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Short filmTranscript
00:10history is full of killer stories people places and events so downright shocking that we just
00:18can't forget them tonight it's the jewel of soviet engineering but a critical floor puts millions
00:27in general the amount of radiation that is being released is lethal the first responders start to
00:33die within hours a dream wedding that collapses into a nightmare
00:40400 people instantly sucked down into this gaping of nothingness shortcuts taken while building an
00:50ancient arena lead to a bloodbath this edifice with all of these people in it collapses
00:58these are engineering disasters so devastating they can only be among history's deadliest
01:11in 1912 the titanic is built as unsinkable but that overconfidence dooms the luxury
01:19line it's 1912 and the world is in the midst of great change the airplane is invented the
01:29automobile is becoming common and into this comes the titanic the epitome of technology
01:35of its day this celebrated ship can carry 2200 passengers at its unveiling the ship is billed as
01:43it's practically unsinkable the plan for this first voyage is to leave england and go to new york
01:56and the path takes it through an area of the north atlantic that's called iceberg alley
02:03the ship is designed with 16 watertight compartments at the very bottom of the ship that will stop the
02:10ship from sinking in the unlikely event titanic takes on water engineers say that the most amount
02:18of compartments i would take on water would probably be four but the engineering feature meant to save the
02:24ship hides a fatal flaw the bulkheads don't go all the way to the top of the ship so if
02:30the water gets
02:31to the top it's going to start slashing over into other compartments two days into the journey
02:37iceberg warnings trickle in throughout the day and the captain adjusts his course but not the ship's
02:44speed so you've got lookouts on top of a mast and they are looking out for these icebergs but in
02:50a
02:50very strange mistake of history david blair is the ship's second officer just before the ship sails he is
02:56reassigned to another ship and in the confusion he forgets to pass off the key to the cabinet that holds
03:03the binoculars and so the men are on top of their looking without the looking glasses
03:10at 11 40 p.m the titanic is sailing along at this high range of speed and the look out
03:17see this dark figure blooming in front of them they start yelling and ringing a bell saying iceberg
03:22dead ahead but because the ship is going so fast titanic ends up scraping
03:28the side of the iceberg what ends up happening is the scenario that engineers swore up and down would
03:35never happen where there are joints and rivets those places are especially vulnerable so you have cracks
03:42all along the side that begin to let it water in a hole built to withstand the flooding of only
03:49four
03:49compartments six are now taken on water at over a hundred thousand gallons per minute
03:56suddenly titanic seems far from unsinkable because you have those six containers full of water that
04:05causes the bow of the ship to start dipping which means more of these supposedly watertight
04:11compartments start taking on even more water the titanic has 20 lifeboats on board this means
04:17that 1100 people can be accommodated by these lifeboats the problem is the titanic has 2200 people on board
04:28by about two in the morning the valve titanic has completely gone underwater and the back of the
04:34ship is now vertical with the ship sticking up into the air it just can't support its own weight
04:40and it cracks at this point it's over it's going down fast this water is so cold that if you
04:50go into the
04:50water you die from hypothermia in minutes when rescue ships finally arrive over two hours later more than
04:591500 people have died it takes almost 80 years to discover another engineering factor that explains the
05:08tragedy when the breakage is found in 1985 it is analyzed they discovered that there is this high
05:17sulfur content in the steel when that type of steel is in a very cold environment like in the north
05:24atlantic
05:24it can become brittle and instead of bending and recovering the steel will break another thing that
05:32they see is that the quality of the rivets in the titanic varies there are about three million rivets
05:39that are holding titanic together many of them are very very good quality some of them slightly less
05:47those rivets combined with the fact that you have brittle steel in this colder water that causes those
05:52rivets to pop which causes those steel plates to tear away which causes that much more water to make its
05:59way
05:59into titanic the titanic is an engineering marvel but in the end it is its engineering that dooms it
06:07the iceberg might have been wet broke the titanic but it was her engineering her steel
06:12her design her bulkheads that doom the ship
06:17the titanic is one of the 20th century's best known disasters but a dam project launched 40 years later in
06:25china results in a secret tragedy
06:32mao believes that he can transform china to a modern state and so the great leap forward is this series
06:39of programs that are intended to take them from the medieval peasant state to an industrialized
06:44superpower in a very brief period of time and the banchao dam it's simple to china is one of
