00:00There is a continuous debate about the nature of out-of-Africa migration.
00:05Was this a one-time event or did it take place on multiple occasions?
00:10There is a continuous debate about the nature of out-of-Africa.
00:15The site of Ubediya is found close to the south of Ubediya.
00:20The site of Ubediya is on the southern edge of the Sea of Galilee, near Kibbutz Beit Zerah, and is one of the earliest
00:25prehistoric sites to be found outside of Africa, and dates to around 1.5 million years.
00:30The only other site that predates Ubediya is Dmanisi.
00:35In the Republic of Georgia, which dates to around 1.8 million years ago.
00:40Ubediya was discovered and excavated in the early 60s.
00:45by many of the famous Israeli peristorians, who uncovered rich stone
00:50tools assemblages that were used by early humans, together with numerous animal bones.
00:55some of which went extinct long time ago, like saber-toothed cats and mammoths.
01:00while others are not usually associated with Israel, such as hippos, rhinos, and
01:05big crocodiles.
01:06In 2018, Miriam Bellemaker won a national...
01:10...science foundation grant to study the ancient climate and to accurately...
01:15...the site.
01:16While studying animal bones from the site, she came across a vertebra...
01:20...with human-like feature that was actually excavated in 1966.
01:25Together with Professor Elabin, we studied the vertebra and came up with some...
01:30...new and important conclusions.
01:32First, it is a fossilized earth...
01:35...the early human bone that belonged to a child.
01:37We know so because of the shape of the vertebra.
01:40And the fact that it is incomplete.
01:43Meaning that it did not finish.
01:45It is a growing process.
01:47We estimate that had it reached adulthood, this individual...
01:50...would be around 1.8 meters tall and weigh about 19 kilograms.
01:55These numbers are similar to some of the large-bodied hominids.
02:00...that are found in Africa in the similar time period.
02:05...but are very different from the small-bodied hominids that we found in Georgia.
02:10Second, he will witness two distinct human species at the same time...
02:15...period, which is known as the lower Pleistocene outside of Africa.
02:20We know that the earliest stages of human evolution took place outside of...
02:25...to place in Africa.
02:26Based on the fossil record and by comparing DNA...
02:30...data from apes and humans.
02:32However, over the years, there is a continuous...
02:35...debate about the nature of out-of-Africa migration.
02:38Was this a one-time event?
02:40Or did it take place on multiple occasions?
02:43And who were the people who might...
02:45...migrated out of Africa?
02:46Our current study indicates that...
02:50...early hominids migrated at least twice and in two distinct ways.
02:55This is because the people of Dmanisi are different in size and shape from those of...
03:00...the people of Dmanisi.
03:01Moreover, Dr. Omri Barzilai studied the stone artifacts from both...
03:05...conclude that the stone manufacturing techniques are as...
03:10...as well as the stone tools themselves are different.
03:13Prof. Miriam Bellmaker concludes that...
03:15...the climate as well as the animals are also different in both sides.
03:20Thus, with each migration waves came new and different...
03:25...type of hominy with their own stone-making traditions, which...
03:30...may indicate maybe about their cognitive abilities.
03:35...and the different preferences of their ecological nation habitat.
03:40Thank you for listening and have a great day.
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