- 2 days ago
For educational purposes
The Martin B-57 Canberra was the U.S. license-built version of the English Electric Canberra, serving as America's first jet bomber to drop bombs in combat (Vietnam War) for the USAF, Pakistan, and Taiwan.
With specialized variants performing high-altitude reconnaissance for NASA and the Air Weather Service until the last military ones retired in the mid-1980s.
These twin-engine tactical bombers featured a unique rotary bomb bay and were key in the Cold War, with modified versions (RB-57F) used for atmospheric sampling and research at extreme altitudes.
The Martin B-57 Canberra was the U.S. license-built version of the English Electric Canberra, serving as America's first jet bomber to drop bombs in combat (Vietnam War) for the USAF, Pakistan, and Taiwan.
With specialized variants performing high-altitude reconnaissance for NASA and the Air Weather Service until the last military ones retired in the mid-1980s.
These twin-engine tactical bombers featured a unique rotary bomb bay and were key in the Cold War, with modified versions (RB-57F) used for atmospheric sampling and research at extreme altitudes.
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00The
00:30The
00:40The
00:44The
00:50The
04:20The best compromise between the heavier B-26 and the single-engined fighters like the
04:24P-47 Thunderbolt was the Douglas Invader.
04:28This plane was designated as an attack aircraft given the number A-26 in reflection of its
04:33combination of a bomber's substantial internal bomb load with the speed and flexibility approaching
04:39that of a fighter.
04:41The A-26 was a superb piece of flying technology.
04:45Its heavy forward firepower enabled it to strafe enemy positions with fighter-like concentration
04:51while it retained capability in more conventional bomber duties.
04:56Coming late in World War II, it was rushed into production as the most suitable design
05:00for the rapidly developing tactical use of air power.
05:04The Air Force Command were now convinced of the importance of the tactical attack plane,
05:09disrupting the enemy's supplies and reinforcements by destroying road and rail transportation
05:14behind the front and harassing the enemy's attempts to regroup on the battlefield.
05:20As the war went on, the invaders flew from forward bases just behind the lines.
05:39At the war is behind the force, we have to be able to see the air force in the sky.
05:45As the air force has been on the battlefield in the sky with flying technology.
05:50As the force could not be, this is a force of flying technology.
05:53The air force will not be to look at all batteries.
05:56The air force suddenly came to the air force.
05:58There was a force of flying technology.
06:01Then there was a force of flying technology.
06:04Because of the proximity of the bases to enemy territory, they were within striking distance
06:15of enemy fighters and needed their own aerial protection provided by aircraft like the P-61
06:21Black Widow, a sophisticated purpose-built night fighter.
06:28By war's end, the importance of tactical air power was fully accepted and when the
06:33Air Force was given its autonomy, a separate command was formed with this in mind, the
06:38tactical air command.
06:39Of course, in the post-war years, all interest in aircraft procurement and design focused
06:46upon jet propulsion and the potential for aircraft of greater speed.
06:51To a certain extent, this tended to blind the planners to the lessons of the war and the
06:56division between fighters and bombers which had existed in pre-war thinking was reconstructed.
07:03There were single-engined fighters with ground attack capability and there were medium bombers,
07:10like the four-engined North American B-45 coming online.
07:14But the B-45 had been designed for conventional use, to drop bombs from considerable height while
07:21in level flight.
07:22It had limited load and was to be used in large numbers to do any significant damage.
07:29a number of people to do any sort of use based on the craft.
07:32All the people, who are dedicated at the force of probability andimmen, can be used in large numbers.
07:43What happened on the ship's side is based on the ship's side of the ocean.
07:47Who can we get today?
07:49Aween-Wiru was given to the ship's side, which has been identified as a result of the ship's
07:52and the ship's side.
07:53The ship's side went by a flight to aivot.
07:55And the ship's side and the ship's side is designed in the ship's side.
07:59battlefield conditions in Korea, again the need for a filling of the gap between fighter
08:04and bomber arose, just as it had five years earlier in the World War. The only capable
08:11aircraft available was the piston-engined A-26 Invader, now confusingly re-designated
08:18the B-26. Despite its ability to fill the role, it was a World War II plane, doing business
08:25in the jet age. Together with the other World War II piston-engined planes, the B-26s filled
08:32the gap in Korea and provided the tactical attack needs, but at considerable price, reflecting
08:38their vulnerability. Clearly there was a gaping hole in the planning. What was needed was the
08:44jet-powered equivalent of the A-26, and there had simply been no serious expectation or
08:50provision for this.