06:50mao's great great achievements during the great leap forward built in 1952 it's there to provide
06:56irrigation it's there to provide flood control it's there to provide energy it's supposedly
07:02a perfect dam a dam that cannot break the banchao dam is designed to withstand the 1000 year flood
07:12the idea is that we're going to try to calculate what's the worst storm we might get in a thousand
07:17years in this case calculations show that a thousand year storm should release about 12 inches of rain in
07:25a day the dam's original design calls for 12 sluice gates to manage overflow these are huge barriers that
07:36are raised or lowered to control the flow of water but in a cost-cutting measure only five of the
07:4312
07:43sluice gates are built the engineers plan for once in a thousand year flood the thing that they don't plan
07:52for is typhoonina in august of 1975 the typhoon brings a deluge of 40 inches of rain in just three
08:04days
08:04that's averaging 13 inches per day and now the decision to construct only five sluice gates turns
08:13out to be a massive design error when they finally go to open the sluice gates that they have they're
08:19largely blocked by silt and debris so that they're not flooding out as quickly as they can
08:24the dam simply can't hold back the pressure of all that 158 billion gallons of water
08:34on august 8 of 1975 the dam collapses
08:41it creates a wall of water that's 30 feet high that is running 40 miles an hour it goes rushing
08:49down
08:49this valley there's 61 other dams beneath it and those are all directly overwhelmed so it washes out
08:55not just the bank of chow man but it washes seven miles wide more than 50 miles more
09:03imagine 150 million gallons of water barreling down a valley at 30 40 miles per hour nothing is going to
09:12stand in its way and survive
09:18it takes days for the flood waters to recede so the chinese government can only respond
09:25by air dropping supplies to the stranded survivors but this is nothing more than a band-aid on a truly
09:33fatal wound government sources reports 26 000 dead but independent estimates suggest that as
09:42many as 230 000 perish from flooding from disease and from famine
09:51when civilians run from an approaching army it should help them survive but that's not the case in a key
09:58city
09:59in portugal during a terrible war in 1809 portugal portugal is a key strategic objective for napoleon and
10:12his french troops as they conquer their way through europe napoleon's forces are marching toward the city and
10:19the people of porto are in a frenzy the french are known to slaughter and terrorize the portuguese
10:27for seemingly no reason whatsoever so the people of porto it's more about the fear of what happens
10:32if we surrender they feel that escape is ultimately going to be the best option
10:38the french army is attacking from the north so thousands of locals try to flee to the south
10:44if they can cross the doro river they just might live they know the river will be a natural barrier
10:52that separates porto from the french troops a way to get across that river is by crossing this at the
11:00time pretty ingenious invention this pontoon bridge the bridge is a temporary mark made from 20 boats tied
11:09together with steel cables with thousands fleeing napoleon's army the bridge faces an impossible test of its
11:17strength one vulnerability of the bridge from an engineering standpoint is its lack of redundancy
11:24redundancy refers to the multiple ways in which the weight or the load can be supported if there
11:31is a failure at a single point it just so happens that this bridge has a weak point because of
11:37its need
11:38to be able to open up at the center span to allow water traffic to pass through the problem though
11:46is
11:46that these bridges are not designed for the weight of thousands and thousands of people crossing
11:52simultaneously as thousands cram onto the bridge the structure built for orderly passage begins to
12:01grow under the weight of the masses the middle section of the bridge which is the weakest point gives way
12:13boats tethered on either side of the opening can no longer hold on to their positions
12:17and the entire bridge just unravels
12:23thousands of people are thrown into the doru river
12:29most people who fall in can't make it to the river banks and they just drown
12:37by the time napoleon's troops arrived at the river they end up encountering the largest bridge disaster
12:45in history 4 000 people end up dying trying to escape from napoleon's troops unsurprisingly napoleon's
12:54forces capture porto with almost no resistance but the human cost of victory is staggering
13:03war can expose engineering problems like it did in porto now let's turn to italy and a problem revealed in
13:12the tunnel
13:17by 1944 world war ii italy has taken the brunt of the allied rage and mussolini's fascist state
13:29has paid the price people are struggling just to get by and the amount of internal refugee and black market
13:37movement within italy is staggering under these conditions it's not easy to get around the train
13:45is the primary method of transportation one particular freight train the 8017 is originating
13:54out of naples and heading through the hill country towards balvano the balvano train is essentially a bunch of
14:02different carriages that have been cobbled together to make one mediocre train the 8017 is being pulled
