- 21 hours ago
Tony travels to Istanbul to find culinary highlights and explores the city with his friend Esra, tasting a traditional Turkish breakfast and different local specialties in a bazaar.
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00:10modern turkey was founded in 1923 on the principles of secular democratic statehood
00:16after centuries of empire it has been the most turbulent year in a decade of turkey's
00:23political history turkey has set a new course one that many hoped would carry it into the
00:29european union there's clearly a significant portion of the turkish population that's not
00:35happy with the policies of the democratically elected government but things have changed
00:40they are changing you get clashes erupting demonstrators throwing rocks and what happens
00:47next has implications far beyond turkey
00:51i took a walk through this beautiful world felt the cool rain on my shoulder
01:01down somewhere in this beautiful world i felt the rain getting colder
01:15black man
01:16shalala
01:20shalala
01:22shalala
01:40shalala
01:54It has been a turbulent year for Turkey.
01:59And I arrive in Istanbul at the moment of a critical election.
02:05The question on everyone's mind is whether the current president and his ruling party
02:09will win a large enough majority to change the Constitution,
02:13potentially allowing him to stay in power indefinitely.
02:22These have been good times for some,
02:25particularly in the construction and development business,
02:29and fearful ones for others.
02:32They are particularly concerned about what happens next, for instance,
02:36in the Kurdish parts of town.
02:40We're going now to try it.
02:44We're going now!
02:46We're going now!
02:48We're going now!
02:54Now that's what we are going with.
03:06The polls are starting to open in Turkey
03:08as the voters choose a new vote
03:09parliament which could lead to big changes in the country's political system the ruling justice and
03:16development party is expected to take most of the seats but how much power the president
03:21actually has will be determined by the success or failure of the kurdish party
03:30the hdp originally a kurdish political party has sought to unite the disparate voices calling
03:37for change in response to 13 years of what has essentially been one party rule by the akp
03:45so history whatever it might be is about to happen
03:53just in the past hour polls have closed in the country's parliamentary elections
04:03voters in turkey have just shaken up their country's political landscape in a major way
04:09they said no to president rejataid orduan and his push for more power over the constitution
04:16the ruling akp party did not win the majority its president had hoped for
04:21in fact they lost seats in parliament and for the first time the pro-kurdish party
04:26gained enough votes to earn a real voice in the government
04:55so
04:59I don't know.
05:29We are at the very tip of Istanbul, next to the Black Sea.
05:32So the ships that are going by here, they're basically going to Russia.
05:37I meet an old friend, Esra, for my first meal back in country.
05:42I know you like your fish with the head and the tail.
05:45So this is perfect.
05:49I ordered some rakı.
05:52Oh, that makes me so happy.
05:54Yes, which is our national drink.
05:57It is aniseed and...
05:59I am familiar with this drink, all too familiar.
06:03Cheers.
06:04Welcome back.
06:09So, since I last saw you, which was 2009.
06:122009.
06:13Wow, a long time ago.
06:14So Istanbul looks a little different than last time I was here.
06:17It looks a little more like every other city.
06:20Yeah.
06:23Well, construction.
06:26There seems to be a lot of that going on.
06:28Yes.
06:29Your president likes to build stuff.
06:31He likes to pour concrete.
06:32Because it keeps the economy going.
06:34Turkey is so much politicized since the last time you came.
06:38Like, after 2011, the daily life issues like how many children you should have, advising women not to laugh out
06:50loud in public.
06:51Things like this were actually suggested by the government.
06:57Right.
06:58Now, do you think this is coming from a genuine, ideological, religious place, or is this a political calculation?
07:04I think it's a genuine...
07:08You're telling me that the current leadership is, in his heart, is genuinely opposed to alcohol, women laughing in public?
07:21Um...
07:21Maybe I don't feel comfortable answering that question.
07:32Turkey's most famous politician, Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
07:37He is the power, and has been the power in one form or another for more than a decade.
07:43He is the face of Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party, the AKP.
07:51Erdogan has, in recent years, made Islamist politics mainstream.
07:55And while remaining very, very popular in this extremely polarized nation, cracked down hard on media, political opposition, free speech,
08:05and, of course, demonstrations.
08:14In 2013, the almost revolution in Turkey happened.
08:18A protest to contest the proposed demolition of Istanbul's Gezi Park resulted in a brutal crackdown by the police.
