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00:38That clearly didn't happen.
00:40So from your perspective, what went wrong?
00:43Well, a couple of things went wrong diplomatically.
00:47As far as Netanyahu is concerned, the June war never really ended.
00:52Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader who is now dead, refused to kind of meet the United States halfway,
01:02although Iran did negotiate and although they did engage in negotiations.
01:07Trump wanted direct negotiations.
01:11Iran refused.
01:13Trump wanted kind of a quick and swift resolution to the nuclear file.
01:21Iran dragged it out.
01:23So while Iran did negotiate, it negotiated on its own terms and did not realize the volatility that characterizes the
01:35Trump White House
01:36and the unpredictability of President Trump's decision making.
01:43And so that's what got us to this stage.
01:47Iran points to its leverage over the Strait of Hormuz, while Washington says it seriously weakened Tehran's military.
01:55What do you think is happening right now and where do you see this headed?
01:58The Americans and particularly the Trump White House and the Iranians have two very different assumptions of what about the
02:07war.
02:07The United States and Israel want a quick and decisive victory.
02:12And for them, the destruction of Iran's military capabilities, these very showy explosions, are indications that they are winning and
02:25that Iran is losing.
02:27Iran has a very different assumption about the war.
02:31First of all, simply resisting and surviving is tantamount to victory.
02:37And also, Iran doesn't necessarily see the war in quick and decisive terms.
02:43It sees it in terms of a very prolonged conflict, one in which, over time, Iran would grind down American
02:53and Israeli resolve
02:55and steadily increase the pain inflicted on them.
03:00So what we see are two very different approaches to the war.
03:05And of course, at this point, the question is, who's going to blink first?
03:09And finally, I want to come back to what's happening inside Iran.
03:12There's been a lot of focus on the absence of Mujtaba Khamenei from public view.
03:17What does that signal domestically and who seems to be making the key decisions right now?
03:21Mujtaba Khamenei's absence, both even, we don't even have a recording of his voice.
03:30His absence is palpable.
03:35The Islamic Republic system continues to function.
03:38And more importantly, insofar as Iran on a day-to-day basis is concerned, military decisions are being made.
03:48And this is because the system prepared itself for continuing to function militarily, especially, even in the absence of a
03:58supreme leader.
03:59So whether or not Mujtaba is alive or dead or is capable of making command decisions really doesn't matter,
04:08because the Revolutionary Guards and the Iranian army are continuing to make military decisions the way they determine fit.
04:17And even if Ali Larijani, who's the head of the Supreme National Security Council, even if he has been killed,
04:25again, that isn't directly relevant.
04:29Professor Kamrava, thank you for your insights.
04:32As Gulf states remain on the defensive, the hope is that restraint from Washington, Tel Aviv and Tehran can still
04:39prevent further escalation and open the door to diplomacy.
04:43Adil Halim, Euronews, Doha.
04:47Now, the war in the Middle East has nothing to do with NATO and is not a NATO war.
04:52That's the message from the office of the German Chancellor.
04:54For more on the mood among NATO allies, Euronews's correspondent, Shona Murray, sent us this update.
04:59Well, good morning, Maeve.
05:00And just as we thought the turmoil from last January when Donald Trump said he wanted to take over Greenland
05:05was coming to an end,
05:06Donald Trump, it appears, is trying to draw NATO into his war with Iran with comments at the weekend saying
05:11that NATO would face a very bad future
05:14if it doesn't support Donald Trump and help sort out the situation with the Strait of Hormuz.
05:18I caught up with the Finnish Foreign Affairs Minister, Alina Veltanen, and I asked her about this prospect.
05:24NATO, first and foremost, its purpose is, as the North Atlantic Treaty says, for the North Atlantic security.
05:31And therefore, that's our top priority.
05:35And also, I mean, NATO is a defensive alliance in any case.