14:09by two steam engines one a modern new model and the other older and less reliable the 8017 is a
14:19freight
14:20route it's a freight train yet at this time in the war people are desperate for opportunity so the 8017
14:27is
14:27loaded with refugees trying to shepherd their own goods in this new black market economy there are
14:36more than 600 storeways on this train they've climbed in cars they've climbed on top of cars
14:41so given the freight and all the people this train is way over low
14:47this point in the war all the high quality coal is going to support the war efforts so to operate
14:54this
14:54train they're really using the lowest quality coal called late night it doesn't produce as much energy
15:01when burned it also produces a lot of byproducts including carbon monoxide the train approaches the
15:08one mile long army tunnel but the combination of the weak engine poor quality coal overloaded
15:15compartments and hilly terrain make it a difficult climb so here you have these engines working extra hard
15:23they're in this confined space of a tunnel belching out deadly carbon monoxide it's a little after
15:32midnight and the train comes to a halt inside the army tunnel the engines haven't stopped they're still
15:40working hard trying to move this train in an attempt to try to get the train out of the tunnel
15:46one of the
15:47engines tries to move backwards however the problem is that two engine operators are not able to speak
15:54to each other so one engine is going forward and one engine is pulling backwards they're emitting vast
16:01amounts of carbon monoxide with zero ventilation carbon monoxide is absolutely odorless and absolutely
16:09deadly it kind of displaces oxygen in your blood and if you're breathing that for several minutes your
16:17body isn't getting the oxygen you need they just start falling unconscious and they start to die
16:25one brake man realizes the severity of the situation attempts to make it to the tunnel entrance and
16:31eventually makes it to a station agent's office for support rescuers arrive around 5 a.m and what they
16:39find is pure horror there are 500 bodies on the ground outside the train inside the train on top of
16:49the train
16:50just people slumped where they succumb to the carbon monoxide it's not like we can point to one thing for
16:57why this accident occurs there's the hill there's the cobbled together train with two different types
17:03of steam engines there's the lignite coal it's all these different pieces that really show why engineering
17:09is important why safety regulations are important if we ignore any of those things we can have these
17:15catastrophic accidents
17:19when it opens the hyatt regency hotel in kansas city
17:23is considered a marvel its best feature is a huge atrium with hanging walkways a year later it
17:32becomes a site of a shocking disaster in july of 1980 the new hyatt regency hotel opens it is a
17:42grand
17:42building in the center of town and it's notable because it has these hanging walkways the walkways are
17:49stacked in the center of the atrium and they're made to look like they're suspended in midair it's a
17:55marvel of modern engineering
18:00on july 17 1981 the regency is alive with the kansas city tea dance a local news crew is on
18:08hand that night
18:08covering the tea dance this kind of 19th century european get together with an american flair so of
18:16course once it's in full swing we want to go up on the walkways on the atrium and look down
18:20but when
18:21you're looking at the flash and the glamour you're not looking at the literal nuts and bolts that put
18:27this place together in the original design one rod was sustained from the ceiling with strength enough
18:33to carry the two walkways walkway one on the second floor and walkway two on the fourth floor but during
18:41construction the steel contractor suggests a design change to cut costs rather than using one continuous
18:48load bearing steel rod two separate rods were created one holding walkway one the second holding walkway two
18:58from walkway one imagine if you had a pull-up bar if you have two people hanging from it the
19:06pull-up bar
19:06could support their weight but if you have one person hanging off of the other one then the weak
19:13point isn't the rod itself but the wrists of the person on top it's just too much weight you found
19:20a
19:20cheaper carpet great go for it you found a cheaper shade of paint great go for it you found a
19:26cheaper
19:27way to hang two atrium walkways let's think about that one dancers and attendees crowd the walkways
19:36oblivious to the strain beneath their feet the walkways start to creak and grow but nobody can hear it over
19:43the music of the band and people talking the weight is simply too much for the hanger rods
19:51they break the fourth floor collapses as it collapses it falls onto the second floor and the second floor
19:57collapses under the weight of that both of them fall onto the atrium full of people
20:0768 tons of metal steel glass collapse in tandem
20:14it's not just that you're falling 30 or 40 feet which is plenty enough to be a disaster but it's
20:20been tons of debris falling on top of you burying beneath the rubble first responders arrive to find
20:28a horrific scene people who moments earlier were having the time of their lives are now crushed under rubble
20:35all in all the rescue effort takes over 14 hours by the next morning as the dust is settling the
