- há 11 minutos
Joey Guerrero was a Filipino spy who suffered from leprosy and extracted important information from Japanese soldiers. Marie Madeleine-Fourcade worked for the French and British secret services; after the war she became a member of the European Parliament. The French agent Violette Szabo was exposed by the Nazis and died in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Pearl Witherington was the only woman to command a network of resistance groups in France. Long before Julia Child became a cooking icon in the USA, she worked as an intelligence officer. Vera Schalburg, alias Vera Eriksen, a native Russian, spied for the German Abwehr. Her cover was exposed in England in 1940 and she was imprisoned, after which her traces were initially lost. In 2012 her story was made into a film ("The Beautiful Spy"). The German Ursula Kuczynski - code name: Sonja - joined the Soviet military intelligence service GRU during the Second World War.
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00:00Women who are whiplos smart,
00:04women who are pit mel
00:13Mencoins that generate on their own
00:17Execution for some areas
00:20only six weeks with a wave of 30.
00:23Nothing will benefit
00:27Using bombs to destroy trains and sparklers.
00:30They were three murderers of murderers.
00:34Or seduction to install the most vital enemies.
00:38When the guard opened it,
00:41There's Batty, being naked, at night,
00:44supposedly with some kind of legs.
00:47What they do will change the course of history.
00:52These are the children of Fios from World War II.
00:57These are the children of Fios from World War II.
01:28Julia Child,
01:29intelligent-officiated-tubre-celebrate-chef.
01:33Vera Eriksson,
01:34The most mysterious war of espionage.
01:38And Agent Sonia,
01:40one of the first crossbreeds of Threads of Threads.
01:42The war is all about espionage.
01:43The war is all about espionage.
01:44The war is all about espionage.
01:45The war is all about espionage.
01:47The war is all about espionage.
01:48The war is all about espionage.
01:49The war is all about espionage.
01:50The war is all about espionage.
01:51The war is all about espionage.
01:52The war is all about espionage.
01:53The war is all about espionage.
01:54The war is all about espionage.
01:55The war is all about espionage.
01:57The war is all about espionage.
01:58The war is all about espionage.
01:59The war is all about espionage.
02:00The war is all about espionage.
02:02The war is all about espionage.
02:03A war, more espionage.
02:04Nayez-en,
02:05interpretations would be from another enemy.
02:08And more espionage war.
02:10One given since last year.
02:13Zeronται h嗎.
02:15And ger大的domadização.
02:16Do not open before launching.
02:18The war is all about espionage.
02:22The war is all about espionage.
02:27In addition to afỏalar.
02:28She was created out of a kind of hope that can be released.
02:33We owe it to the guerrillas and guerrillas operating in France,
02:38The biggest one was runed by a famous woman.
02:41the resale as the boss, the patron,
02:45Marie-Madeleine Foucrade.
02:51She was created by the name Harrison, or Hedgehog,
02:55which, abroad, is a small, beautiful animal,
03:01but she can heal in a ball,
03:04To pull everyone along, and the kind of kind of kind of enemy.
03:09So, a pretty name is appropriate for her.
03:14Foucard was a pre-war prince who opposed the Nazis.
03:17as part of an underground group
03:19that, during the 1930s,
03:21tried to make the lucid world wake up
03:24Regarding the threat that Germany posted.
03:26Sieg Heim!
03:28Heim!
03:29But like a young maid,
03:33a kind of concert,
03:35come to chase her
03:36So, so dangerous liais?
03:39Marie-Madeleine
03:40She was a real socialite.
03:42She had a big opening.
03:45She was raised in Chiang Kai.
03:46with the first species of species,
03:48who was a dashing army officer.
03:50She moved to Morocco.
03:52And she had everything you could imagine.
03:53She had a car,
03:54She learned how to fly.
03:56She was a real woman,
03:57a real woman, a good woman.
03:59I imagine she would be full of energy.
04:01and a person worth getting to know.
04:05Marie-Madeleine
04:06It was a new generation of women.
04:08who did what they wanted,
04:10whenever they wanted.
04:12After being a pilot
04:14and a car-shaped car,
04:16she did something
04:17equal than unequal and daring
04:19For someone in your class.
04:21She got a job.
04:22as a producer
04:23at France's
04:24first commercial radio station.
04:27But then in 1936,
04:29a chance meeting at a party
04:31It changed her life forever.
04:33The 27-year-old
04:35was introduced
04:36to a French military
04:37intelligence officer,
04:39codenamed Navarre.
04:42He recruited her
04:43to work on a magazine
04:44he published
04:45that was advocating
04:47urgent reforms
04:48for the poorly led
04:49and equipped
04:50French armed forces.
04:52He could see
04:53that war with Germany
04:54was on the horizon
04:55and he also
04:57I could understand
04:58that the French army
04:59wasn't going to be good enough.
05:00It wasn't going to be
05:01strong enough
05:02to fight back
05:03if the Germans
05:04should invade.
05:05And so this was something
05:06He wanted to work towards
05:07to give them a chance
05:08in the future.
05:12When a contact
05:13in Belgium
05:13obtained a top-secret dossier
05:15revealing Germany's
05:17aggressive military plans,
05:19Marie personally
05:20drove to retrieve it.
05:22Both Marie-Madeleine
05:23and Navarre
05:23set up a network
05:25known as Allianz
05:26and one of her jobs
05:28within the Allianz network
05:29It was to gather intelligence.
05:31So a real spy,
05:32if you will,
05:33crisscrossing France,
05:35gathering intelligence,
05:36piecing it all together
05:37and reporting back.
05:39So as she was building up
05:41this bigger picture,
05:42It was very, very important.
05:44for her network
05:45to understand
05:46what was going on
05:47and she could provide them
05:48with that information.
05:52When war broke out,
05:53France was completely unprepared.
05:58Its army was quickly tweeted
06:00and outfought by the Germans
06:02and to national shock and shame,
06:05quickly surrendered.
06:08The Germans occupied
06:09two-thirds of the country
06:11to the west and north.
06:13The rest was run
06:15by a government
06:15of collaborators
06:16called the Vichy French.
06:22Marie-Madeleine and Navarre
06:24started setting up
06:25a new resistance network
06:27Backed by Britain's MI6.
06:30When France finally fell
06:32in the spring of 1940,
06:34Marie-Madeleine saw this
06:36really as her chance.
06:37She'd done everything she could
06:39to gather intelligence,
06:40But now she could do more.