05:40But having said all this, of course, we will be closely scrutinizing together with our partners and allies,
05:48so both in NATO, but also in the European Union, whether there are ways in which we can help to
05:54both have the Strait of Hormuz open up,
05:59but also to make it secure going forward as well.
06:03NATO is a defensive alliance, not an offensive alliance.
06:06So therefore, it can't be dragged into a war of the United States and Israel's making.
06:11Is that what you're saying?
06:13NATO is indeed a defensive alliance, and we won't be dragged in into any war of choice.
06:19But having said all this, we, of course, have a collective interest.
06:23And I should say not only within NATO, but as the world to have the oil flowing and also the
06:31situation to de-escalate.
06:33And that is certainly something we are calling for.
06:35OK, so what's then the EU and, I guess, NATO, but let's say European response going to be to try
06:40to help reopen and keep open the Strait of Hormuz,
06:44given the impact it's having on the global economy and oil prices?
06:47Yeah, so, well, today in Brussels, but also in the upcoming days, we will be discussing this with our closest
06:56partners and allies,
06:57both within the European Union and in NATO, whether there should be some sort of an operation which could be
07:07there for that precise purpose,
07:11that we both keep this Strait open, not just for now, but also for the future.
07:15But having said all this, it will require very close scrutiny because, for instance, I can say that for countries
07:24like Finland,
07:25we as NATO members and securing a very long border with Russia as well,
07:30we certainly need our capabilities first and foremost to deter the threat of Russia against the entire alliance.
07:38Back a few months ago, there was Greenland.
07:41OK, then you have months before that, all NATO allies saying that they're going to increase spending to 5%
07:48and everyone did that.
07:49And now you have Donald Trump taking away the Russian sanctions against the Kremlin,
07:55which is probably one of the most effective thing that Europe has done.
07:58Now that Putin can get all this money from the oil revenue, it means he can spend it on the
08:02war in Ukraine
08:03and actually Russian attacks against NATO territory.
08:06Well, you see, the Russian economy showed some serious cracks earlier this year.
08:13And many were of the opinion that finally the sanctions that we have put on do work.
08:20And certainly the sanctions have played a massive role in weakening Russia's fiscal position,
08:26which is good because Russia is using its rubles essentially to fund its war machine.
08:33But now that the oil price has been ticking up and it probably will be staying there for some time,
08:41that certainly helps Russia on a daily basis.
08:45Should Europe say, OK, we will help you, but we need a better deal on Ukraine,
08:50whether it's security guarantees or we need you to take away the tariffs that you've imposed on us
08:54that are really damaging our economies or creating global instability?
08:57Certainly, if there's going to be a decision to be helping out with the Strait of Hormuz,
09:03then certainly there's a lot of leverage that we can also make use of.
09:09But let's...
09:09Like what? What would you think?
09:10So let's not rush into conclusions here.
09:13But what has to be said that not only Ukraine, but also Europe have very strong cards,
09:18especially in the long term.
09:36Most modern humans today, except for people from sub-Saharan Africa,
09:43have a couple percent ancestry from Neanderthals.
09:47Maybe it's a little higher, maybe it's a little lower for an individual person.
09:52And all of this Neanderthal ancestry is the result of interbreeding
09:57between early modern humans and Neanderthals in Eurasia about 45,000 years ago.
10:23And it shows that whenever Neanderthals and modern humans have made it,
10:30there's been a preference for male Neanderthals and female modern humans
10:37as opposed to the other way around.
10:39It doesn't rule out the fact that it may just be birth incompatibility.
10:44So either side tried, but only one side was successful.
11:00And it's not the result of a strictly Darwinian survival of the fittest.
11:07This bit's good and this bit's bad and these people survived.
11:13But it's really the result of how we interact with each other
11:18and what our culture and society and behavior is like.
11:29And it's really the result of how we interact with each other and how we interact with each other and
11:44how we interact with each other and how we interact with each other.
11:44And it's really the result of how we interact with each other and how we interact with each other.
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