08:28In response, ordinary Turks, unconnected by any particular ideology, poured into the streets.
08:34With the whole world watching on social media, they, too, were met with force.
08:41In the end, Erdogan remained firmly in control.
08:45And there were repercussions for many who had supported the protest.
08:52From that point on, media, social media, even open discussion of issues or events, became treated as hostile acts by
09:00foreign enemies.
09:09.
09:13Autocrats, in general, are not famous for their sense of humor.
09:16So it's no surprise that comedians in Turkey, like Diniz, and her fiancé Khan walk a perilous line.
09:26Are these good times to be a comedian in Turkey?
09:28It's definitely one of the best times,
09:31because our former prime minister
09:33is my support for learning.
09:36We don't use the names.
09:38We just call him the gradedness or, you know...
09:42I guess they are running the finals.
09:49The finals? Yeah.
09:51But all weight classes.
09:53But it's basically Greco-Roman wrestling.
09:56Just, they're greased up.
09:59As I understand it, you can't choke with two hands, only one.
10:02Yes.
10:02But you can just slip your hand...
10:05Right down into some greasy ass crack.
10:09And grab whatever you find.
10:12Tell me something.
10:14I want to know what are the rules of the game.
10:41Turkish Oil Wrestling.
10:43A big, freakin' salad...
10:46Turkish Oil Wrestling.
10:47Covered with oiled men in leather pants.
10:50Giving each other's spirited and prolonged reach-arounds.
10:54Oh, geez.
10:58Can we get rights to the Barry White Greatest Hits record,
11:01or Diana Ross Love Hangover?
11:03Or is that too obvious?
11:12I like to be respectful of ancient tradition, but...
11:15I mean, the jokes write themselves.
11:16And they have what?
11:18There's like ropes inside, or handles, or...
11:21Where do I get a pair of those pants?
11:23For sure.
11:23Those are some super freaky pants.
11:25And did you see the golden belt?
11:27It's good too.
11:28Well, look.
11:29It's gotta be.
11:30Because, I mean, the pants are awesome.
11:32Imagine what the belt looks like.
11:33Yes.
11:43Does he stop yelling at some point?
11:49The announcer called Cazgır.
11:51Yeah.
11:52And in slang, Cazgır means the person who talks too much.
11:58It's too loud.
12:02It's time for political ads.
12:10What's changed since your last visit?
12:12Obviously, the mood has changed a lot.
12:15Which is weird, because everything seemed to be going so well.
12:18Things seem to be getting more tolerant.
12:21Tolerance level is so low these days.
12:24People taking sides, don't like the other one.
12:30These people don't like our kind.
12:35So what happens if someone doesn't like your job?
12:38Somebody in a powerful position does not like your job.
12:41What happens?
12:43Depending on the degree, how much he doesn't like you, how much he's offended.
12:48Let's say he's really offended.
12:50You go to jail.
12:53Or being, you know, terrorist or...
12:57Aiding and abetting the enemies of the state.
12:59Yes, enemy of the state.
13:00Being an enemy of the state is the most common thing you can do right now in Turkey.
13:06Oh my God!
13:08KoĹźa koĹźa!
13:10Görmüş oldunuz!
13:11Diğer meydanda kimse kalmasın arkadaşlar.
13:14GĂĽvenlik.
13:16Taş şehirlik bir sabakalarında.
13:18Gazi arkadaşımız.
13:20They are asking for more oil.
13:22More oil immediately.
13:25Abdullah Güngör.
13:27Samsun Ladis.
13:29Büyük Şehir Belediyesi'nin pehlivanı Fatih Bakır.
13:33Ä°stanbul.
13:54Building boom or building bubble.
13:58Architect and city planner Murat German has been capturing Istanbul's construction boom with his camera.
14:04He employs a unique method of compressing panoramas to create a striking reimagining of cityscapes.
14:11Reflecting perhaps more of the reality than a straight photo could.
14:18I've been following what's happening in Istanbul because it's my hometown.
14:24And what's happening is that the new government is basing the supposedly booming economy totally on construction.
14:31So what they did is they started to build high-rise housing, shopping malls and roads and all that.
14:41But not necessarily buildings that are related to the making of culture.
14:45So all this construction is related to consumption.
14:49Well, are these spaces needed at whatever income level?
14:52Will somebody be living in these buildings?