06:42She recruited agents,
06:44she set up safe houses,
06:46she set up letterboxes
06:48where messages could be left
06:49and she became
06:50a very important cog
06:52in the wheel
06:53that was to become
06:54The French Resistance.
06:57Marie-Madeleine
06:58tapped her social circle
06:59for new recruits
07:00to acquire German military secrets.
07:03A friend in the oil business
07:05gave her the locations
07:06of fuel stores.
07:07Another revealed orders
07:10for military equipment,
07:12while a showbiz contact
07:13used his frequent travels
07:15around France
07:16to provide details
07:17of army bases
07:18and weapon depots.
07:21But her work carried
07:22a serious risk of betrayal,
07:25arrest, torture
07:26and execution.
07:29Being in the early resistance
07:31It was exceptionally dangerous.
07:34This was at a time
07:35when the French army
07:36had capitulated.
07:38France was in a real state
07:39of turmoil as well.
07:40It's just been carved
07:41into two
07:42with a demarcation line
07:43down the middle.
07:44De Gaulle's come to London
07:45and in the midst
07:47of all this,
07:47the birth of the resistance
07:49This is a very new thing.
07:51but exceptionally dangerous
07:52and the Germans
07:54would have no tolerance
07:55whatsoever if they caught
07:57somebody who was
07:58fighting against them.
08:01One of Marie Madeleine's
08:03greatest coups
08:04was building tight spy networks
08:06around German U-boat bases.
08:08The head of a shipyard
08:10provided her with the plans
08:11of a major port.
08:13Prostitutes, waiters,
08:15bartenders and fishermen
08:16came to her with chatter
08:18picked up from sailors
08:20and maintenance crew.
08:22She also organized the mapping
08:23of German defensive positions
08:25all along the coast.
08:27She made contact
08:33with a seamstress
08:34who was codenamed Shrimp
08:36and Shrimp's job
08:37was to repair items
08:40and objects
08:41for the German U-boats,
08:43including their life jackets.
08:45This gave her
08:45a perfect vantage point
08:47to overhear things.
08:49She could find out
08:50when the U-boats
08:51were going out
08:51into the waters,
08:52for example,
08:53and what the German Navy's
08:55movements were going to be.
08:56And so this intelligence
08:58could then be passed over
08:59to the Allies,
09:00to the RAF,
09:02who could then bomb
09:03their targets,
09:04knowing exactly
09:05where they were going to be
09:06and when.
09:08But in July 1941,
09:10Navarre was arrested
09:11by Vichy government police.
09:15Marie Madeleine
09:16was now in charge
09:17of a network
09:17that would grow
09:18to more than 3,000 members.
09:21It leaves Marie Madeleine
09:23out there on her own
09:24and she takes over
09:26to the network.
09:27She becomes the leader.
09:28This is really unusual
09:30in resistance networks.
09:33France was a very
09:34patriarchal society
09:35and they really saw men
09:37as natural leaders.
09:39She realized this
09:40and actually kept it
09:42from British intelligence
09:43that she was a woman.
09:44She didn't let on
09:46and she just let the network
09:47continue to run
09:48and to be in charge of it.
09:49The British didn't know
09:51her identity
09:52but the Gestapo did
09:54and with her network
09:56constantly under threat,
09:58Agent Hedgehog
09:59I had to stay on the move.
10:02In true spy fashion,
10:04Marie Madeleine
10:05did all sorts of things
10:06to try and change
10:07her appearance.
10:08She would dye
10:09her hair regularly,
10:11which was very important
10:12actually because
10:12they were taught
10:13to look for roots
10:14coming through
10:14on people's hair
10:16to see if they were
10:16in disguise.
10:17she could change
10:18the shape of her face,
10:19put in false teeth
10:20and so she changed
10:22her physical appearance
10:23as often as possible.
10:26Twice she was held
10:27by the Nazis
10:28And twice she escaped.
10:30Once stripped naked
10:31to squeeze through
10:32prison bars.
10:34Another time,
10:35she had to be smuggled
10:36to safety
10:37across the border
10:38to Spain
10:38in a diplomatic mailbag,
10:41doubled over
10:42in the tiny sack
10:43for an agonizing
10:4417 hours.
10:45while on the run,
10:48she gave birth
10:48to her third child,
10:50a son,
10:51who she hid
10:51in a safe house.
10:53The father,
10:54a fellow agent,
10:55who became
10:56her second in command,
10:57was one of the hundreds
10:58of Alliance agents
10:59Caught and executed.
11:02Marie Madeleine's
11:03fellow agents
11:04were exceptionally
11:05loyal to her.
11:07Even if they were
11:08arrested,
11:09interrogated
11:10or tortured,
11:11no man or woman
11:13gave away her name.
11:14and some 350 agents
11:16from the Alliance network
11:18were captured
11:19and killed.
11:21Not one of them
11:22gave her up.
11:23They went to their deaths
11:25keeping her name
11:26to themselves.
11:28In mid-1943,
11:30Marie Madeleine
11:31relocated to London
11:32for a year
11:33to escape
11:34intensive Gestapo
11:36efforts to catch her again.
11:39From Paris
11:40came news
11:41of spectacular success
11:42from one of her hand-picked
11:44female agents.
11:46One of the agents
11:47of the Alliance network
11:49was a translator
11:51working with French industrialists
11:54who were linked
11:54to the German military.
11:56Through this role,
11:57she found out
11:58about the V-1
12:00flying bomb
12:01and the V-2 rocket
12:03which, of course,
12:04were designed
12:05to wreak havoc
12:06in the United Kingdom.
12:08They managed
12:09to gather
12:10the intelligence together
12:11and it managed
12:12to get to the desk
12:13of Winston Churchill himself.
12:15It was hailed
12:16as one of the greatest
12:17intelligence coups
12:18of the Second World War.
12:20The RAF sent
12:21over 600 bombers
12:22and managed
12:23to destroy
12:23a lot of these sites
12:25before they were
12:26even able to finish
12:28developing their weaponry.
12:29U.S. General
12:32Dwight Eisenhower
12:33believed that
12:34this piece of intelligence
12:35may have changed history
12:38Eisenhower
12:38I was incredibly impressed
12:40with this intelligence,
12:42with this information.
12:43He said
12:44if the V-1
12:45and V-2
12:46had been allowed
12:47to develop
12:48ahead of D-Day,
12:49it could have resulted
12:50in the failure of D-Day
12:51and in the deaths
12:52of thousands
12:53of Allied soldiers.