09:07There was one exception. The Martin Company were working on a project, the XB-51, which
09:13was a plane that was clearly designed for tactical use. The B-51 employed many innovations,
09:20not least of which was its three-engined format with two jets attached to the forward fuselage,
09:25and a third buried in the rear of the plane just ahead of the fin. It also used fuselage-mounted
09:34tandem main wheels and outrigger supports.
09:49Another feature was the variable incidence of its drooped, 35-degree swept back wing. The
09:55wing could be adjusted to various positions for take-off and flight. The outrigger wheels
10:01stabilised the plane for take-off and landing. For the first time, powered air brakes were
10:07incorporated, and a drag parachute was used to slow landings.
10:20Epitomising the advanced design thinking was the B-51's rotary bomb door, which allowed quick
10:26ejection of the bomb load while the plane was still flying at very high speed.
10:33In the late 1940s, the Martin XB-51 stood as the only contender for the role of filling the
10:39shortfall that Korea was to demonstrate. Powerful and highly advanced, the B-51 was clearly
10:46pitched somewhere between fighter and bomber. Using jet assisted take-off, the B-51 takes
10:59to the air in one of the hundreds of tests that were carried out with it in the early 1950s
11:04to try and iron out its limitations. It was by no means a perfect aircraft, and clearly, before
11:11it was successful, it would need more development. The designers had successfully identified the
11:18task for the plane, but failed to develop a concept that really did the job.
11:25more time was needed than Korea allowed, and the Washington administration needed some option
11:43to the B-51, so reluctantly, they were forced to consider foreign designs. World War II had
11:50seen the United States become the world's most successful aircraft manufacturing nation, and
11:55the US had some difficulty in accepting a foreign design for evaluation. But they seriously studied
12:02two. First was the Canadian CF-100. This was more truly a twin-engined fighter who was ultimately
12:11unable to carry a worthwhile payload. During World War II, the British had also been
12:20studied the area between fighter and bomber, and the remarkable De Havilland Mosquito, very
12:25fast and agile, had been produced. After the war, the RAF had sought a jet-powered replacement
12:31for the Mosquito, acknowledging the need for such an aircraft. The English Electric Company
12:38had come up with the new plane, a very advanced design which was given the name Canberra. The
12:45aircraft had simple lines and combined the agility and speed of a fighter with the lifting power
12:50of a bomber. Right from the very start, the Canberras were a success, and production orders
12:57for the RAF were so large that much of the production was subcontracted to other aircraft manufacturers.
13:04The classically streamlined Canberras, robustly designed and with their powerful Avon engines,
13:10were a formula for success. However, interest from the United States was initially muted. There
13:19had never been a true equivalent American type to the Mosquito either. But in view of the Korean
13:25experience, interest grew considerably, because the English Electric Company's aircraft offered
13:31a proven successful design that could do the job, and would be available for early delivery
13:36if the war dragged on.
13:41And the American European Union was as a replacement for that, even stronger
13:42and war, and the rest of the NATO's aircraft carried out. The first 3 years
13:43of the U.S. satellite on the plane was based on its own aircraft and its own aircraft and
13:48these aircraft have built-ady in the U.S. satellite. The U.S. satellite
13:54and the U.S. satellite on the cruising aircraft with a large capacity in the U.S. summit
13:57and the U.S. satellite in the U.S. satellite. The U.S. satellite in the U.S. satellite in the U.S. satellite in the U.S satellite territory
14:00So, let's go.
14:30The Defence Department started direct negotiations with the British about the possibility of producing the overseas design in North America, with pattern aircraft being sent over as guides.
14:50Given Martin Marietta's interest in the B-51, it was that company which was awarded the contract and was duly licensed by the original designers to produce the aircraft.
15:01In March 1951, after a record-breaking transatlantic flight, the first of the pattern aircraft landed in Baltimore.
15:08A sleek spectacle for the crowd who had gathered to see it.
15:12The Defence Department of the Air Force
15:42For the British aircrew and their U.S. hosts alike, it was a memorable occasion.
15:54Not since the DH-4 of World War I had manufacture of a foreign plane even been contemplated,
16:00and now it was happening.