14:55That's a very good question. I'm asking the same question.
14:59First things first.
15:01Yeah.
15:01We'll save the world later.
15:04This is pide, by the way.
15:06Yes.
15:06And it's like the Turkish version of pizza, let's say.
15:16Pide has some similarities. I mean, there's cheese in it, dough, but it's more like a calzone maybe.
15:24I don't know. It's an efficient delivery vehicle for, in this case, ground meat, cheese and onions.
15:29A not-so-little torpedo straight from, I was going to say Flavortown, but no, that would be wrong.
15:36I want to see what you do with this. I want to see how you eat this.
15:41And what do you do with that? You dip in the egg? Pour it in?
15:44Yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly.
15:52This is...
15:52Cholesterol bomb, we call it.
16:07There's a remarkable lack of sentimentality about really one of the most uniquely glorious-looking spaces anywhere.
16:19Why don't they care?
16:21I agree. There's a lack of sentimentality and there's also a lack of vision, a really long-term vision.
16:27We have very short-term visions, mostly based on money-making.
16:33When people look at the work you do set in Istanbul, what do you want them to see?
16:40First of all, I really value the sustainability of a particular culture.
16:47I want my work to show, hey, look, this is what we had.
16:51I think we are already losing it.
16:54So why don't we stop here and maybe consider doing something else?
16:58Let's see.
16:59I think that's all.
17:15Let's see.
17:24Let's see.
17:26Long home to tradesmen, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians.
17:31Groups whose populations are these days
17:33a tiny fraction of what they once were.
17:37This neighborhood, like many in Istanbul,
17:39is slated for redevelopment in the name of urban renewal.
17:46Wow.
17:47Look at that.
17:49That's a lot of food.
17:50Cesar and his family have been running a restaurant here
17:53for nearly 20 years.
18:01The way that we make the food, it's our own language.
18:04That's the old idea about it.
18:06So, the family's Armenian?
18:08Yes.
18:09Is the food Armenian?
18:11This is my mom's food.
18:13Whatever we eat at home.
18:16Authentic Esnofs, or tradesmen's restaurants,
18:18are getting harder and harder to find.
18:21Most are family-owned businesses,
18:23the kind of place where you can get a classic,
18:25home-style meal of traditional dishes.
18:29You're clearly romantic.
18:31Do you think there's a place in modern Istanbul for romantics?
18:37Or will they slowly be crushed by modernity?
18:41Almost all the protesters, they were in that gezi.
18:46They were romantics.
18:47They killed those people.
18:49They used real guns.
18:51But they will still continue to protest.
18:53Nothing else.
18:58So, what's the future of Armenians in Turkey?
19:02Will there be more Armenians in Istanbul in 20 years, or fewer?
19:07Of course it will be less.
19:08Less?
19:09Yes.
19:10Yes.
19:13This turned towards a more conservative, more Islamist.
19:17Is this a political calculation,
19:19or do you think this is generally, genuinely how,
19:23how people feel now?
19:25It's the way that people feel now.
19:27Because of the, the way that our dear president,
19:30the way that he talks,
19:32it's not only a political issue.
19:34It's the reality itself.
19:35I don't know what he has in mind, our president,
19:40but somehow he let people fight with, you know, hate.
19:48But I believe that hate will be, you know,
19:52it will make our end true.
19:55That's what I'm afraid of.
19:56That's why I'm telling you that young generation,
20:00Armenians, they will definitely leave this country.
20:02Wow.
20:03I hope you're wrong.
20:04I like to be, I love, I mean, I'm not really an optimistic person,
20:07but I hope you're wrong about Istanbul,
20:09because it's an amazing place.
20:10I hope you will be the one who's right.
20:23All right, give me help and not crash my car.
20:27Not today.
20:28Maybe tomorrow.
20:31I have to pass this bus.
20:32If I don't pass this bus.
20:34No!
20:37It is a long-held belief that if you want to know the real deal,
20:41what's really good about a town.
20:43What a life.
20:44If you want to know where to find the good stuff,
20:46you ask a cab driver.
20:51I don't know.
20:52Wrong way.
20:53Right way.
20:54Life is life.
20:55Wife is wife.
20:56Take it easy.
20:58I don't know if that's true.
20:59Not in my town anyway.
21:02But in Istanbul, I know a cab driver.