12:54thousands of British,
12:58American
12:59and French lives
13:00were saved
13:00thanks to the incredible
13:02bravery and skills
13:03of Marie Madeleine's network.
13:05But sexism
13:06and chauvinism
13:07denied her proper recognition.
13:10After the war,
13:11despite the fact
13:12that General de Gaulle
13:13neglected to name her
13:15amongst his list
13:16of French resistors,
13:18Marie Madeleine
13:19campaigned tirelessly
13:20for the 3,000 agents
13:22she'd worked alongside
13:23She wanted decorations.
13:25She wanted recognition.
13:26and financial aid
13:27for the families
13:28of those
13:29who had been executed
13:30by the Germans.
13:31When she died
13:33in 1989,
13:34Marie Madeleine
13:35had one final victory,
13:37this time
13:38over the establishment
13:39Old Guard.
13:41She became
13:42the first woman
13:43ever to be granted
13:44a funeral
13:44at Les Invalides,
13:46the shrine
13:47where France
13:48buries its greatest
13:49military heroes.
13:52Two celebrations
13:57a year apart.
13:59No starker contrast.
14:01Bastille Day, 1939.
14:04Then, 1940.
14:07Then, they hoisted
14:08a record-sized emblem
14:09at the Hotel de Ville
14:10in Paris.
14:11And 5,000 children
14:12sang the Marseillais,
14:14The song of French freedom.
14:15Now, a year later,
14:24Bastille Day
14:25It is a day of mourning.
14:26There is a parade
14:27in London,
14:28a parade of free men
14:29mourning for the loss
14:30of their country.
14:32It was this very event
14:34in London
14:34that lit the flame
14:35and fate
14:36of a young Englishwoman
14:38who would become
14:39a resistant spy
14:40and hero,
14:42Violet Zabot.
14:52Here, Violet Zabot
14:53met the love
14:54of her life,
14:55a French foreign
14:56legionnaire
14:57at the Bastille Day Parade.
14:59Because Violet's
15:01mother is French,
15:02they're always
15:02very supportive
15:03of the free French movement
15:07after Francis
15:09entered the war.
15:10And she actually
15:11meets her husband
15:13at a parade
15:14of French soldiers.
15:16A whirlwind romance
15:18led to a marriage
15:19in six short weeks.
15:21And before long,
15:23A baby was on the way.
15:25Violet Zabot
15:26gets involved
15:28in the war effort
15:29for a very
15:30heartbreaking reason.
15:32Her young husband
15:33and the father
15:34of her tiny child
15:36dies.
15:39Her husband
15:40was killed
15:41in action
15:41in 1942
15:42during the Battle
15:44of El Alamein.
15:48And never saw
15:50his daughter,
15:50Tanya,
15:51who'd been born
15:52in London
15:52just a few months earlier.
15:56Wanting to avenge
15:57his death,
15:58Violet joined
15:59the French section
16:00of the British
16:00Special Operations
16:02Executive.
16:02the SOE.
16:06When SOE
16:07was founded
16:07in July of 1940,
16:09Winston Churchill
16:10famously
16:11gave the orders,
16:13now set
16:13Europe ablaze.
16:15And by that
16:16he meant
16:16sabotage
16:17and subversion
16:17on every level
16:18you can think of.
16:20Blowing up railways,
16:22blowing up factories,
16:24cutting communication lines,
16:26stopping the Germans
16:28getting where
16:28they want to go
16:29to set it
16:30quite literally
16:31ablaze.
16:37Violet Szabo
16:38It was really sporty.
16:39She was athletic
16:40as a young person
16:42and she spoke
16:43two languages.
16:44She was very fluent
16:45in French
16:46because of her mother
16:47and in English.
16:48so she's kind
16:49of a risk taker,
16:51a kid that will
16:52go out
16:54and tackle things
16:55and this could come
16:56in handy
16:56later in her life.
16:59She had the fluency
17:00in French
17:01that the SOE
17:02was always
17:03desperately looking for.
17:05She also had
17:06another skill,
17:07an even rarer one.
17:09Thanks to her
17:10English father
17:11who taught her
17:12how to use a rifle,
17:14Violet was already
17:15a crack shot.
17:17From her SOE
17:18trainers,
17:19she learned
17:20how to kill silently
17:21and blow things up,
17:25use codes
17:26and parachute.
17:29I think they thought
17:30She was very brave.
17:32perhaps reckless,
17:34maybe not brilliant,
17:37but very game,
17:38very up for the challenge,
17:41but maybe not fully aware
17:43of what she was
17:44getting herself into.
17:47Violet struggled
17:48leaving her daughter
17:49Tanya behind
17:50to go into danger,
17:52but after the death
17:53of her husband,
17:54She felt it was her duty.
17:56to help defeat
17:57his killers.
17:59Yes,
18:00women spies
18:00just like men spies
18:02would leave children
18:03at home
18:04if need be
18:05and Violet Szabo
18:07was incredibly
18:08driven
18:09by the passion
18:10of losing
18:11her husband.
18:12and she had
18:13true skin
18:15in the game.
18:17Violet parachuted
18:19into France
18:19in April 1944
18:21with the codename
18:22Louise
18:23and a cover story
18:25of being
18:26a commercial secretary.
18:30Violet's first mission,
18:32It's very exciting.
18:34I think,
18:34to us to hear
18:35about these times,
18:36but remember
18:36how terrifying
18:37it must have been.
18:38She's parachuting
18:39into occupied France,
18:41she is looking
18:43for an existing network.
18:45Her mission
18:46is to determine
18:47whether that network
18:49has been compromised,
18:50whether the Germans
18:51have infiltrated it,
18:53and she does determine
18:55that,
18:56and then it begins
18:57her own network
18:58with other resistance
19:00operatives.
19:05Violet and her new
19:06resistance network
19:07Get to work immediately.
19:09identifying factories
19:11used by the German military
19:12that could be targeted
19:14by Allied bombers.
19:17Violet goes home
19:19after her first mission,
19:20Goes back to England.
19:22She receives more training
19:24from the SOE
19:25and volunteers
19:27to go back again,
19:29or is assigned
19:30to go back again.
19:31She has a tiny child,
19:33and sadly,
19:35this trip home
19:36This is the last time.
19:37she will see
19:39her daughter.
19:44Then the troops
19:45landed,
19:46fierce fighting
19:46way ahead of them
19:47Beyond the beaches.
19:50One day after
19:51Allied forces
19:52stormed the beaches
19:53at Normandy,
19:55Violet was dropped
19:55back into France
19:57on a mission
19:57to sabotage
19:58German communications.