16:02With the camera to come into production, the gap in the U.S. inventory would be plugged.
16:08It wasn't to see service in Korea, but was to prove its worth in combat and the wisdom of its purchase many years later.
16:38That was great.
16:44The report's the travel process is to pass one of the first two new areas in the U.S.
16:52In the United States, the water comes with its potential, and then the water comes with its potential.
16:56The Southampton Council was a citizenry to take the job back.
17:00The contract confirmed that the Martin company would continue to build bombers at its Baltimore
17:11plant for at least some time to come.
17:14In the post-war years, in the absence of military orders, Martin had diversified with some early
17:20success into domestic airliner manufacture, however much hinged upon the government requirement
17:26for the high-speed, lightweight bomber.
17:30The first pattern aircraft crashed, killing the Navigator, and it was left to the second
17:34British model to continue much of the testing.
17:38The American version of the Canberra would soon be on the production line, but there were
17:42still many problems to be solved in making the transition from British to American standards.
17:48Even simple basics like the size of the thread on nuts and bolts differed in the two countries,
17:54there were many more technical alterations.
18:03It was to be over two years before the top brass would be able to assemble to inspect the first
18:08machine off the Baltimore production line.
18:13Carrotli, the other, the other, the other.
18:15And
18:16the other, there were two who went on the other.
18:16The other one was to speak to camera, but it seems like the bottom of the system is
18:19a better way to hide the suit in the same direction.
18:21So,
18:22the other one was to use the other side of the train track.
18:23And
18:24the other one was to put their 취급 and the track.
18:26So,
18:27it was set and the other one was to talk with, and the other one was to take a lot of your
18:28sales and the other, and then the other one was to take a lot of teams.
18:30When the first U.S. aircraft appeared, they were externally almost identical to their
18:53British cousins.
18:55Perhaps the major initial technical differences were Martin's incorporation of the B-51 Advanced
19:01Rotary Bombay and the replacement of the Avons with Sapphire engines.
19:15The engines of the Canberra were started with a cartridge, and this produced a characteristic
19:20cloud of thick black smoke.
19:22Though U.S. engineers worked on improving the starters, there was always a notable exhaust
19:27when the plane started up, a displeasing trait in an otherwise tidy aeroplane.
19:32On the left wing you can see the prototype's pitot tube, packed with sensors to gather test
19:45information.
19:46Generally the first A-models differed little from their UK counterparts, although this was
19:50to change in a short time.
19:53Under the bubble canopy sat the pilot, and behind and below him was the navigator's station.
20:01The navigator doubled as bomber, and had to transfer between his normal position and the perspex's
20:07nose cone when acting in that role.
20:10The navigator doubled as bomber, and had to transfer between his normal position and the perspex's
20:17nose cone when acting in that role.
20:21and after all.
20:23If you look carefully
20:52at the top surface of the wing, you can see the small slats which act as wing air brakes
20:57for the bomber, again identical to the British variant.
21:13As the early B-57s went into service, many of them had received the black non-reflecting
21:18paint that had been developed for the P-61 Nightfighter, a simple but effective anti-searchlight
21:24technology.
21:26Much of the original US purchase justification was based on the Canberra's potential in night-time
21:31operations, and many were utilised in that way.
21:39While 171 of the A-model were built, it was acknowledged that there were flaws with the
21:44plane, some considerably more serious than the black smoke of the starter cartridge.
21:50Most important was the position of the second crew member, as the US moved to turn the plane
21:55further from a light bomber towards its interdiction capability.
22:02The B-57B was soon introduced, bringing with it clear external differences from the British
22:21plane.
22:24Behind the wing, air brakes, similar to those introduced on the B-51, were installed.
22:29These were also being more widely adopted by other jet designs.
22:35A tandem crew arrangement had been arrived at, with both crew members housed under a canopy
22:41with excellent visibility.
22:43The placing of the two crewmen on the aircraft's centreline in the elongated cockpit gave the
22:49B-model more of the feel of a fighter.
22:52It also allowed the use of conventional ejector seats for both crew members.
22:57Although considerable testing was needed to sort out the best arrangements before the modifications
23:01were carried through.
23:03The mock-ups and dummies graphically illustrate the immense pressures involved.