21:05My old friend.
21:08Isan.
21:09Hello, my friend.
21:10Good to see you.
21:11After all those years.
21:13To meet you again.
21:13What a coincidence.
21:15What a nice.
21:16I love that.
21:21How are things in Istanbul?
21:23It looks very different.
21:23They're building stuff everywhere.
21:25I don't know what happened, but a lot of hotel,
21:28a lot of shopping center open.
21:29More restaurant open.
21:31More disco open.
21:32More discos.
21:33More disco.
21:34I thought this is a conservative government.
21:37Government conservative, but people.
21:39And they have to shake.
21:40They have to drink.
21:41Life too short.
21:44Abicim, it's not here.
21:46You are in the middle of the road.
21:48Are you crazy?
21:50Are you crazy?
22:17Again, we crossed the Galata bridge.
22:20I love here.
22:22Look at this city.
22:24Santa Sofia there.
22:25Topkapı palace there.
22:27New mosque.
22:28SĂĽleymaniye.
22:29Golden horn.
22:30I love this city.
22:33Yehuh.
22:34Come on everybody.
22:38Isan is just crazy.
22:41Taksi driver is nice job. I love this job because you meet every time new people and on the way
22:49you never get upset.
22:51Basır! Ankara gücü. Ulan kim tutar seni?
22:55Bir daha kamerayı nerede bulayım oğlum ver.
22:58Haklısın yavrum.
23:01Aslanlar gibiyim bugĂĽn. NeĹźeliyim.
23:03I wish I dance but I dance belly dance.
23:30İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim.
23:41Everybody say this is not normal.
23:45I study about Ottoman how to read learning Ottoman languages.
23:49When you ask why Ihsan to learn this because I want to read his story originally.
23:56Probably not while driving though.
23:58Yeah I'm not driving but the traffic already stopped Allah'ım yarabbim.
24:01If I talk too much and you're boring and I go.
24:04Take another taxi because I talk too much.
24:10Arkadaşlar ben buradayım.
24:16This is my home area.
24:17Oh yeah you live in this neighborhood.
24:19Yeah we call this area lokanta.
24:23So this is a local favorite of yours this restaurant?
24:26This restaurant I know since 30 years.
24:38So it's kaufut, tripes.
24:41Tripes.
24:43Very nice.
24:49That looks good.
24:51And it's just delicious.
24:53Are the young people more conservative or less conservative?
24:58My daughter married a religious person and she has a scarf.
25:03Another daughter young and 18 years old short and modern.
25:07They walk together, one is scarf, one is not.
25:11Right.
25:15Maybe one day you invite me to America and I will make belly dance on the American main road.
25:20Taking my body.
25:22I think probably get arrested for that.
25:58The voice of Istanbul.
26:05I've had at least 30 names from New Rome to Islambol.
26:13Now they say I'm between the east and the west.
26:17An identity crisis.
26:20Mine or theirs?
26:23Enough of this nonsense.
26:25Enough of this nonsense.
26:26Take the labels off and just look at me.
26:31You won't need a guidebook.
26:34Like all cities I have my own sense of time.
26:38I'm a labyrinth of layers that only make sense without a compass.
26:52If you're hesitant, not sure which way to go as you walk about, follow one of my cats.
26:59They would lead you to places, introduce you to people, point out secrets they keep even from me.
27:07They, more than anyone, are the longest continuing residents of the city.
27:20A challenge to those who see the future in my past.
27:25I'm an obstacle for those who see only the future.
27:35I see change with the patience of centuries.
27:42Look at my silhouette from the bridge on the golden horn.
27:48Time has not passed me by.
27:51It has protected me.
27:53I ask of you the same.
28:08An hour ferry ride and a world away are the Prince's Islands in the Sea of Marmara.
28:18Gunduz Vazov and his friend, Seyra Yilmaz, have invited me for lunch.
28:24Actor?
28:26Translator?
28:27Yeah.
28:29Philosopher?
28:30Poet?
28:30Are these good times to be a poet in Turkey?
28:33It is actually because it's a way to bring down the noise.
28:40Anyway.
28:42Because so much words are exchanged, especially in heated political discussions.
28:46I have become very used to and fond of this drink, by the way.
28:52Maybe too used to it and too fond of it.
28:56They used to call it lion's milk.