20:42true
20:42extent of this disaster becomes clear 114 dead more than 200 injured is one of the deadliest structural
20:52collapses in american history in the 1980s builders in jerusalem also changed the design of a structure
21:02during construction and tragedy happens again
21:09in jerusalem israel the versailles wedding hall is a happening spot to throw an event
21:18and on may 24th 2001 karen and asaf dror are getting married this is a wedding hall you bring 200
21:28or 300 of
21:28your closest friends all of your drunk uncles people are dancing people are singing it's a celebration
21:33but the building's dance floor and its walls have been hiding engineering problems that take back 15 years
21:43the wedding hall is constructed via a method using these very very thin concrete slabs that's called
21:51palcal and the reason for doing this is because it's a much more cost-effective way of building as a
21:58result of being thinner and lighter weight palcal does not have the load bearing the capabilities of
22:06other forms of concrete another construction decision is even more concerning the original plan is that
22:13the building is going to be two stories and that just a portion of the building is going to have
22:17a
22:18third floor but during construction they decide they're going to cover the whole building with the
22:22third floor it's got the weight of a whole other story on top of it and they've got partitions
22:29holding the second floor ceiling up but a couple of weeks before the wedding the owners of the building
22:35decide they're going to take those partitions out so they can open up the space they don't realize
22:40those partitions are holding up the entire third floor
22:45when you look up and you see cracks in the ceiling above you and the floors inevitably begin to sag
22:55the owners decide to put a layer of ground over to hide the cracks of course just hiding engineering
23:04mistakes doesn't make them disappear this is a big party this is a big wedding there's 700 people in this
23:12wedding and it is simply too much weight during the festivities the floor it buckles for about a
23:22microsecond everyone's like what happened before anyone can react the ground beneath their feet gives in
23:38400 people instantly vanish into the void they're sucked down into this gaping awe of nothingness
23:49those lucky to be on the periphery just see emptiness where hundreds of people were just standing
23:55they don't just fall one story they fall through the next floor to the ground they fall three stories
24:04356 people are injured 23 died
24:09it's a series of bad choices that lead to progressive failure that lead to disaster
24:20engineering shortcuts are nothing new but in a roman arena
24:25that leads to death
24:29it's 27 a.d and the thing to do is the gladiatorial games this is the academy awards this is
24:36football
24:37this is the big movie of the day we're talking 20 guys against 50 lions we're talking about flooding
24:45arenas and having naval battles i mean these are big ships
24:50but in the reign of tiberius there is a major restriction in the number and spectacle of gladiatorial
24:56games that can be held tiberius is a stick in the mud and he has no time for roman politics
25:02or roman
25:02entertainments instead he basically retires to the island of capri outside the site of the roman elite
25:09with tiberius out of the picture the romans decide to quench their thirst for violent entertainment
25:17not far from rome there's a place called the dani and there's a man a freedman a former slave his
25:23name
25:23is atelius and he sees money he says i am going to hold the best gladiatorial games ever and i'm
25:31going
25:31to get rich so he builds an amphitheater about six miles outside of rome to the north when we think
25:39of
25:40as in the ancient world we think of these giant stone amphitheaters but that is not what atelius
25:45builds he builds a amphitheater of wood atelius is in this for the money so he cuts more than a
25:53few
25:53corners he doesn't properly prepare the foundation he doesn't properly put up the cross beams that would
25:59allow the stadium to keep from shifting remember this stadium is going to hold tens of thousands of
26:04people it's a massive amount of weight it is an unstable structure on opening day over 50 000
26:13spectators jostle for the best view of the bloody contests below this gladiatorial arena it's swaying a
26:22little bit and then it's swaying more and more and you start to feel unsteady on your feet imagine if
26:30you were at a baseball game and the whole thing started to tip over at once this edifice with all
26:38of
26:38these people in it collapses
26:43so you have people flying through the air screaming plummeting into the people below and then you have
26:49panic people who are attempting to escape clawing over each other imagine 50 000 people struggling
26:55under the weight of this structure that has fallen all around them
27:01ancient historians have a propensity to exaggerate but it is not unrealistic on the low end of the
27:08estimate to think that about 20 000 people were killed that day it is the greatest engineering disaster of
27:14its time engineering disasters often come from poor planning in 1947 at a port in texas that causes one of
27:25the
27:26most terrible accidents in american history in the post-world war ii world america is the only country left
