Secrets in the Sand - Season 2 Episode 01- Alien Skeleton
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00:00¿Es este un esqueleto humano que ha sido alterado? ¿O podría ser una especie completamente diferente?
00:06En el deserciado de Gobi, los investigadores descubrieron una gran estructura que había sido escondida por centenares.
00:12Esto no era una búsqueda ordinaria. Era una de cuatro rampartes alrededor de las restricciones de una ciudad o incluso un pequeño reino.
00:20Archaeologías descubrieron una escena de escena en Perú's Moche Valley.
00:24Aún 1,000 metros de la Paz, ellos spoten huesos humanos.
00:28En total, ellos recuperaron 137 completos humanos. ¿Podría esto ser un búsqueda antiguo?
00:36Antiguas ciudades perdidas, trastornos de trastornos, extraordinarias curiosidades,
00:43una vez perdida a los sanzos de tiempo, son finalmente expulsados.
00:48Cuando la nueva tecnología descubre las historias maravillosas escondidas dentro de los deserciados del mundo,
00:54los secretos en el sanzos de la Paz, finalmente serán revelados.
01:10El deserciado de Atacama dominó la naturaleza norte de Chile,
01:14extiendo más de 600 miles de un lado a otro.
01:17El deserciado de Atacama es uno de los deserciados en el mundo.
01:22En average, ellos reciben menos de un incho de un año a año.
01:25Y eso es parte porque de un océano en el Pacífico llamado el Humboldt Current.
01:30Que bringse up really cold water desde el fondo del océano,
01:33y eso mantiene el aire arriba del océano muy, muy dry.
01:38Así que cualquier deserciado en el deserciado de los océanos no tiene agua en el agua.
01:43El deserciado también está surrounded por los Andes y el Chilean costal rango.
01:47Estas montañas bloquean el deserciado de alcanzar el deserciado,
01:49creando una especie de deserciado para cualquier planta o animal.
01:53El ambiente extremo es casi otherworldly.
01:57En realidad, las deserciadas de la región son comparables a las deserciadas de Mars.
02:01Por décadas ahora, científicos en NASA han usado el deserciado de Atacama como un deserciado para explorar el planeta azul.
02:12En el corazón de la Atacama, long abandonados construidos han creado ciudades de las ciudades de Atacama.
02:17Las personas que once vivieron y trabajaron aquí han移ado a las ciudades de cerca de las ciudades para una vida más cómoda.
02:24While walking the empty streets de una de estos ciudades,
02:27un explorador intrepidado hace un descubrimiento increíble.
02:31En una de los ciudades abandonados, él encuentra un increíble skeleton increíble.
02:38Es increíble, mediendo solo 6 inches de la cabeza de la cabeza.
02:43El pequeño skull es especialmente striking.
02:46Es alargada y tiene una distinta cone shape.
02:49Y mientras los pequeños humanos tienen 12 peores de ribs,
02:53este uno solo tiene 10.
02:55Es realmente bizzare y certainly raisesa un montón de preguntas.
02:58Es un esqueleto humano que ha sido alterado, o puede ser una especie completamente diferente?
03:05El esqueleto soon enters the world of rare artefacts,
03:09eventualmente landing en las manos de un colector privado en España,
03:13donde se genera intriga y controversia.
03:15As it so happens, this collector was a UFO enthusiast.
03:19So it wasn't long before this skeleton caused a big stir in the UFO community.
03:25You had all these UFO believers claiming that this body's unique morphology only had one possible explanation.
03:31It couldn't possibly be human.
03:33It had to be an alien.
03:35Unsurprisingly, these claims attracted a lot of media attention.
03:40A team of scientists caught wind of the story and offered to sequence the skeleton's DNA
03:44to find out once and for all whether the bones belonged to a human
03:47or to some other, maybe unidentified, species.
03:51The scientists began a series of tests on the Atacama skeleton, now nicknamed Atta.
03:59Their results lead to a resounding conclusion.
04:03Using skeletal radiography, computed tomography or CT, and whole genome sequencing,
04:10they prove that Atta is beyond a doubt human.
04:13They even go one step further and identify her as a female.
04:19Looking at the body, you can see that her skeleton was actually mummified.
