00:00Sexuality and Culture
00:01There are three major cultural and social factors that influence views on gender and sexuality—laws, religion, and social norms.
00:11Laws
00:11In the United States and other Western countries cisgender women have greater legal protections than in other parts of the world.
00:19Globally, inequality is still enforced through laws in many parts of the world.
00:23For example, laws and policies prohibit women from equal access and ownership to land, property, and housing.
00:32Economic and social discrimination results in fewer life choices for women, rendering them vulnerable to poverty and human trafficking.
00:40Gender-based violence affects at least 30% of women globally.
00:45Some women who are victims of violence often have few legal protections or have limited legal recourse, United Nations Office of High Commissioner, 2018.
00:53For example, in some cultures, a woman may not be able to have her attacker arrested or prosecuted.
01:00Within the United States there has been greater acceptance of homosexuality and gender questioning that has resulted in a rapid push for legal change.
01:09Laws such as, Don't Ask, Don't Tell, and the Defense of Marriage Act, DOMA, both of which were enacted in the 1990s,
01:17have been met severe resistance and legal challenges on the grounds of being discriminatory toward sexual minority groups.
01:23Globally, a significant number of governments have recognized and legalized same-sex marriages.
01:30As of 2017, over 24 countries have enacted national laws allowing gays and lesbians to marry.
01:38These laws have mostly been enacted and enforced in Europe and North America.
01:42In Mexico, some jurisdictions allow same-sex couples to wed, while others do not.
01:48Pew, 2013
01:49Religion
01:51Most religions have addressed the role for sexuality in human interactions.
01:57Different religions have different views of sexual morality.
02:01Most religions regulate sexual activity or assign normative values to certain sexual behaviors or thoughts through moral codes of conduct.
02:08Some religions distinguish between sexual activities that are practiced for biological reproduction,
02:14only allowed between males and females who are married, as moral and other activities practiced for sexual pleasure, as immoral.
02:23Sexual restriction is a universal of culture and typically defines incest and sex with animals as taboo or unacceptable behavior.
02:30Female genital mutilation, FGM, includes procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
02:41According to the World Health Organization, 2018, FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women
02:50and reflects strongly held beliefs about inequality between the sexes.
02:53Female genital mutilation has no health benefits for girls or women.
02:58The practice predates religion and there are no religious texts that prescribe the practice, however, there are some religious leaders who believe the practice has religious support and encourage its continued practice.
03:10Ale genital mutilation is mostly concentrated in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, as well as locations with migrants from these areas including the United States.
03:19Female genital mutilation is almost exclusively conducted on minors and is used as a way to regulate female sexuality and promote chastity.
03:29In cultures where FGM is practiced, a female who does not conform or submit to the procedure may be rejected by her community or find it difficult to find a mate and marry.
03:40Despite long-held tradition and cultural norms ideas and beliefs about FGM are changing.
03:46Norms
03:46Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world.
03:55For example, several studies have shown that Scandinavian students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are North American students, grows, 2007.
04:04A study of 37 countries reported that non-Western societies like China, Iran, and India valued chastity highly in a potential mate, while Western European countries such as France, the Netherlands, and Sweden placed little value on prior sexual experiences, bus, 1989.
04:22For cultures that score high on Hofstede's masculinity-slash-femininity dimension there exists a sexual double standard which prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but promotes it for men, Hofstede, 2001, Rice, 1960.
04:37Attitudes about sexuality can differ widely, even among Western cultures.
04:44For example, according to a 33,590-person survey across 24 countries, 89% of Swedes responded that there is nothing wrong with premarital sex, while only 42% of Irish responded this way.
04:57From the same study, 93% of Filipinos responded that sex before age 16 is always wrong or almost always wrong, while only 75% of Russians responded this way, Widmer, Trees, and Newcomb, 1998.
05:14Sexual attitudes can also vary within a country.
05:16For instance, 45%, 45% of Spaniards responded that homosexuality is always wrong, while 42% responded that it is never wrong, only 13% responded somewhere in the middle, Widmer, Trees, and Newcomb, 1998.
05:33Of industrialized nations, Sweden is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness.
05:41The country has very few regulations on sexual images in the media, and sex education, which starts around age 6 and is a compulsory part of Swedish school curricula.
05:53Sweden's permissive approach to sex has helped the country avoid some of the major social problems associated with sex.
06:00For example, rates of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease are among the world's lowest, grows, 2007.
06:07It would appear that Sweden, a culture low on the masculinity dimension, may be a model for the benefits of sexual freedom and frankness.
06:16However, implementing Swedish ideals and policies regarding sexuality in other, more politically conservative, nations would likely be met with resistance.
06:26While in most Western, industrialized cultures like the United States' exclusive heterosexuality is viewed as the sexual norm,
06:34there are cultures with different attitudes regarding homosexual behavior.
06:37In some instances, periods of exclusively homosexual behavior are socially prescribed as a part of normal development and maturation.
06:46For example, in parts of New Guinea, young boys are expected to engage in sexual behavior with other boys.
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