27:37standing with big manufacturing capacity and that translates to a lot of business in the port of
27:45texas city south of houston the port of texas city is meant to put in place new safety protocols because
27:51of the growth the problem with that though is that these safety protocols are never actually put in place
27:58on april 16 1947 the ss grand camp is docked at texas city with a cargo of 2300 tons of
28:09ammonium nitrate
28:10ammonium nitrate as a material is very useful it's a great fertilizer as long as it's stored in the proper
28:17conditions
28:18this means that engineers will have to design storage protocols to maintain safety the ss grand camps hold are set
28:26up in the
28:27worst way possible they have twine next to ammonium nitrate something that is extraordinarily flammable
28:34should not be ever set next to something that is extraordinarily explosive especially under hot conditions
28:40it is literally a what not to do in the bottom of a ship engineers often enlist the aid of
28:47frontline workers to sound the alarm if something seems off that doesn't happen in texas city
28:54the longshoremen who pack the ammonium nitrate say that it was hot to the touch and this is
29:00especially problematic when we're talking about ammonium nitrate because it can go through rapid
29:04decomposition and break apart into nitrogen gas oxygen gas and water and when that happens it's
29:11essentially a bomb when a fire starts in one of the grand camps holds the cargo begins to smolder
29:19once the fire gets going the crew tries to do what they can to extinguish it but they're not having
29:24success so the idea they come up with is let's close the hatch and starve it of oxygen once again
29:32an
29:33engineering solution should have protocols in place for hazardous materials fires if this was a traditional fire
29:41fire sealing the hold off would eventually extinguish the fire because there's a finite amount of oxygen
29:47in the hole except in the case of ammonium nitrate it's creating its own oxygen as it's burning and so
29:55the well-known strategy of basically smothering a fire will work in this instance by 9 a.m the fire
30:03is
30:03burning out of control and people start coming out to watch it and someone calls the fire department to come
30:09put it out but of course they've never dealt with anything like this either at 9 12 the pressure
30:15gets to a tipping point where it just can't be contained anymore and it just explodes
30:26the explosion of the grand camp is so massive that it registers on seismographs
30:33in denver colorado that's 800 miles away
30:40as the blast waves travels through the port it is causing destruction toppling buildings knocking
30:46over vehicles and the ship's two-ton anchor is thrown a mile and a half inland it's at this point
30:54that engineering failures in the layout of the port make this disaster even worse
31:00there are other fuel tanks in the port there are other ships in the port also holding ammonium
31:07nitrate in its cargo hold so that catches fire that causes a secondary explosion
31:14when all is said and done you have over 500 people that end up losing their lives at the port
31:22of texas
31:23including pretty much every single person on the volunteer fire brigade a big part of engineering
31:30is engineering safety so if you look at all the levels of failure that lead to this incident
31:37store materials improperly once they get burned seal them off and then attract the crowd come and watch
31:43the shovel it is one engineering failure after another chemical plants can be dangerous and if they're not
31:53well maintained they can turn deadly that's just what happened in bhopal india
32:04it's december 2nd 1984 and the city of bhopal india winds down for the night
32:11but in the heart of the city a pesticide plant is a ticking time bomb
32:18in the 1970s the bhopal plant manufactured an immense amount of the pesticide called seven
32:25in order to make seven the bhopal factory make something called methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate
32:32is a flammable toxic liquid if it gets into the vapor form it has a very strong smell but if
32:39you're
32:40smelling it it's probably too late methyl isocyanate or mic has to be stored in extremely precise conditions
32:50it must be under pressure it must be in a cool temperature and it cannot be exposed to any sort
32:57of moisture not a single one of these precautions are met
33:0340 tons of toxic mic is sitting in a pressurized storage tank called e610 but e610 is over pressurized
33:14and it's beginning to leak despite these maintenance issues there should still be a layer of safety
33:23precautions in place the plant's design includes a critical safeguard a jumper line meant to prevent
33:30water from mixing with the chemical but the line has been replaced recently and cheaply
33:38the jumper line becomes through its poor engineering the worst enemy of mic rather than aiding in its
33:48cleaning and maintenance it's actually injected water into the system when water reacts with
33:54methyl isocyanate it produces carbon dioxide gas the carbon dioxide gas builds up and the pressure
34:00starts to go up around 12 15 a.m workers reported the presence of a leak to their managers but
34:08the
34:08managers were just about to start their evening tea break and so they decided to wait until after their
34:15break before investigating the cause of the leak that tea break is a death warrant for the residents of
