to the city, you will be a country.
41:13As you go to the northern border, you will see that,
41:14the people that you in the Westman's peace are exemplo.
41:15The Gretel of Thekney...
41:18...the Gretel of the Old Testament...
41:19...and the Buddhist people...
41:21...is here.
41:22You can take it...
41:24...and the most...
41:26...is here.
41:30I will not tell you...
41:32...but I will not tell you...
41:33...to you before the dead...
41:36...indes you.
41:37...Protestentus.
41:38And the Gretel of the Mare...
41:41...and the Therese of the Pter...
41:43... the whole family and my family and family around.
41:50And we'll be proud of our wives and our children.
41:56So, take your family and compare you to together.
42:00Then, say to me, the people we are using are the only ones.
42:28Tension mounts among the Greeks due to the Persian 1200 ship fleet.
42:32The alliance of the cities is threatened by the temptation of every man for himself.
42:36The Polypanesians want to retreat to their lands.
42:39In Themistocles's mind, if they don't fight at sea, everyone will return to their cities.
42:44The army will disperse, the fleet will break up, and all Greece will be lost.
42:49They will be lost.
42:50They will be lost.
42:52and prospering as the majesty of the name of the Salamini.
43:01And we will not be able to live with the origin of the world.
43:10We will not be able to live with the people of the world.
43:32The Greek fleet has 378 triremes, about 200 of which are Athenian, and Salamis Bay has
43:40the advantage of being a real bottleneck, where numbers won't matter.
43:44So the chances of success are real, if he can convince Euribiotis and the other generals.
44:13The Greek fleet has a lot of people.
44:16The Greek fleet has a lot of people, and the Greek fleet has a lot of people.
44:34You, Rubiades, must accept if the Athenian fleet leads to the war.
44:56If it receives, it will certainly condemn the rest of the Greek fleet to defeat.
45:46You, Rubiades, must accept the Greek fleet.
45:50You, Rubiades, must accept the Greek fleet.
46:02You, Rubiades, must accept the Greek fleet to settle the Greek fleet in front of the Greek fleet.
46:10Temistoc, do you agree with us?
46:44Faced with the outsized Persian forces, it's not rare for kings or generals to go over
46:49to the enemy, hoping for leniency. Xerxes, like his predecessors, knows how to be generous
46:54with those who serve him well.
47:03Could Themistocles, disheartened by his allies' lack of commitment to the Greek cause, betray
47:08his own? A surprising turn of events.
47:12Themistocles knows he must provoke a quick naval battle to save Greece. Eurybiades and
47:17the other generals agreed to follow him, but they could change their minds. A battle out
47:22at sea is risky due to the numbers. That's why Themistocles must draw the enemy to where
47:27he wants them, Salamis Bay. Xerxes was already intent on engaging in a naval battle to finish
47:36off the Greeks. Themistocles' betrayal is too good a chance to turn down. Xerxes speeds
47:42up his plan. He wants to block as soon as possible the three exits from Salamis Bay so the Greeks
47:48are unable to escape.
47:52That night, the sea blockade is deployed, with 200 ships to the northwest of the Megara pass
47:58and to the southeast on either side of the island of Citalia. His plan is to encircle
48:04the strait by surrounding the islands, then to massively attack the Greek fleet by maneuvering
48:09on the flanks and destroy it.
48:12Themistocles' strategy at Salamis is to prevent the Persian fleet doing to the Greek ships what
48:18Xerxes' army has done to Leonidas at Thermopylae, using their superior numbers to surround the
48:25Greeks. So, Greek ships are to block a narrow channel between the Isle of Salamis and the
48:30Athenian mainland. Persian ships seem to have been lighter and more maneuverable than the Greek
48:36ships. But in the channel of Salamis, they'll be too cramped to maneuver.
48:41Persian numerical superiority will become meaningless. There will now be a ratio of one to one.
48:59At the new day's dawning, I can only be proud of the long road traveled. Ten years of effort
49:05to establish a naval policy and build this fleet. It's now her chance to shine today, in a moment
49:13of truth that will decide the subjugation or the freedom of the Greeks.
49:31the Persians are where I want them to be. But what will be the outcome of battle? That I cannot
49:37answer.
49:47Xerxes is based on the mainland, facing Salamis. From here, he can keep track of his fleet and
49:53the deployments for battle. Confident in his fleet, he can't wait for battle to begin.
50:12thoroughlyall return. What are they?
50:16Let's do it, let's get on board.
50:24You can't believe that you're going to die.
50:44I'm sorry.
50:46I'm sorry.
50:48I'm sorry.
50:49I'm sorry.
51:09Enemy against enemy, the two fleets engage.
51:14At the first push, the massed Persian navy remains on move.
51:21But soon, crammed into a tight space,
51:24numerous Persian ships start getting in each other's way,
51:28running into each other with their bronze rams.
51:32Whole rows of oars are splintered.
52:10Tainted with blood, the battle of Salamis ends,
52:13and plunges the Persians into the darkness of grief.
52:23Yung-nan-ya-y...
52:24Hindu-yad...
52:50Xerxes is denied victory at sea.
52:51His fleet is weakened by the lack of logistical support from his imposing land army.
53:03Xerxes leaves, never to have another opportunity to invade Greece.
53:23Salamis was not an ultimate defeat for Persia, but it did show the Greeks that the Persians
53:28were not invincible.
53:30The Persian Empire, far from being bled dry, would continue for another 200 years.
53:37Greece owed its salvation to the fleet of Themistocles, to the determination of a man who wanted
53:44his country to remain free at all costs.
54:15Xerxes
54:17Xerxes
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