28:59And a famous Turkish poet is known for saying,
29:01I wish I could be a fish in a bottle of raku.
29:08Seyra prepares a traditional spread of meze.
29:13Turkish meze are an extremely tasty, very diverse assortment of dishes
29:18originating at every corner of the former Ottoman Empire.
29:21The Ottomans liked to eat and entertain, and they employed armies of cooks to dazzle them with ever-changing menus.
29:30Variety being key.
29:34Circassian chicken.
29:36Fava beans.
29:39Rice with mussels.
29:41Eggplant.
29:43Stuffed grape leaves.
29:46Poached eggs with yogurt.
29:48All classic.
29:49And all delicious.
29:51What shall I give you?
29:54A few of everything.
29:55Yes, please.
29:58Or maybe I could give you some chicken already.
30:03Make room for that, I think.
30:04Here we go.
30:06Wow, it's really pretty.
30:10Am I getting a distorted picture of Turkey by spending all of my time in Istanbul?
30:14It's very different than the rest of the country, yeah?
30:17How different?
30:18Mmm, but I think in Istanbul you have all the different parts of Turkey also.
30:25What does it mean to be Turkish?
30:28What do you think?
30:29Sarah, are you Turkish?
30:33Yes, but it's not my fault.
30:43Man, this is so, let me say it, this food is extraordinary.
30:46I mean, really, really, really amazing.
30:49But when I was here last, it was a very different mood.
30:54Now at least the tenor of the things said by the government are increasingly ugly and intolerant.
31:04And you've got this social activism that's very unusual.
31:09Certainly the government is sort of appealing to traditional Islamic values.
31:14Mm-hmm.
31:15Whether it's for show or not, there seems to be some reevaluation of how much of a party town do
31:22we want to be.
31:24These days, the powers that be don't like it.
31:29Do they genuinely not like it or are they appealing to a political base?
31:33No, no, no. It's populism. It's a political base.
31:35And lots of people, of course, play along, saying that they don't want to drink, et cetera,
31:40because that's the way you get your contracts, that's the way you get things done.
31:43But I mean, nationalism seems to be working internally.
31:48Yes.
31:48Nationalism and xenophobia, it's a vote-getter almost anywhere.
31:51Well, it's a vote-getter, but it's a vote-loser as well in the sense that there's so much backlash.
31:59What do you think is going to happen?
32:03It'll get back to normal.
32:04Do you think it'll go back?
32:05Oh, yeah.
32:22What do you think it'll do?
32:25Here we go.
32:56Walking down Istanbul streets, it's easy to forget or not take seriously the slow but certain change in attitude towards
33:04this kind of freedom.
33:11The right, for lack of a better term, to party.
33:26The AKP is in power because a majority of voters put them there.
33:31Their attitudes, for better or worse, reflect the attitudes of a great number of Turks.
33:38This is Nuri, a Turkish businessman.
33:41I'm glad we met you because you are an AKP supporter.
33:44You vote for AKP.
33:45Yeah, I did, Brian.
33:47Why?
33:49Before, the economy was so bad.
33:53No foreign investment.
33:56Interest rates were so high.
34:00Inflation was about 100% per year.
34:02So it's very hard to make business in such circumstances.
34:09In 2002, I had 70 employees.
34:14Now it's 250.
34:17Since I got here, I've been talking to a lot of people who are very upset about the environment.
34:25They're upset about the destruction of old, beautiful buildings.
34:29To a great extent, they do not like what much of the world would call progress.
34:34So when you saw people running out in the streets and demonstrating, what was your feeling?
34:41They said they went there for the threes.
34:43They went there for the environment.
34:45But at the end, they were together with the terrorist people.
34:51We have to accept Istanbul like this.
34:54We've got nothing to do.
34:55I cannot change it.
34:56No one can change it.
34:58No going back.
34:5950 years ago, they could do some things, but not now.
35:02You're not sentimental about the old neighborhoods, the old...
35:06Uh, no.
35:08I got used to.
35:16This is a party town.
35:17This is a nightclub town.
35:20The impression is that there's some ambivalence there.
35:25Ten years from now, will we be able to come to this bar or a bar like it
35:29and drink lots of gin drinks and misbehave?
35:33No problem.
35:34No problem.
35:36This is still a party town.
35:38Right.
35:39We drink hard.
35:41So it's all about money.
35:42It's all about money.