20:00Three days later,
20:02Her luck ran out.
20:05Heading for a rendezvous
20:06with a resistance cell,
20:07She drove into an ambush.
20:10In the 30-minute
20:11firefight that followed,
20:13Violet killed
20:14and wounded
20:15several German soldiers
20:16until she ran
20:18Out of ammunition.
20:20And the feeling
20:21was that
20:21she wanted payback
20:23for her husband's death.
20:25She was going
20:25to kill Germans.
20:27She wanted
20:28to kill Germans.
20:29That was very clear.
20:31She is shooting
20:33Like crazy.
20:34She is laying
20:35down cover.
20:36Because of her efforts,
20:38one member of the party,
20:39Jacques Balfour,
20:40is able to escape.
20:43Violet was captured
20:45and moved
20:46through a series
20:46of prisons
20:47and forced labor camps.
20:49So Violet
20:50was processed
20:51through these camps,
20:52and processed
20:53is not a great word
20:55for this
20:55because it actually
20:56includes harsh
20:57interrogations,
20:59tortures,
21:00just extreme measures
21:02to try to break her
21:04and get information
21:05out of her
21:07that will compromise
21:08other agents
21:09in the field,
21:11supporters of the Allies.
21:13But she never breaks down.
21:15She never gives up
21:16any important information.
21:17The end came in Ravensbrück
21:22concentration camp.
21:26Violet was forced
21:28to her knees
21:28and died
21:29holding hands
21:30with two other agents
21:31who were all executed
21:33by pistol shots
21:34to the head.
21:35The French awarded her
21:39the Croix de Guerre
21:40and the Medal of Resistance.
21:42And in 1947,
21:44she was posthumously awarded
21:46Britain's highest civilian honor.
21:49The George Cross Medal
21:51was presented
21:51to her four-year-old daughter,
21:53Tanya,
21:54by King George VI.
21:56And it makes you realize
21:58what Violet Szabo
22:00gave up
22:01to fight the Germans,
22:04to take revenge
22:06against her husband
22:07and to fight for France,
22:09which she cared about
22:10so deeply.
22:11And then at that point,
22:11also for England,
22:13because both of her countries
22:15are in the war.
22:20That we shall never cease
22:22to persevere against them
22:24until they have been
22:25taught a lesson
22:26which they and the world
22:28will never forget.
22:31Winston Churchill
22:32famously urged
22:34his special operations executive,
22:36the SOE,
22:38to set Europe ablaze.
22:40There would be no more willing
22:42or effective arsonist
22:43than Pearl Witherington.
22:53She was the only SOE woman
22:55to lead a resistance network
22:57in France.
22:58Thousands of guerrilla fighters
23:00who marked more assets
23:02than perhaps any other cell.
23:04This sharpshooter,
23:06paratrooper,
23:07fierce combatant
23:08and meticulous cool-headed planner
23:11tormented the Gestapo so much
23:13they put a million franc reward
23:15on her head.
23:19Born to British parents,
23:21Pearl grew up in France.
23:22but her early life
23:25It wasn't easy.
23:27Unfortunately,
23:27Her father was an alcoholic.
23:29and so she'd taken it upon herself
23:32to be the breadwinner
23:33of the family.
23:33She'd gone out
23:34and got work
23:35at an early age
23:36and she made sure
23:37that the family
23:38was cared for
23:38and looked after.
23:40Pearl learned
23:41to read and write English
23:42from her mother
23:42at home
23:43and taught herself French
23:45all the while
23:46struggling to help
23:47make ends meet.
23:53When the Second World War
23:55broke out,
23:56she was working
23:57as a typist
23:57at the British Embassy
23:59in Paris.
24:01And when France fell,
24:03she knew she had
24:04to get out.
24:05She was a British citizen
24:06and she needed
24:07to get away.
24:08So her and her family
24:09took the opportunity,
24:10difficult as it was,
24:11to get out of France
24:13and to make it
24:14across to London.
24:16Pearl signed up
24:17with the Women's
24:18Auxiliary Air Force
24:19but that was
24:20a support role
24:21when she quickly found
24:23I wasn't to her liking.
24:26Pearl was looking
24:27for the direct action
24:28offered by Churchill's SOE.
24:32She was in an office job
24:33and it really wasn't
24:35what she wanted to do.
24:36She wanted to do
24:37something more positive,
24:38more physical,
24:40more visceral
24:40to go and help
24:41the French people
24:42and doing an office job
24:43It just wasn't cutting it.
24:44for her.
24:45So she found out
24:47that other women
24:48in the WAF
24:49were being approached
24:50by SOE,
24:51managed to get herself
24:52an interview.
24:56She joined the SOE
24:57and soon was learning
24:59its dark arts.
25:00How to parachute
25:02at night,
25:03use explosives,
25:04and shoot to kill.
25:07Pearl Witherington was notable
25:12among SOE agents
25:13partly because she was
25:15Such an excellent shot.
25:17Her weapons trainers
25:17said that she was
25:19the best shot
25:19they had ever had,
25:21male or female.
25:22Her SOE trainers
25:24also remarked
25:25on how brave she was.
25:27Pearl's training reports
25:28were actually
25:28Really positive.
25:30They liked her ability,
25:32they liked the way
25:32she thought,
25:33the way she behaved,
25:34her maturity.
25:35And this goes in the face
25:37of a lot of the other
25:37SOE reports
25:38which could be
25:39Quite negative.
25:40So it goes to show
25:41she really was
25:42a popular recruit.
25:44Pearl would need
25:45every ounce of ability
25:46and bravery
25:47she possessed.
25:49In September 1943,
25:51she was dropped
25:51into occupied France
25:53to work as a courier
25:54alongside the French
25:57resistance fighters
25:58called Le Maquis.
26:00Hers was now a life
26:01of unrelenting peril
26:03and deprivation.
26:05Being a courier
26:06was an exceptionally
26:07dangerous job
26:07because you're out
26:08and about all the time,
26:09you're in the public eye,
26:10you're going to encounter
26:11spot checks,
26:12roadblocks,
26:13people checking
26:14identity papers
26:15because you're
26:16moving around
26:17and also you're
26:18making contact
26:18with people
26:19and you don't
26:20necessarily know
26:20if these people
26:21are collaborators
26:22Or if they're resisting.
26:24You're hoping
26:24that they're resistance.
26:26Pearl had several
26:27close calls
26:28while she was a courier.