04:23Was this done deliberately?
04:26Could a burial ritual have resulted in Atta's striking bone abnormalities?
04:30Atta's remarkable preservation may point to a link between this tiny skeleton
04:35and one of the world's oldest mummification rituals.
04:38The Atacama Desert is home to the oldest mummies in the world,
04:43like 2,000 years older than Egyptian mummies.
04:46These astonishing remains belong to the Chinchoro culture.
04:51They're the first marine hunter-gatherers that settled in this desert,
04:54and they settled between 7,000 and 9,000 years ago.
04:59The oldest Chinchoro mummy, known as the Acha Man,
05:02was found near the city of Arica and is estimated to be over 9,000 years old.
05:06Over the course of the last century,
05:09hundreds of these mummies have been uncovered along Peru's desert beaches.
05:13Some of the mummies were preserved naturally,
05:15desiccated by the extreme heat and dry conditions.
05:18But others were mummified artificially, according to a precise ritual.
05:23First, the Chinchoro would remove the skin and soft tissue from the body.
05:27The cavities left behind were then stuffed with leaves, feathers, sticks,
05:31and other natural fibers before the skin was sewn back on with wreaths.
05:36The last step involved attaching thick black hair to the mummy's head
05:41and covering its face with a clay mask and openings for the eyes and mouth.
05:46These rituals were performed on both children and adults,
05:50which begs the question, could Ada be one of these Chinchoro mummies?
05:55Could the mummification process have altered her skeleton somehow?
05:59To date Ada's remains, the team conducting her skeletal analysis focuses on the DNA fragments.
06:07The Chinchoro mummies are thousands of years old, and over that length of time, DNA degrades.
06:12You get fragmented samples of low quality, but that's not what scientists see with Ada at all.
06:19Her DNA looks great.
06:21Ada's DNA fragments averaged around 300 base pairs, remarkably large for a specimen that might be very old.
06:28When they compared this data to established DNA decay models,
06:31they determined that Ada couldn't be more than 500 years old.
06:34So she didn't belong to the Chinchoro culture, and their mummification rituals weren't the cause of her skeletal abnormalities.
06:40So how did her bones form in this peculiar way?
06:45As genetic testing continues on the skeleton, the team analyzing Ada's DNA makes a breakthrough.
06:52They discovered a series of mutations in seven of Ada's genes.
06:57Many of these mutations are known to be associated with bone development abnormalities,
07:02including dwarfism, cranial malformations, rib anomalies, and premature joint fissures.
07:09While these gene mutations have all been documented individually before,
07:13this specific cluster has never been seen anywhere else.
07:16It's unlikely that Ada would have survived her many conditions,
07:20and we now think that she was most likely born prematurely, at only about 15 weeks old.
07:25While this unique series of mutations seems to explain why Ada looks so unusual to untrained eyes,
07:32another question remains unanswered.
07:34Where did she come from?
07:36And could her environment have played a role in her unique development?
07:41In the never-ending search for clues about Ada's history, experts returned to the place where she was found,
07:48the ghost towns of the Atacama Desert.
07:51These towns were not ordinary settlements. They were mining towns.
07:55And they were established to extract one mineral in particular, saltpeter.
08:00Saltpeter, or potassium nitrate, is an essential ingredient for gunpowder and for fertilizer.
08:05And it was once so valuable, it was referred to as white gold.
08:10The Atacama Desert is the world's largest natural deposit of saltpeter.
08:14And these small mining communities thrived for decades.
08:17But life here was extremely tough.
08:19Long hours in the hot sun meant that working conditions were brutal,
08:23and the towns were entirely dependent on the saltpeter industry for survival.
08:27These towns boomed for nearly a century, so much so that saltpeter once accounted for 50% of Chile's total revenue.
08:36But in the 1930s and 40s, German chemists realized they could synthesize the compound in factories, saving time and money.
08:45Almost overnight, the mining towns of the Atacama lost their lifeline.
08:49Atta was found in the oldest of these communities, a town called Lenoria, that was founded in the 1820s and abandoned just after the Second World War.
09:01We aren't sure when Atta was born, but we do know that she's less than 500 years old.
09:07Could she have been from Lenoria, where she was found?