23:08And adding the factor of aircraft speed to what you see here, you will appreciate just
23:13how dangerous a process ejection can be for a crewman.
23:18The most minor failure in design or manufacture of any component in such a system could be fatal.
23:25The end of the volume, the operating system.
23:26The final thing about the speeds of aircraft, the impulseır��르�y, followed by a crewman.
23:35The aftard airing, the airing, or the airing, or the airing, or the airing, or the airing, or the airing
23:42on-airing.
23:42And the airing up the airing on easy to use for a crewman.
23:46Another change was to the cartridge system and its housing, though the black smoke continued
24:01to be part of the process.
24:16Despite training, it is recorded that new ground staff occasionally panicked at the smoke
24:28from ignition and doused the plane with flame suppression foam, to the discomfort and annoyance
24:34of the crew if the canopy was open at the time.
24:39The B-57B also had much increased firepower and options.
24:44There was an emphasis on interdiction, with facility for air to ground rockets as well
24:49as an immense selection of general purpose and specialist bombs to be carried in the
24:53bomb bay.
24:56Despite some continued reservation about the plane, the B-57 was shaping up outstandingly.
25:02It had high speed and the ability to reach a very high altitude.
25:07In addition, it had manoeuvrability similar to a large fighter and the ruggedness and
25:12sweep control ability to be used at low level in ground hugging attack in the way of the
25:17old Douglas Invader.
25:20What had been an outstanding design to start with was becoming, with these refinements,
25:24a truly great plane.
25:26And the Defence Department, understandably, persevered with the aircraft's evolution.
25:31Have a good question.
25:32The daily distance of the aircraft is set to source of water.
25:38We have no more than 150 units, or first the aircraft around the aircraft.
25:40We have no more than 150 units.
25:43Over a long list of platforms.
25:44We have no more than 150 units.
25:46The Pad 3-474 to 188 units are on the groundあり.
25:48Over a long list of pumps and siding equipment.
25:50The fifth floor is complete.
25:52The bottom line is at the edge of the aircraft.
25:55Oh, my God.
26:25Oh, my God.
26:55One of the Canberra's virtues was its relatively short landing and take-off.
27:11However, landing with one engine out could be risky and result in the write-off of the plane.
27:16Here you can see the large ground-to-air unguided rockets,
27:44which coupled with the new wing-mounted machine guns or cannons
27:47to give the B-57 more of the forward punch of a fighter.
27:52The UK Canberras were never fitted with wing-mounted guns,
27:56but for the B-57's interdiction role, both the cannon and the rockets were vital.
28:00Oh, my God.
28:08Oh, my God.
28:13Oh, my God.
28:22Oh, my God.
28:23I don't know.
28:53The other distinct difference from the British plane's armament was the use of Martin's
29:00rotary bomb bay.
29:02It minimised disruption at release and allowed the aircraft to maintain maximum speed during
29:07the final approach to the target, and it also allowed palletisation of the bomb load.
29:18The last time I was going to take a look at the aircraft, I was going to take a look at the
29:25aircraft and the aircraft, and I was going to take a look at the aircraft and the aircraft
29:33were not going to be the same.
29:35The practical concerns of the designers are exhibited in the bomb bay.
30:00The installation was arranged so that the whole bomb bay floor, preloaded with bombs, could
30:06simply be swapped over at the end of a raid, so that the plane could quickly be turned
30:10round and sent back to the battlefield.
30:13Given the proximity of some forward airfields to the front, this would mean a great saving
30:18in the average time involved in each sortie.
30:25So, let's get started.
30:44The bomb bay was also seen as a place to mount a battery of downward firing machine guns in large packs.
31:14To simply saturate the ground beneath with a heavy rain of bullets.
31:18By now, the B-57 had become outstandingly versatile in both sensors.
31:45Outstanding in the number of roles it could fill and outstanding in how well it did them.
31:50The plane was very robustly designed with a lighter servicing requirement than other planes of the time.
31:57Perhaps a little ignominiously, one of the roles that they were purposely adapted to perform was that of target tow, admittedly a useful task.
32:08Painted bright orange, to hopefully minimise the chance of being mistaken for the target, the E-model was equipped with powered cable drums in the bomb bay to trail large fabric targets from canisters in the tail section.
32:21The targets, understandably disposable, were used in training fighter pilots.
32:26Furled much the same way as a flag, they were installed in the plane.