26:29One of them
26:30that's when she
26:32didn't particularly
26:33have the correct name
26:35or the correct password
26:36for a resistance leader
26:38and they were both
26:40sitting there
26:40across from each other
26:41and she was getting
26:42very tense
26:43and when she finally
26:45came up with
26:46the name
26:46of a person
26:47that they both knew,
26:49several resistors
26:50were planning to,
26:52in her words,
26:52pop her off
26:53if she didn't come up
26:54with the right name.
26:55So she was in
26:56very dangerous situations
26:58even with the resistance,
26:59not only from the Germans.
27:02Unable to find
27:03safe lodgings
27:04and needing to keep
27:05on the move,
27:06Pearl was forced
27:07to live in unheated
27:08railway cars.
27:10Before long,
27:12that was causing
27:12her agonizing,
27:14rheumatic pain.
27:16And one thing
27:17Pearl did say
27:18when I asked her
27:19how she moved around,
27:20she said,
27:21Well, by train,
27:22of course,
27:22I had a season ticket.
27:24But even traveling
27:25Traveling by train was dangerous.
27:26Where do you sit?
27:28Don't fall asleep
27:29because if you sleep talk,
27:30what language
27:31Are you going to speak in?
27:32So even just traveling around
27:34could be exceptionally dangerous.
27:37But then,
27:39disaster.
27:40In May 1944,
27:42the leader of her resistance cell
27:44He was arrested by the Gestapo.
27:47Rather than replace him
27:49with another man,
27:50her London spymasters
27:51overcome their doubts
27:53and told Pearl
27:54to run the network.
27:56The first time
27:57they'd never given a woman
27:58this role,
27:59despite having other strong
28:00and capable female agents
28:02in the field.
28:04And you find time and time again
28:05in the reports
28:06would make an excellent subordinate
28:08to a strong leader.
28:10None of these women
28:11were ever put out
28:12for leadership roles.
28:13But it looked like Pearl
28:14just had something
28:15that might be there
28:17if they needed it.
28:19And she went on
28:20to become
28:21an incredible leader.
28:23Pearl had to step up
28:24to take control
28:25of the network,
28:26which at that point
28:27There were around 3,000 men.
28:28or Maquis resistance men.
28:31Although she didn't train
28:32to be a leader,
28:33her difficult childhood
28:35prepared her
28:36for this role
28:37because she was used
28:38keeping her head
28:39when everyone around her
28:41was losing theirs.
28:42So she very smoothly
28:44moved into the position
28:45of leader
28:45without any trouble.
28:47Initially, though,
28:49even Pearl hadn't thought
28:50she'd be able
28:51to lead a network.
28:52She kept radioing home
28:54saying,
28:55please send me
28:55to be a male leader.
28:56You know,
28:57This is a patriarchal society.
28:59And also, this isn't my job.
29:01I was here to be a courier.
29:03And the wireless messages
29:04It was ignored.
29:05And when a male circuit leader
29:06finally did arrive,
29:08she said,
29:09You're too late.
29:09I've done it all,
29:10But thank you anyway.
29:13As D-Day
29:14and Normandy landings loomed,
29:17Pearl focused
29:18on destroying railway tracks
29:20to thwart Nazi supply efforts.
29:22In one month,
29:23June 1944,
29:25Her fighters blew up.
29:27more than 80 railway lines.
29:30Finally,
29:31the Allies landed in Normandy.
29:37960 out of 1,000 targets
29:39were blown up
29:40the night before D-Day.
29:42What this meant was
29:43the German troops
29:44who eventually realized
29:45the landings
29:46were going to be Normandy,
29:47not Calais,
29:48as false information
29:49had been fed,
29:50started to mobilize,
29:51but they couldn't
29:52Get there very fast.
29:53because most of
29:54the train lines
29:55were out.
29:56So this was
29:57absolutely huge
29:58and vital.
30:01Four days after D-Day,
30:03Pearl's luck
30:04seemed to have run out.
30:052,000 German soldiers
30:09cornered her
30:09and a small group
30:11of fighters
30:11in a chateau.
30:14In a fierce gun battle,
30:1686 German soldiers
30:17were killed,
30:18as were 24
30:19resistance fighters,
30:21covering Pearl's escape
30:23along with her money box,
30:25which was vital
30:26if her network
30:27I was going to keep fighting.
30:29Pearl ran as fast
30:31as she could
30:31towards a nearby cornfield
30:33and lay down
30:34in the corn,
30:35which was fortunately
30:36still long.
30:36It hadn't been harvested.
30:38And she lay
30:39in the cornfield
30:40for over 14 hours
30:42whilst enemy aircraft
30:43went overhead,
30:45strafed the field,
30:46and while she could
30:47hear gunshots
30:47left, right,
30:48and center
30:49all about her.
30:50After 14 long hours
30:52with no food,
30:54no water,
30:55no shelter,
30:56she was able
30:56to come out
30:57of that cornfield
30:58completely uncathed.
31:01Back with the network.
31:03Pearl's fighters
31:04were tasked
31:04with stopping
31:05the German army
31:06in southern France,
31:08linking up
31:08with its forces
31:09in the north.
31:11It shows Pearl's
31:12immense bravery,
31:14but also her
31:15fantastic organizational
31:16skills,
31:17that she was able
31:18to lead this network.
31:19They had a lot
31:20of factions
31:21that I didn't like
31:22one another,
31:23and it was Pearl's job
31:23basically
31:25sort this out,
31:26to say,
31:27Let's face this.
31:28Bigger enemy first,
31:30we can deal
31:30with all of this later.
31:31while the first
31:33elements of a new
31:33French army
31:34move up to the front,
31:35their brothers-in-arms,
31:36the Marquis,
31:37come forward
31:37in greater and greater
31:38strength.
31:40Pearl's forces
31:41hounded and harassed
31:43a German column
31:43of 18,000 men
31:45until they surrendered.
31:48She'd done as much
31:49or more
31:49than any man.
31:50but after the war,
31:54Pearl found
31:54it was still
31:55a man's world.
31:56She was recommended
31:57for the military cross,
31:59but as a woman,
32:00She was ineligible.
32:02Instead,
32:03she was offered
32:03a member
32:04of the British Empire,
32:05an MBE,
32:06in the Civil Division.
32:09Pearl was decorated
32:10after the war,
32:12but perhaps not
32:12the decoration
32:13that people think
32:14she should have had.