09:19The potential link between Atta and Lenoria leads to new intriguing possibilities.
09:26Besides its use in gunpowder and fertilizer, potassium nitrate is a common ingredient in a ton of different foods and cosmetics.
09:34In small quantities, potassium nitrate is completely safe, but too much of it can be fatal.
09:39It can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and high enough levels of exposure reduces the blood's ability to transport oxygen.
09:46This causes a bluish tinge to the skin, could cause trouble breathing, collapse, and even death.
09:53Animal studies have found that high levels of saltpeter may have devastating effects on pregnancy.
09:59Over the course of several generations, rats fed a diet high in potassium nitrate began to develop physical malformations,
10:07including cleft palates and deformations of the skull and eyes.
10:12The people who lived in Lenoria would have been exposed to exceptionally high levels of saltpeter during the mining process,
10:19as well as in day-to-day life.
10:21So the environment Atta's parents lived in may have likely contributed to her skeletal anomalies.
10:27Despite years of research, Atta remains an enduring mystery.
10:34Now we don't fully understand whether Atta's malformations are the result of those toxins, or whether they're just random mutations.
10:41And we also don't know a lot of other very basic things about her.
10:45And the main reason for all of that is that she's held in a private collection and she's not accessible for further study.
10:52All in all, Atta's this really special situation that has sparked a ton of controversy.
10:58Ever since she entered the spotlight, people around the world have called for Atta to be returned to Chile.
11:03Her genetic analysis suggests that she was likely of Chilean descent,
11:07which raises the very real possibility that she may have descendants still living in the country.
11:12Maybe more genetic testing can be done to find them and bring Atta home.
11:16To this day, Atta's story haunts the Atacama Desert.
11:20As calls for her repatriation continue, she remains a powerful symbol of our responsibility to honor the dead.
11:29The steps and sand dunes of the Gobi Desert stretch for a thousand miles from northern China to southern Mongolia.
11:47It gets its name from the Mongolian word for waterless place.
11:52The Gobi isn't the largest or even the driest desert in the world,
11:57but it is the Earth's most northerly desert.
12:01It's also the least populated and least visited environment outside of the polar caps,
12:08no doubt due to its harsh conditions.
12:11Extreme fluctuations in temperature make it inhospitable,
12:16and punishing sandstorms from the West can bury everything in their path.
12:22Despite this, the Gobi Desert boasts a rich human history,
12:26from the clashes of ancient Chinese dynasties and the Mongol Empire,
12:30to the Silk Road trade route that facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas and beliefs between East and West.
12:38To the outside world, the Gobi has largely remained unknown.
12:42While there have been folktales and rumors about lost cities and civilizations buried under the sand,
12:48aside from a handful of European and American explorers,
12:52most of the desert secrets have stayed with its inhabitants.
12:56A team of explorers is conducting research in western Inner Mongolia,
13:01downstream from the Aegean River, when they come across something unexpected.
13:06There was an enormous sand dune partially covering a man-made mud brick structure.
13:14As the sand was cleared away, the structure was revealed to be the corner of two large walls.
13:22After the rest of the sand was removed, they discovered the corner wall was 13 feet thick and 30 feet tall.
13:30So this was no ordinary wall. It was one of four ramparts surrounding the remains of a town or even a small kingdom.
13:38The massive walls roughly form a rectangle, 1200 feet across north to south and almost 1450 feet from east to west.
13:48There are two openings or gates on the east and west sides.
13:51And inside this rectangle, the crumbled remains of the town are pretty much everywhere.
13:57The buildings to the south are smaller and appear to be former dwellings,
14:01while the larger buildings to the north are more decorated and official-looking.
14:06Clearly, this is some kind of settlement that had been occupied for a long time at one point in the region's long history.
14:13But when? And by whom?
14:16As a team of archaeologists proceeds with an excavation, vital clues about the city's identity are uncovered.
14:24The first structures within the city walls to be cleared were five temple-like buildings to the north.
14:31They resemble pagodas, which indicates a Chinese influence.
14:36But they're actually Tibetan Buddhist temples called stupas.
14:42But it's what was within the stupas that was truly stunning.