32:37Certainly not the most glamorous of jobs.
32:40Nonetheless, this required a certain fatalistic courage from the pilot.
32:44Still another kind of courage was needed by pilots of the then secret spy planes.
33:00The Air Force had committed itself to the Lockheed U-2 and set great store in its value.
33:06With its enormously elongated wing, the U-2 was virtually a jet assisted glider with the ability to carry highly sensitive reconnaissance equipment to a height considered to be beyond the reach of Soviet missiles.
33:19A product of Lockheed's legendary Kelly Johnson, the U-2 was for a long time a closely guarded secret.
33:27Its mission was to fly Soviet airspace during the sensitive years of the Cold War, but the Lockheed plane was late in production.
33:36The combining of so much new technology was to take far longer than had been envisaged, though the end product was to be an outstanding success.
33:45In the interim, there was a major perceived need with no plane to fill it.
34:15The launch of the last will be one to a full-time man to fill it.
34:17Of course, this would be a huge relationship.
34:18The first wing of the lastает is the name of the Lockheed International.
34:21The first wing of the last tower is a small task.
34:23The second wing of the�
34:27A close-up.
34:29The second wing of the bomb was to be a small task.
34:33The second wing of the storm still had been used in the airfare to be the greater force of the rocket's and the airfare to the cant.
34:38The second wing of the pilot will be that the most massive� tanks and the airfare to the airfare.
34:41The second wing of the plane is to be a large task.
34:42The first wing of the following armies were to the airf severance.
34:44Now at the time shrouded by secrecy, the role of the U-2 is now well known, but less so
34:58is the fact that Martin engineers worked against time to convert the standard Canberra to an
35:04ultra-high altitude capability with massive wings.
35:23With such a grossly extended wing, problems of metal stress and fatigue became central
35:28concerns.
35:29But even while the engineers continued to work on the problems, the Air Force, eager
35:34to commence activity, accepted the first RB57D with some modifications still to be made after
35:41the aircraft went into service.
35:43For years to come, improvements were still being worked on to perfect the massive wing
35:49structure for lifting the Canberra beyond the supposed reach of missiles.
35:55You can see here how the modified wings behaved, drooping and flexing under their own weight.
36:01These single-seat spy planes performed a valuable, if unpublicized, service.
36:07While they did not have the overall refinement of the U-2s, they had a greater lifting capacity
36:12and could carry a large payload of either photographic or electronic reconnaissance equipment.
36:19For more information, can you please...
37:36Here, the high altitude reconnaissance RB is seen next to the standard B-57 in flight.
37:58The standard camera's wing assembly was so sound that they provided years of fatigue-free service.
38:05The spy plane's wings, however, had a very limited lifespan and needed regular rebuilding.
38:10The spy planes regularly made unobtrusive extremely high-altitude flights over Soviet territory,
38:32with their high-technology black boxes installed behind the pilot and silently gathering information.
38:38For these probing scans of the Soviet defences, pilots were carefully selected and inducted.
38:46The usual mission saw a climb to around 60,000 feet just prior to entering enemy airspace,
38:58and the pilot proceeded using a specially built mechanism to scan below the plane to see where he was.
39:04At that height, his forward view was of a very distant curve of a horizon.
39:09The whole concept of high-flying aerial spying was still in its infancy when the RV-57 first came into production.
39:23Even the testing equipment seems primitive by today's standards.
39:28But given the breakdown of relations between the two post-war superpowers,
39:33the technology applied to this reconnaissance work was the pinnacle of that available at the time.
39:38To place some perspective on the road,
40:08one must only consider that the B-29 bomber, operating at 30,000 feet in the latter stages of World War II,
40:18was all but out of reach of the Japanese defences.
40:21And yet, under a decade later, the Canberras were comfortably maintaining a height twice that of the super fortresses for a much longer period.
40:38And yet, under a decade later, theứing of the
41:01Music
41:30When testing and evaluation progressed, the massive wings had to be constantly maintained and rebuilt to ensure that these unique canberras stayed serviceable for as long as possible.
41:40Ultimately, fatigue took its toll and they were replaced, in some cases by the U-2.
41:47However, remarkably, years later other canberras were taken out of mothballs and modified with an even larger wing as the RB57M.