32:15Now, the military cross
32:16could only be given out
32:17to soldiers
32:18who were in the face
32:19of enemy action,
32:21and by their very nature,
32:22SOE agents
32:23were working behind
32:24enemy lines
32:25and in civilian clothing.
32:27So instead,
32:28Pearl was given
32:29the MBE,
32:30but the Civil Division,
32:32basically implying
32:33that she'd sat behind
32:34a desk
32:34or that she'd been doing
32:36some sort of office work
32:37during the war.
32:38Pearl rejected the award.
32:40saying,
32:42there was nothing
32:42remotely civil
32:43about what I did.
32:45Eventually, though,
32:46she received
32:47her military MBE.
32:48Six decades on,
32:50she received
32:51what she regarded
32:52as her greatest honor.
32:54She was 92 years old
32:56in 2006
32:57when she was finally
32:59awarded her parachute wings.
33:02For me,
33:03Pearl is the iconic
33:04SOE agent.
33:05She is the one
33:06who embodied
33:07Churchill's words
33:08to set Europe ablaze.
33:10She blazed a trail
33:12for herself.
33:14She wouldn't be stopped
33:15for anybody.
33:15She blew things up.
33:17She shot things down.
33:18She survived
33:19a huge German attack
33:21and she was a force
33:23to be reckoned with.
33:24in the spying game,
33:38knowing the secrets
33:39of your friends
33:40as well as your enemies
33:41is more important
33:43than convenient alliances
33:45and political rhetoric.
33:47Here is the place
33:48where Stalin,
33:49Truman and Churchill
33:50will decide
33:51the future of Europe.
33:52Never again so
33:53than when the three
33:54victorious Allied leaders
33:56met at Potsdam
33:57in defeated Germany
33:59in July 1945.
34:01Winston Churchill,
34:03US President Harry Truman
34:04and the Russian leader
34:06and the Russian leader,
34:06Joseph Stalin.
34:09After the defeat
34:10of Nazi Germany,
34:11the Allies held
34:12several conferences
34:13where they decided
34:14how things were going
34:15to shape out
34:16in the post-war world.
34:18Truman told Stalin
34:19that he had developed
34:20a brand new weapon,
34:22the atomic bomb,
34:23and he was going
34:24to use it against Japan.
34:26Of course,
34:27up until this point,
34:28this had been
34:29an enormous secret.
34:31But Stalin already knew
34:32and Stalin was already
34:34developing one
34:34of his own,
34:36all thanks to the work
34:37of Agent Sonia.
34:42Agent Sonia,
34:43or as she was known,
34:45Red Sonia,
34:46the woman who stole
34:47the atom bomb,
34:48is one of the most
34:49successful spies
34:50in history.
34:53Thanks to her,
34:54the Soviet's
34:55successfully tested
34:56a bomb just four years
34:58after Potsdam
34:59conference.
35:01Because Sonia
35:02had been running
35:03a mole in the British
35:04part of the American
35:05atomic program,
35:07The Manhattan Project.
35:10A brilliant German
35:11physicist called
35:12Klaus Fuchs.
35:14Between them,
35:15they'd changed
35:16the course of the
35:17Cold War.
35:21Will this power,
35:23now available to man,
35:24bring another
35:25even more suicidal war
35:27upon us?
35:28Or can it be made
35:28to rule out war
35:29and open a new
35:31progressive chapter
35:32of history?
35:34So who was
35:35Red Sonia?
35:37Agent Sonia was born
35:39as Ursula Kuzinski.
35:41She was born to a
35:42Polish-Jewish family
35:43in Berlin.
35:44And communism ran
35:46very deep
35:47within the family.
35:48in her early 20s.
35:49In her early 20s,
35:50Sonia was recruited
35:51by the Soviet Union's
35:53military intelligence
35:54service.
35:56She moved to Switzerland
35:57and then in the
35:58Second World War
35:59set up a resistor
36:00network in Danzig
36:02or Gdansk.
36:03She then remarried
36:04a British man
36:05who was also
36:06a Soviet spy
36:07and they moved
36:08to England.
36:08She was living
36:11in an unlikely setting
36:13for such high-level
36:14espionage,
36:16an idyllic rural spot
36:17in southern England.
36:20Here,
36:21Klaus Fuchs
36:21gave Sonia
36:22America's most heavily
36:24guarded secrets.
36:25The scientists
36:28believed world peace
36:29could be secured
36:30only if both the US
36:31and Russia
36:32had nuclear arsenals,
36:35a form of deterrence
36:37known as
36:37mutually assured destruction.
36:41And he passed
36:42those plans
36:43onto her
36:44in her little house
36:44in the Cotswolds
36:45where she lived
36:47by day
36:47a fairly usual life.
36:50She was a mother
36:50so during the day
36:52She did her housework.
36:54and day-to-day chores
36:55and by evening
36:56she was working
36:57like a Soviet spy.
37:00The game was up
37:01in late 1949
37:02when Klaus Fuchs
37:04was arrested.
37:06She fled
37:07Behind the Iron Curtain
37:08fearing that she was
37:09going to be unmasked
37:11but there's a lot
37:12of conspiracy theories
37:13around this.
37:14Did MI5
37:15Let her go?
37:16There was a huge
37:17conflict between
37:19MI5 and the FBI
37:20so did they just
37:22let her get away
37:22With it?
37:23Did they let her
37:23Head home?
37:24hoping that this
37:25That would be the end.
37:26of Agent Sonia.
37:29Klaus Fuchs
37:29served nine years
37:30of a 14-year jail sentence.
37:34Sonia lived out
37:34her life
37:35in communist
37:35East Germany
37:36then unified Germany
37:38after the wall
37:39came down.
37:41The woman
37:42at the heart
37:43of one of the greatest
37:44spying scandals
37:45of the 20th century
37:46chose a new
37:48gentler career.
37:51Sonia
37:52became a writer
37:53editor of children's books
37:54much like another woman
37:56of her time
37:56who would go
37:58from espionage agent
37:59to celebrity chef.
38:01It's seven o'clock.
38:03America and the world
38:14knew Julia Child
38:15as a legendary
38:16television chef.
38:18A passionate
38:19disciple of French
38:20cooking
38:21bringing fine cuisine
38:22to the masses.
38:25Few knew what
38:26she'd cooked up
38:27as part of America's
38:28spy operations
38:29in World War II.
38:30Meanwhile,
38:32gaining early
38:33command of the air,
38:34Jap continued
38:35to bomb
38:35and fight
38:36His way, son.