14:45Hundreds upon hundreds of artifacts, statues, and painted murals filled with Buddhist iconography and beautifully rendered calligraphy.
14:54Much of it was in shockingly good condition since the desert climate had prevented moisture.
15:00And most of the artifacts were buried and preserved by the sand.
15:04The researchers turned their attention to the city's south end, which leads to more surprises.
15:11Many everyday items were found like bits of broken pottery, coins, tools, and more books and religious artifacts.
15:19Many of the items were from Eurasia and further afield, which strongly suggests a once vibrant hub of busy trade and cultural exchange.
15:31Historical records have indicated the presence of a legendary lost city called Karakoto, somewhere in the Gobi Desert.
15:38But its location has never been known.
15:40So is it possible that this is Karakoto?
15:45Also known as the Black City, Karakoto was an enclosed settlement built in 1032 CE by the Tangut, a distinct ethnic group of northwestern China.
15:56Despite the harsh desert conditions, the city grew into an important mercantile trade hub and became a key stop along the Silk Road.
16:05The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected China to the western Mediterranean world and even beyond.
16:11It didn't only spread goods and spices, but also cultures, languages, and beliefs across continents.
16:18Karakoto became a bustling commercial and cultural epicenter because, according to records, it was strategically located, the only stop in the desert for hundreds of miles.
16:29Tradesmen making long treks across the sand for weeks would stop to do business, but also to rest and get supplies like food and water.
16:38But there's a shroud of darkness surrounding the city.
16:41After flourishing for hundreds of years, by the late 14th century, Karakoto had vanished without a trace.
16:56As the researchers begin to delve into the treasure trove of relics collected from Karakoto, they come across a significant clue.
17:04In addition to the religious artifacts, there were stacks and stacks of manuscripts, written texts, and scriptures in the temples.
17:12But they weren't just Tibetan.
17:14These manuscripts were also written in other languages, including Chinese, and most tellingly, the rare Tangut script.
17:22This definitely tracks with the year 1032, when Karakoto was said to be a Tangut stronghold of the Tibeto-Burman tribal union.
17:33Taken in total, all signs point to the conclusion that this is the mysterious dark city of Karakoto after all.
17:41But one question remains, how did such a thriving center just disappear?
17:48Karakoto wasn't the first ancient city on the Silk Road that suddenly ceased to exist.
17:54One of the most famous stops along the trade route was the walled city and kingdom of Laolan, located in western China's Xinjiang region.
18:02Laolan was referred to as an oasis state, due to its proximity to the lake waters of the Lopner.
18:09However, at some point between the third and the seventh century, the city vanished, and its whereabouts remained a mystery until the early 1900s, when a Swedish explorer discovered it below the desert sand.
18:22It was initially believed Laolan's demise was a result of climate change.
18:28As the lake waters of Lopner dried up over the years, Laolan was abandoned since the survival of the city depended on a water supply.
18:36But more recent studies have shown that the environmental crisis was partially man-made.
18:42Irrigation practices of the time also contributed to the draining of the lake.
18:47Could this have happened at Karakoto, too?
18:49Karakoto was located next to a water source, the Aegean River.
18:56And while the Aegean did eventually suffer from a reduction in water flow, there's no proof it was the cause of Karakoto's demise, with or without human intervention.
19:07A closer look at the region's history may prove it was human activity that brought Karakoto to its premature end, the human act of war.
19:19Although Karakoto was established in 1032 and continued to thrive under the rule of the Tengut-led Western Shia dynasty, the city functioned as a peaceful sanctuary for several different cultures and religions.
19:32But just to be safe, the exterior walls and ramparts were built to defend against potential invasions, which may have allowed the city to thrive where other settlements fell to enemy attack.
19:46However, Karakoto wasn't going to stay immune forever.
19:50After a series of punishing attacks from the Mongols, a nomadic tribe from Central Asia led by Genghis Khan, Karakoto was captured in 1226.
20:01And a year later, the Tenguts surrendered.
20:05If the Mongols didn't have any use for the Silk Road, then Karakoto's reason for being would have no longer existed.
20:11It's possible, as one of the rumors suggested, that the city fell into ruin shortly after the Mongols seized it.