41:57This aircraft, with fanjet engines supplemented by two additional turbojets, used a wing almost twice as large as the already massive fixture of the earlier spy canberras.
42:08The RB57F was ostensibly for weather reconnaissance, but there is little doubt that it was also used in clandestine operations and in monitoring work related to the atomic bomb test series.
42:21Although it is known that the Soviets succeeded in bringing down U-2s, there is no record of either of the two remarkable big wing Canberra models being lost in action.
42:31Enemy fire did take its toll of the conventional B57s when they were deployed to their original combat duty in the skies over Vietnam.
42:52By 1954, twenty B57s were based at Bien Hoa, near Saigon.
42:59From here, they were to be used in the low altitude ground attack for which they had been prepared.
43:05Too late for the Korean conflict that had defined their role, they were a most timely presence in Vietnam.
43:12Although by now they were over ten years old, the strength of their airframes and the common sense of the basic design still held them in good stead over enemy forces.
43:22They were normally used south of the border in what theoretically was South Vietnamese territory.
43:28Above other territory.
43:46Often working in close cooperation with forward ground control, Canberras would respond via
44:12a sophisticated control network.
44:25Flight aircraft were used to first locate the targets, then mark them with signal rockets
44:31so that the Canberras could home in with precision attack.
44:56There is no doubting the value and effect of the presence of the B-57s in the American
45:01air war over Vietnam.
45:03They were a massive attribute.
45:08The Canberras' luck was not always in.
45:22On Halloween night during their first year in Vietnam, their base at Bien Hoa was attacked
45:27by Viet Cong insurgents.
45:30The closely parked Canberras presented an easy target to the guerrillas and during the evening,
45:35mortar fire devastated the entire base, destroying or badly damaging 20 B-57s along with other
45:42aircraft parked on the crowded tarmac.
45:49In the first year, after the new various aircraft, the other aircraft and the other aircraft
46:00and the other aircraft were attacked.
46:36These losses had to be made good with aircraft transferred back into service from the air guard after updating.
46:43But none were as advanced as the ultra-high technology G model, which drew on the experience of the now venerable B-26 invaders, which, in their third war, had been used in night-time attack in Vietnam.
46:56The Air Force employed a few Canberras to test new technology in night-site television.
47:01The aim was to identify and disrupt night-time Viet Cong activity along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and in 1969, 16 B models were returned to the Baltimore factory for modification.
47:13The Canberras, designed in the 40s, modified during the 50s, in service in the 60s, now found themselves state-of-the-art in the 70s.
47:26The large modified nose housed the new sea-at-night technology, and, curiously enough, though the installation lowered the top speed, it enhanced the overall stability of the plane.
47:39Only one of the 57 G's was lost, and, generally speaking, the project was a success, and provided aircrew with a facility that they had never enjoyed before.
47:51The análable Hubble
47:53Air Force
47:53To be continued...
48:23The cost of providing these innovations was high, both in installation and maintenance,
48:37and eventually, as with all Canberras, the G models were withdrawn from service, although
48:42the technology that it pioneered was to be used in other specialist aircraft, like the
48:47C-130 ground-attack gunships.
49:17Where the naked eye could ordinarily see nothing, the G model proved a devastating success,
49:28and came as a fitting culmination to the overall B-57 project.
49:33The decision to break with the American designs-only tradition had been a bold, if not controversial,
49:39step.
49:40It was a matter of necessity to fill a vacuum as fast as possible that forced the Air Force
49:45to acquire what was undoubtedly the best available aircraft for the job, but it is equally true
49:51to say that the modifications identified and perfected by Martin and the Air Force made the
49:56B-57 a very different plane in the long run from its British and Commonwealth equivalents.
50:03The basic airframe carried those modifications into Hughes in a way that makes the family
50:08of Canberra's deserving of the title, Great Plain.
50:15The first 선�alians are a very different to the means that the aircraft is very different.
50:22The aircraft is quite valuable and is quite a nice toarly and is quite a nice toarly.
50:27The aircraft is quite a nice toarly and is quite an easy toarly.
50:31The aircraft is quite a ton of driving force from the pilot, but it is quite an easy toarly.
50:37Oh, my God.
51:07Oh, my God.
51:37Oh, my God.
52:07Oh, my God.
52:37Oh, my God.
53:07Oh, my God.
53:37Oh, my God.
Be the first to comment