38:38Japan invaded
38:39Malaya
38:39the same day
38:40they attacked
38:40Pearl Harbor
38:41in December 1941
38:43and swept
38:44through Asia.
38:47A secret war
38:48behind the lines
38:49needed to be organized
38:51across the region.
38:53Guerrilla resistance groups
38:54needed arming
38:55and training.
38:56Look, the vast majority
38:59of spy work
39:00isn't in fact
39:01That's interesting.
39:02Even our exciting
39:03women on the ground
39:04behind enemy lines
39:05moving messages
39:05spend most of their time
39:07Reading mystery novels.
39:09Living a life
39:09waiting for a message.
39:11Without a job,
39:12not being able to
39:13contact their friends
39:14or family,
39:15you had to fill your days
39:16and then there would be
39:17Moments of intense action.
39:19That was the role
39:21of America's
39:22new spy agency,
39:24the OSS
39:24or Office
39:26of Strategic Services,
39:28the forerunner
39:29to the CIA.
39:31This is a global war
39:33and the Americans
39:34are fighting
39:35a war in the Pacific
39:36as well
39:37and control
39:39over the Gulf
39:40It's huge.
39:41That's where the oil is.
39:42and so
39:43there are stations,
39:44listening stations
39:45for the Japanese,
39:47for the Germans
39:48all over.
39:49So Julia Child
39:51is in Sri Lanka
39:52in what was then
39:54Ceylon,
39:54British occupied colony
39:56and she is part
39:59of one of these stations
40:00that is listening in
40:02on messages
40:02that is trying
40:03to keep track
40:04of where
40:05the Japanese war
40:06positions are,
40:07the German war positions,
40:08the global war.
40:11Julia Child
40:12Oversaw the OSS
40:13nerve center
40:14in Colombo,
40:16collating
40:16and disseminating
40:17or classified information.
40:20From troop locations
40:21and bombing targets
40:22to arms drops
40:23and guerrilla hideaways
40:25to whom was supporting
40:26or resisting
40:27the Japanese,
40:29she was privy
40:30to the most sensitive
40:31intelligence
40:31and in charge
40:33of whom else
40:34I have to see it.
40:36Julia Child
40:37was an extremely
40:38well-educated woman.
40:40She had facility
40:41in languages,
40:42She was incredibly brilliant.
40:43and so she's basically
40:45doing kind of
40:46the work of computers
40:47with classified information,
40:49names and positions.
40:52Julia answered directly
40:53to the legendary head
40:55of the OSS,
40:56General William Wild Bill Donovan,
40:59a man regarded
41:00as the father
41:01of American intelligence.
41:02and she was a
41:05life-changing experience
41:06for the lanky young woman
41:07deemed too tall
41:08for the military
41:09at six feet two.
41:13Keen to see
41:13a bit more action,
41:15Julia transferred
41:16to a special team
41:17Making sea rescue equipment.
41:20The OSS
41:21was alarmed
41:22about the number
41:23of shark attacks
41:24underwater munitions
41:25and downed air crews
41:27or sailors
41:28from sunken warships.
41:31This is perhaps
41:32the best indication
41:33we have
41:34of Julia Child's
41:34future career
41:35that there is a problem
41:36that needs a solution.
41:38We are conducting
41:39a war in the Pacific
41:40largely by Navy
41:43and sharks are going
41:45after our sailors were downed.
41:47Is there something,
41:48some kind of shark repellent
41:50That would keep them away?
41:51And Julia,
41:53burgeoning chaff,
41:54before we even know it,
41:55before the Cordon Bleu,
41:56starts looking for ways
41:58to build a shark repellent,
42:00some kind of underwater material
42:02that will keep sharks away
42:03from our assets underwater.
42:09When the USS Indianapolis
42:12was sunk in 1945,
42:14it estimated up to 150
42:16of the crew
42:17were killed by sharks.
42:21Child and her colleagues
42:22were tasked
42:23with creating
42:24a shark repellent
42:25to coat life vests.
42:27They finally found one
42:29that worked
42:29and was still being used
42:31by the U.S. Navy
42:32up until the 1970s.
42:35Child would later joke
42:36It was the first recipe.
42:37of her cooking career.
42:41So what prompted
42:42the switch
42:43from secret codes
42:44To secret recipes?
42:45What kind of food does French food have?
42:46And she became a very well-practiced French chef,
42:51Julia fell in love with French food
42:53and took a course
42:54at the famous cooking school,
42:56Le Cordon Bleu.
42:57and she becomes a very well-practiced French chef,
43:03Speaking American English
43:07and teaching Americans
43:09how to,
43:11and this is a really important moment,
43:13actually,
43:13like sort of in the history
43:14of food culture
43:15in the North American continent.
43:17All these GIs
43:19who've been posted to Europe
43:21are suddenly used to eating fresh food
43:24and French food
43:24and good bread,
43:25and the American food economic system
43:29It is very mechanized.
43:31It's very bleak.
43:32it's a lot of factory-processed food.
43:35These GIs come home
43:37and they know what it's like to eat
43:38and no one really knows
43:40how to cook French food,
43:42But Julia is basically,
43:45she becomes this, like, Rosetta Stone
43:47for French continental cooking
43:50and bringing it to the American kitchen
43:52and teaching American chefs
43:54how to cook the way these GIs remember eating.
43:57It absolutely revolutionizes everything.
43:59It took her years of hard work
44:03before her books and TV shows
44:04made her America's famous cooking icon.
44:08And she is a key lichpin
44:10at that moment
44:11of turning our not-very-sophisticated
44:15American palates
44:16into global, seasonable palates
44:20with a real theory behind them
44:23and French technique.
44:24I mean, she was just an absolute hero.
44:27She took this gem
44:29of French culture
44:30and brought it to America
44:31in a way that Americans
44:32I could literally digest it.
44:34And we loved it.
44:36So she becomes a TV chef.
44:38She becomes the first TV chef.
44:40Not content with aiding the war efforts
44:43through espionage and innovation,
44:45Julia Child would leave a lasting legacy
44:47as one of America's greatest celebrity chefs,
44:51with few knowing the double life
44:53she lived just two decades earlier.
45:06One of history's most intriguing spy plots
45:09was born in the ballet theaters of Paris
45:11in the heady 1930s.
45:13A pretty ballerina,
45:17later considered the most beautiful spy of all time,
45:20would lead intelligence agencies
45:23of three nations on a merry dance.
45:27Vera Eriksson first trained in the Russian ballet
45:30and danced in the Paris cabaret hall
45:33Les Follies Bergères.