20:19But the aftermath of the Mongol invasion tells a different story.
20:24The reality was that Karakoto not only continued to prosper after the Mongol conquest, but the Mongolian Empire was instrumental in growing the Silk Road even further.
20:34This would have resulted in more traders passing through the city.
20:39The Mongols held on for another 150 years, until the Wan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty, and the Mongols were expelled from China, with one exception.
20:50A large holdout army fled to Karakoto to plan a counterattack.
20:54And the Chinese learned of this, they sent thousands of soldiers, and in 1372, defeated the last Mongols within the city walls.
21:04It's just one of the many stories and possible explanations for an ancient city that continues to inspire speculation, even after its discovery.
21:13While it's generally accepted that Karakoto fell into decline at some point after the Chinese reclaimed it from the Mongols, we may never know the exact reason for its disappearance.
21:25The discovery of Karakoto revealed a compelling blend of the rich cultural, political, and religious life of ancient China and Mongolia.
21:36A testament to human resilience and the transient nature of empires.
21:41The city continues to beckon explorers and historians eager to uncover more of its secrets.
21:46The Mochi Valley stretches along Peru's northern coastline, spreading out from the Mochi River into the La Libertad region.
22:05Despite the fact that it's so close to the Pacific Ocean, Peru's northern coastline is remarkably dry.
22:11That region gets almost no precipitation at all, less than one inch of rain per year.
22:18The dry climate is partly due to the Andes Mountains.
22:22As the winds blow from east to west across Peru, they carry moisture from the Amazon rainforest.
22:28The Andes act as a barrier, trapping the moisture on their eastern slopes, leaving the land to the west much drier.
22:35You might think that agriculture would be impossible in a place this era.
22:41But actually, people have been cultivating this land since the pre-Columbian era.
22:45The Mochi people, whom this valley is named after, flourished between 100 and 700 CE by building sophisticated canals around the river.
22:54People have lived here and farmed this land ever since, relying on irrigation technology for survival.
23:00On the outskirts of Trujillo, the region's capital, at a site known as Huanchiquito Las Lamas, residents noticed strange objects protruding from nearby sand dunes.
23:13About 1,000 feet from the Pacific, they spotted what looked like human bones, still mostly buried beneath the sand.
23:21An archeological team is summoned and begins to excavate, and it isn't long before they're greeted with an unsettling scene.
23:28An archeological team is summoned and begins to excavate at a site known as Huanchiquito Las Lamas, and it isn't long before they're greeted with an unsettling scene.
23:48There are hundreds of bodies buried here. In total, they recovered 137 complete human skeletons in the sand.
24:01So, considering the sheer number of bodies, could this be an ancient burial ground, maybe built by one of the pre-Columbian civilizations that lived here?
24:10Using radiocarbon dating techniques, the team successfully dates dozens of the Huanchiquito Las Lamas skeletons.
24:16The results showed that the bones are over 600 years old.
24:21The burials date back to the middle of the 15th century, when this land was home to the ancient Chimu civilization, the culture that rose from the ashes of the moche.
24:33The Chimu had enormous influence, ruling over 800 miles of what's today coastal Peru.
24:38Thanks to their advanced irrigation techniques, they transformed the desert valleys into farmland fertile enough to support entire cities.
24:47The Chimu capital, Chan Chan, was the largest city in pre-Columbian America, and it stood just a 15-minute walk from Huanchiquito Las Lamas.
24:55Today, the ruins of the city cover 14 square miles.
25:01For over five centuries, the Chimo kingdom was the dominant civilization in Peru, until an unexpected threat loomed.
25:08In 1470, the Chimu came face-to-face with the infamous Incan Empire.
25:14The Inca had controlled their own separate kingdom for more than 200 years, until King Tupac Inca Yupanqui set his sights on Chimu land.
25:22The Incan expansion was very strategic.
25:27To minimize the risk of revolution, they forcibly resettled huge populations, scattering distinct ethnic groups and absorbing their major cities.
25:37Using this system, the Incas eventually managed to increase their empire to a population of 12 million people.
25:43Given that the skeletons found at Huanchiquito Las Llamas date back to the time of the Incan expansion, maybe they could be linked to some sort of massacre.