34:21the carbon dioxide vents on its own it is so highly pressurized that the emergency vent with a concrete
34:30underneath it cracks deadly methyl isocyanate gas escapes and the plant's alarms remain silent they
34:40are turned off weeks before to save money there are several engineering factors attached to tank e610
34:48basically sprinkler system is supposed to shoot up and over the tanks to take the gas down but the
34:56engineering of the sprinkler system has a critical design floor it's built too low the curtain of
35:02water created by the sprinklers isn't high enough to contain the gas with no safety apparatus in
35:10operation the toxic plume of mic blankets mobile and it's midnight the town is asleep around 1am citizens
35:21of the city start realizing something's going on they wake up they're having a hard time breathing
35:25they're choking some of them are even experiencing pulmonary edema so essentially their lungs are
35:31filling up with water and they're suffocating mic is called the silent killer for a reason it's light
35:37you can't see it and it just floats around responders don't know that this deadly gas is the cause so
35:45initially doctors and nurses misdiagnose what is happening to these people this wastes valuable
35:52time as victims continue to flood into emergency rooms within 72 hours upwards of 5 000 people are dead
36:01many of them elderly or children but that's just the beginning in the coming weeks upwards of 20 000
36:09people will die from secondary effects of the union carbide plants absolute negligence it started with bad
36:19engineering when it's built in the 1970s the shinobu nuclear power plant is celebrated as the pinnacle
36:29in soviet engineering but the events of 1986 will put an entire continent at risk
36:40chernobyl is touted by the soviets as being an engineering marvel that will provide energy to
36:45the masses it powers much of ukraine but underneath its imposing facade lies an uncomfortable truth
36:54its reactor design is deeply flawed the reactor's graphite tipped control rods they are designed
37:05to slow the reactions during a shutdown but when they are first inserted into the court they can
37:11temporarily lead to an increase in reactions and this can trigger instability not safety
37:19on april 26th a routine safety test begins the workers shut down half of the power plant's
37:28generators then as they attempt to restart them they discover they don't have the backup power to get
37:34them back online they realize that they're in trouble they decide they have to shut the reactor
37:39down and they drop the graphite rods the rods cause the reaction to go unstable and this coolant inside
37:46immediately turns to steam and there's a huge release of radioactive steam so much force that it blows the
37:541 000 ton cap off of the top of the reactor fires erupt across the plant as radioactive materials are
38:06ejected into the atmosphere the amount of radiation gamma radiation that is being released is lethal
38:14it's deadly it will cause burns and eventually will cause organ failure which means that the first
38:21responders they start to die within hours radioactive materials are still burning through the core of
38:29the reactor if workers don't drain the water below the reactor more radioactive steam will be produced
38:37that could trigger an even bigger explosion but the tunnels are full of lethal doses of radiation so they
38:45have to ask for three volunteers who are going to go down into those tunnels and they call them the
38:51suicide squad
38:54they give them wet suits and very low protection they send them down presumably to die
39:06so they wade through radioactive waters they open valves and drain the water
39:16and in doing so they save thousands of lives
39:25everybody assumes that they died the thing is they didn't
39:30meanwhile a much larger problem is unfolding the radioactive cloud is spreading quickly and blanketing the nearby city
39:39of pripyat they don't start to give orders for evacuation until 36 hours after the accident of
39:46course when they do no one's prepared there is chaos
39:51residents fight to get on buses that are leaving town they are frantic to get out of this radiation zone
39:59but by then it's almost too late they're starting to show symptoms of radiation poisoning
40:04they have nausea and vomiting the corpse of their hair falling out their arms are starting to feel like pins
40:10and needles
40:11it's a bad situation
40:13the damage isn't confined to prip yet
40:16radioactive particles spread across europe they contaminate soil water and air
40:23there's a lot of controversy over how many people died as a result of the chernobyl explosion
40:28but if you look at things like early death cancer rates across a wide swath into europe
40:34the disaster might kill as many as 200 000 people
40:40it takes three decades to bring some semblance of control back to the site
40:46in 2016 a massive steel sarcophagus called the new safe containment is slid over reactor number four
40:57safely sealing it once and for all
41:00the new safe confinement is essentially a good engineering solution for a bad engineering problem
41:07that happened more than 30 years ago
41:13some engineering failures begin with a single mistake others are caused by years of neglect but a few cause such
41:22shocking destruction they rank among history's deadliest
41:27yes
41:27yes
41:27yes
41:30yes
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