45:37She seemed to work for both the Soviet
45:39and British intelligence,
45:41but later switched to the Nazis.
45:45Vera Eriksson is someone that is very mysterious
45:49because very little is known about her.
45:53And to borrow a phrase from Churchill,
45:56when he described Russia,
45:58a puzzle wrapped in a mystery,
46:00wrapped in an enigma.
46:03Vera was and is the ultimate enigma.
46:07I think she's probably one of the most mysterious people
46:10like a spy.
46:11And she seemed to be sort of surrounded
46:14by this aura of mystery throughout her life.
46:18Every fact that we know about her
46:20has also been contradicted elsewhere.
46:23She was born in Siberia
46:25and adopted into a family
46:27with an expatriate Danish father
46:29and Polish-Ukrainian mother.
46:32Her family founded the Russian Revolution
46:35and settled first in Denmark,
46:37with Vera moving to Paris with her parents
46:39when she was 11.
46:41and there she got into problems
46:44with various white Russian emigrants living there
46:48who co-opted her into doing work for them,
46:53partly as a drug mule
46:54and possibly other things as well.
46:57She's sometimes been portrayed as a prostitute,
46:59but I don't think that that was the case.
47:02Paris, between the war years,
47:04was seeing something with intrigue
47:06after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
47:08saw the Communists oust the white Russians.
47:12And it was a white Russian double agent
47:15who first recruited Ballerina Vera.
47:19Soon British intelligence
47:20was also taking an interest
47:22in this unusually well-connected dancer.
47:25and it's thought to have persuaded her
47:27to spy on both the Communists
47:29and the white Russians.
47:31If this wasn't already a dangerous line to be walking,
47:35it became even more so
47:36when she was recruited yet again.
47:39This time by German military intelligence,
47:43the Abwehr.
47:44Vera's controller
47:47described her
47:48as one of the most beautiful women spies
47:50that he'd ever worked with.
47:52Everybody was sort of entranced by her,
47:55which is why she became known as the beautiful spy.
48:01What motivated Vera to become a spy,
48:04I think, it was probably survival.
48:06Because she got caught up
48:08with various ne'er-do-wells in Europe,
48:11she got basically blackmailed
48:14into doing a lot of the work
48:15that she ended up doing.
48:18There were a number of attempts to murder her,
48:21so I think she was living on a bit of a knife edge.
48:26What do we know?
48:27is that Vera was sent to spy on Britain
48:29as part of a special mission
48:31to pave the way for the planned German invasion
48:34known as Operation Sea Lion.
48:37Vera and two other German agents
48:42were dropped by seaplane
48:43off the coast of Scotland
48:45in September 1940.
48:48The plan,
48:50to cycle all the way south to London,
48:52was aborted when they realized
48:53their bicycles had been damaged
48:55during the flight.
48:58Taking a train instead,
48:59they were captured
49:00along with incriminating evidence.
49:02One thing that has never been really spelled out,
49:12it's very difficult to understand
49:14exactly what her mission was.
49:15She was sent over to Britain
49:17with two other agents
49:19who she didn't really know that well.
49:21But exactly what she was supposed to do
49:24has never been made clear,
49:26and it's not clear in the MI5 files either.
49:28It would appear that the mission
49:30of the other two
49:31was to gather information
49:33about airfields
49:34because a lot of the maps
49:36that they had,
49:37a lot of the information they had
49:38related to airfields
49:40around the country.
49:41It's possible that she was,
49:43in which case
49:44she would have obviously
49:45been working as a double agent
49:46as well
49:47because she was,
49:48on the one hand,
49:49recruited by the Germans,
49:50but then was already working
49:52for the British.
49:53But there's no evidence
49:54that she actually ever supplied
49:56the British with any information
49:58that we know of anyway.
50:00It's one of these things
50:01that makes her a mystery really.
50:04We're never really quite sure
50:05what it was that she was doing.
50:08The two men with Vera
50:10were tried, convicted, and hanged.
50:12But for some reason,
50:14Vera was never charged
50:15with an offense
50:16or even appeared in court.
50:19Vera was never called as a witness.
50:23She was the only one ever referred to.
50:24to a couple of times
50:25like that woman.
50:26Her name was never actually
50:28really mentioned.
50:29And so the question there lies,
50:32why was she not brought in
50:34either as a witness
50:35or why was she not tried as well?
50:39One theory is, of course,
50:41that maybe she was
50:42already working for MI5,
50:44in which case
50:44They couldn't expose her.
50:47Or did she turn King's evidence
50:49against the other two?
50:51And then, Vera simply disappeared.
50:58Since then,
51:00generations of historians
51:01and researchers
51:02have searched to find
51:03the truth about this woman.
51:06Finding no answers,
51:08theories and conjecture
51:10have swirled around her name.
51:12Was Vera pregnant
51:13to a member
51:14of the British establishment?
51:16Was she granted immunity
51:18and given a new identity
51:19because she was a double agent
51:21For the British?
51:23Is it a death certificate?
51:24issued for her in Germany
51:26In 1946, was it really true?
51:30Vera's entire life
51:31and her career
51:32were in the shadows.
51:36Right from the very beginning,
51:38where she originally came from
51:39and where she ended up
51:42after the war.
51:43So little is really known
51:45about her
51:46in terms of
51:47who she really was
51:48and what really happened to her,
51:50what her real mission was.
51:52It was probably
51:52the sort of perfect
51:53spy scenario, really.
51:56We'll probably never know the truth.
51:59The past doesn't always
52:00Give up its secrets easily.
52:03This beautiful spy
52:05will forever remain enigmatic.
52:08In the shadows,
52:09precisely where all
52:10the female spies
52:12of World War II
52:12They played their dangerous games.
52:14of espionage and intrigue.
52:17A place where death
52:18was their constant companion
52:20and survival
52:21It seemed impossible.
52:24The haunting reality is
52:25that they are mostly
52:26unsung heroes
52:28who defied danger
52:30but often
52:31I never made it home.
52:34Giving their lives instead
52:35on the battlefields of war
52:37so that others may live
52:39to tell their stories.
52:42not only
52:44to the survivors
52:44but theσωе
52:46who Hudson
52:46is among a few
52:48because of the
52:49they lost theiropical
52:50and they were
52:51able to safeguard
52:51play or cry
52:52for the shooting
52:52of all the music
52:53because they were
52:55very excited about
52:55all the Concorded
52:56and Shanggma
52:57Caption by Adriana Zanotto
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