25:56Could these people have been murdered by invading Incan armies as a brutal show of power?
26:01A violent massacre would likely have left behind a chaotic mass burial, with the bodies discarded without ceremony or dignity.
26:07These burials were anything but. The bodies had been carefully arranged, with many buried in groups of three.
26:14Traces of cotton left on the remains tell us that they were likely wrapped in shrouds before being placed in the ground.
26:20As the archaeologists carefully excavate the vast gravesite, they come to a grim realization.
26:27Looking at the remains, this one really chilling detail stands out right away.
26:31These skeletons are small. In fact, all but three of them belong to children.
26:37Most of them seem to be between the ages of about 8 and 14, but some of them are as young as 5.
26:44Strangely, among the children's skeletons, it was determined that the remains likely belong to roughly 200 llamas.
26:52Typically, when we find humans and animals buried together, there's a reason for it.
26:58For instance, elite burials might feature pet or livestock sacrifices designed to sustain the dead and accompany them in the afterlife.
27:06But even if that's the case here, how do you explain the fact that the vast majority of these remains are children?
27:13The research team analyzes the skeletons for any clues that might reveal just how these children died.
27:22And it leads to a disturbing discovery.
27:25A lot of the skeletons show evidence of clean cut marks across the sternum and signs of broken or missing ribs.
27:32That suggests that the rib cage was forced open to retrieve vital organs, most likely the heart.
27:41And that really only leads to one possible explanation.
27:44These are the remnants of a massive human sacrifice.
27:50A sacrifice of this scale would have come at an enormous cost to the Chimu, who prized their children's lives above all else.
27:57Not only did children represent the future of Chimu communities, but they also embodied a high level of spiritual purity.
28:06Llamas were also extremely valuable, essential for travel, trade, clothing production and food.
28:13So what could have warranted a sacrifice of this magnitude?
28:17One theory suggests that the Chimu may have inherited the practice of human sacrifice from their Moche ancestors,
28:24who lived in the area hundreds of years earlier.
28:25The Moche frequently depicted these rituals in their artwork,
28:30often decorating ceramic vessels with an image known as the presentation scene.
28:35A few miles from the Chimu sacrifices stands the Huaca de la Luna, a sacred Moche monument.
28:43Archaeological digs here have revealed the bodies of roughly 70 sacrifice victims.
28:47Cut marks on the skeletons indicate that the bodies were mutilated and dismembered before being swept into large pits and abandoned.
28:57Based on the bone and tooth analysis of the remains at Huaca de la Luna, it seems unlikely that the Chimu child sacrifices were connected to these Moche rituals.
29:08There's one glaring difference. The Moche victims were mostly fully grown men. Many of them were in their 30s and 40s.
29:17So these were likely warriors who had been captured during territorial battles.
29:20New theories point away from Moche culture to the Chimu's own myths and legends.
29:29The Chimu left no written records of their spiritual beliefs, but we do know that they worshipped a legendary character known as Taikanimo.
29:36According to myth, he was the founder of the Chimu people who emerged from the sea after hatching from a golden egg.
29:43Stories tell of Taikanimo protecting his people from the sea by calming storms and teaching them advanced agricultural technology.
29:49In light of this mythical story, the orientation of the sacrifice victims starts to make sense.
29:56Almost all of those children are posed facing the same direction and that direction is west toward the sea.
30:02So could it be that these children were sacrificed in the name of Taikanimo?
30:06In an effort to learn more at Wanchiquito Las Lamas, the researchers begin to investigate the burial grounds, taking samples from the earth surrounding the skeletons.
30:28This leads to a startling revelation.
30:30The burials were dug through a layer of mud so thick that it actually preserved the footprints of the people traveling through the area.
30:40Footprints leading back to the ruins of the Chimu capital, Chan Chan, can clearly be seen.
30:46This may well be the evidence of a macabre procession where the children would have walked to their deaths from the city.
30:52Beneath the layer of mud, there's loose sand, indicating that the mud was most likely linked to an isolated weather event.
31:01It would have required a huge amount of water, either rainwater or coastal flooding, to produce this mud.
31:08To the Chimu, who relied on dry weather and their sophisticated irrigation systems for food, this event would have had profound significance.