35:44Everything is all about money in the world.
35:49Who will be Turkey's bestest pal internationally?
35:54Which way are they looking, to the east or the west?
35:56East, Russia, China, Iran, and the Arabic countries.
36:05Because the west and Europe is getting weaker and weaker, day by day.
36:12The next 50 years, it's going to be the era of the east, not the west.
36:17Mm-hmm.
36:18So these notions of, like, freedom of the press,
36:21these are not eastern concepts?
36:23No.
36:24No.
36:24I mean, they're not.
36:26Okay, I'm going to ask you a tough question.
36:28Is freedom of the press overrated?
36:31Yeah.
36:33Yeah.
36:35It's all overrated.
36:37You think tightening up on the press is a sacrifice that you're willing to make for a good economy?
36:45I don't want to put words in your mouth.
36:47But prosperity for the majority.
36:50Yeah, it is.
36:51It's the same all over the world.
36:53It's not typical for Turkey.
36:55Right.
36:56That's life.
36:59Oh, thank you.
37:01This is a really bad idea.
37:03Okay.
37:04Cheers.
37:06Cheers.
37:06Nostrovia.
37:06Nostrovia.
37:10Ah.
37:11Oh, my God.
37:54Oh, my God.
38:01Hi.
38:02Of course, good to see you.
38:04Welcome to our park.
38:06Oh, man.
38:07I'm glad I haven't eaten yet.
38:09That is pretty awesome looking.
38:11So, have you ever had Turkish breakfast before?
38:14With you?
38:15I love that you even do eggs in the park.
38:18Pretty impressive.
38:19Yeah.
38:20This place is called Abbasala Park.
38:23It's one of the last remaining parks in the vicinity.
38:30Since 2013, people have been gathering here in what we call forums to talk about their
38:37ideas for different, how can I say?
38:41Debates, chats, different people gathering here at night after work and then talking,
38:48trying to find solutions, right?
38:51We didn't have any other place to go, so we can't here.
38:55Why is it so important?
38:59I think it's not just for us, for future residents of Istanbul.
39:07This space turns into a space of politics, a space of hope against this system, which seems
39:16to be, like, impossible to break, actually.
39:19Is it impossible to break?
39:20No, not now.
39:21It was impossible a few weeks ago.
39:23A few weeks ago was impossible.
39:25It's like, you're feeling optimistic.
39:28The hope is the revolution, you know?
39:30If you lose your hope, then there's nothing to do.
39:35I think the tide is turning.
39:37But for the, if you compare Arab Spring and Gezi Park things, I mean, in the Arab Spring,
39:45they are protesting against a dictatorship.
39:49But in Turkey, I think we can say that there is democracy.
39:53Esra and her friends, previously unlikely to have known, much less come to like one another,
39:59were brought together by circumstances.
40:02Have you been gassed?
40:04Not that much, but yeah.
40:06By gas, you mean, are you talking about pollution?
40:08But also tear gas.
40:10Oh, tear gas.
40:11When you are getting gas together, you really connect through life or death situations.
40:20You hold each other and run away together.
40:23It was a very, actually, emotional thing for me.
40:28Because all my life, I was taught to keep away from different types of people.
40:34Like, I never had a Kurdish friend.
40:36And I never had a, people around me were all like me.
40:39And I was lacking so much richness in my life.
40:42Thanks to Gezi, I saw everybody is the same.
40:45People love the real democracy in Gezi.
40:48People learn to speak without prejudices.
40:51Tear gas connecting people.
40:53Tear gas connecting people.
40:55When you just run away together.
41:07Democracy is always a fragile thing.
41:1192 years ago, modern Turkey was assembled from the fragments of the Ottoman Empire.
41:17It has always struggled to find a balance between those in power and the consent of its widely diverse population.
41:25Since the filming of this episode, Turkey's newly elected parliament failed to form a coalition.
41:31And President Erdogan quickly called for new elections.
41:40At the same time, he's revved up military action against Kurdish opposition forces in both southeastern Turkey and across the
41:48border in Kurdish Iraq.
41:53Many claim that he effectively plunged Turkey into conflict in a bid to take advantage of an atmosphere of fear
42:00and uncertainty and improve his party's chances of success.
42:04This is not an unreasonable assumption on anyone's part.
42:08Fear works.
42:09Fear gets votes.
42:29Fear gets votes.
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