31:16Every few years, the northern coast of Peru is battered by a phenomenon known as El Niño.
31:22The surface waters of the Pacific become abnormally warm, leading to increased evaporation and massive amounts of rain and flooding.
31:29These sacrifices were likely performed in a desperate attempt to stop torrential rains from destroying the Chimu's precious crops.
31:35Until the discovery at Juanchiquito Las Llamas, there was little evidence that Chimu practiced human sacrifice at all.
31:44But new discoveries at the nearby Pampa La Cruz archeological site proved that this was far from a one-time ritual.
31:52To date, they've found over 300 child sacrifices at Pampa La Cruz.
31:57But unlike the sacrifices at Las Llamas, these children weren't all killed at the same time.
32:04They were spread out over the course of several centuries, with the earliest remains dating back to 1100 CE, and the most recent dating to about 1500 CE.
32:13So all of this is really strong evidence that child sacrifices were very much a part of Chimu culture.
32:19These children undoubtedly gave their lives in order to ensure the survival of a much larger community, maybe even the entire empire.
32:30As researchers continue to dig at both the Juanchiquito Las Llamas and Pampa La Cruz sites,
32:37the remains of these child sacrifices stand as a stark reminder of a lost people's struggle for survival in one of the world's driest climates.
32:46Located on the western delta of the Nile River, just 50 miles southeast of Alexandria, the Egyptian city of Hash Issa stands alone in the district of Al-Bihara.
33:08Al-Bihara is extremely arid and sandy, despite being so close to the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the Nile River tributaries.
33:16It's also hot. In the summer, the temperatures can regularly get to 93 degrees Fahrenheit, and it only receives an average of 1 16th of an inch of rainfall per month.
33:25Now today, it's mostly rural and poor, but this area has a rich history going back more than 4,000 years.
33:34It's home to some of the first Coptic Christian monasteries, a royal palace, and several ancient fortresses.
33:41Not surprisingly, Bahara is also home to a number of archaeological sites. It has a long history of ancient discoveries.
33:50The most famous find was the Rosetta Stone in 1799. This was a slab that was inscribed with three different and distinct scripts.
33:58This led to the translation of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing for the first time.
34:05A group of archaeologists is excavating a section of Hash Issa when they make a surprising discovery.
34:12They were digging into a wide, flat area of sand when they unearthed what looked like the corner of a mud brick structure.
34:20As the surrounding debris was brushed away, what at first appeared to be just a couple of densely packed bricks turned out to be the foundation of a building with several rooms and chambers.
34:35So what is this place?
34:37Other mud brick structures like this one have been discovered and identified across the western Nile Delta of Bahara,
34:43including archaeological sites containing evidence of the Roman occupation of Egypt, which lasted about 700 years starting around 30 BCE.
34:54West of the Rosetta Nile tributary, a large survey project with 14 dig sites found examples of a distinctly Roman cultural practice.
35:03Two of the sites, Com Alamar and Com Wasit, were discovered to have walls of mud and red brick buried below the desert surface.
35:10When the walls were cleared and cleaned, the unmistakable form of an ancient Roman bath complex called a tholos was revealed.
35:18Smaller artifacts were also retrieved from the bath's immediate surroundings, including shards of pottery, brick fragments, and several coins with dates consistent with the Roman occupation.
35:33So maybe the structure at Hosh Issa is also from the Roman era.
35:37Further exploration of the dig site tells a different story.
35:42When they analyzed the samples taken at Hosh Issa, they figured out that this mud brick composite predates the Roman Empire by at least 1000 years.
35:51They figured out that this structure had to be between 3000 and 3200 years old.
35:56That corresponds to an era known as the 19th dynasty of the new kingdom.
36:03That goes from about 1290 to 1190 BCE.
36:07The 19th dynasty was a tremendously important time in Egypt's history.
36:12It was a period of massive expansion of the empire.
36:14And this was only achieved by centuries of aggressive military conquest combined with the ability to repel attacks from enemy forces.
36:24As the excavation continues, several intriguing artifacts are uncovered within the building's many rooms and chambers.
36:31Some of the rooms had pottery containers and storage vessels filled with fish bones, animal remains, and other food provisions.
36:39There were also large granaries and pottery ovens, which had clearly been used for cooking and baking.
36:44In other rooms, they found items that were a little bit more personal, things like beaded pendants and amulets with these intricate carvings of scarab beetles.
36:52Now, those were really popular throughout Egypt at this time.
36:57The scarab beetle was associated with the sun god Kepri, and that meant that it had protective powers for whoever wore it.
37:05Taken as a whole, the site's inventory included domestic items for cooking, jewelry, and other adornments for personal wear, as well as more practical items like tools and swords.
37:15In other words, this was an extremely wide variety of objects found within a concentrated and contained space.
37:23So could these recovered artifacts be proof of some lost or forgotten city?
37:27A group of archaeologists is excavating a section of Hashisa when they make a surprising discovery.
37:42It wouldn't be the first time a contemporary archaeological dig led to the discovery of an ancient Egyptian civilization.
37:49Close to the historic city of Thebes, known today as Luxor, a team of archaeologists were looking for the undiscovered mortuary temple of King Tut when they found something just as remarkable.
38:04They unearthed the remains of a 3,000-year-old city so sprawling it invited comparisons to Pompeii.
38:12The city was called Atain, or Dazzling Atain, after yet another Egyptian sun god.
38:16There were sections of mud brick walls that fan out in all directions.
38:23When it was finally cleared, the site revealed completed rooms filled with items from daily life, similar to the Hoshisa site.
38:32With most of the excavation work at Hoshisa completed, the layout of the emerging structure shocked the team of archaeologists.
38:41This was no city like Atain with individual buildings spread over a large area.
38:47The structure at Hoshisa appeared to be one single building.
38:51But given the sheer size and scale of its foundation, plus the number of rooms, it must have served a great civic purpose.
38:59Or could it have been some kind of grand house or palace?
39:02The layout and design of the building was unique. In fact, it was made up of two large buildings connected by a single narrow passageway.
39:12The two separate structures were identical in size and shape, but that's where the similarities ended.
39:19As the excavation continued, it was revealed to have been used as a storehouse for food and provisions.
39:26This was where the granaries and animal remains were found.
39:29But more significantly, the first building also stored a large cache of weapons, much more than was needed for any one household.
39:36More like an army.
39:37And it was the second building that ultimately revealed its true purpose.
39:42There were rows and rows of mud brick soldiers' barracks carved out of the sand.
39:48This building was a military fort, and it was totally unlike any fort that had ever been discovered before.
39:56For one thing, the fort was a standalone structure.
39:58It wasn't connected to any other buildings or storage units or infrastructure, nothing.
40:03So why was such an isolated fortress built here?
40:08A closer look at Egypt's military history during the 19th Dynasty offers some clues.
40:15Throughout the 19th Dynasty, Egypt was under the constant threat of attack from two main adversaries.
40:20One of them was tribes from Libya, who first attempted to invade the Nile Delta from the west in 1208 BCE.
40:28The second threat was a collective force known as the Sea Peoples.
40:34A coalition made up of tribes of the Shardana, Shekelish, Akawasha, Luka, and Tersha.
40:42Together, the Sea Peoples terrorized the northern coast of Africa for almost a century with brutal naval attacks from the Mediterranean Sea.
40:53In response, Egypt doubled down on its defense by building impenetrable forts along a line of strategic outposts.
41:00The fort at Hoshisa was built on a military route called Western War Road for the sole task of defending Egypt's northern and western border.
41:07And given its well-preserved remains, it appeared to have succeeded in that task.
41:12This fort was standalone because it contained all the necessary supplies and infrastructure within its fortress walls.
41:21The picture that emerges is a self-sufficient military complex filled with enough food and equipment to outlast any enemy.
41:30That's a brilliant strategy, and it worked.
41:32The Sea Peoples were eventually wiped out by the Egyptians.
41:35Having successfully served its purpose, the remarkable fort at Hoshisa was likely abandoned and then lost to time.
41:45Until now.
41:47As experts continue to dig into its past, more clues will likely be revealed about the lives of the soldiers who lived and fought there.
41:55fans can't warp by the machine.
41:56But too many men did to have fought but to have fought there.
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