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00:00History is not an exact science. It is never set in stone.
00:17As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:21But by definition, existing ideas have thick skins and are hard to shift.
00:34To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up and decipher the facts by looking at them another way.
00:57Posterity has made the Soviet Union out to be the instigator of the Cold War.
01:18Posterity has made the Soviet Union out to be the instigator of the Cold War.
01:25And yet...
01:27The 14th of April, 1945. America is in mourning.
01:41Its president, Franklin Roosevelt, has just died.
01:47The 14th of April, 1945. America is in mourning.
01:54Its president, Franklin Roosevelt, has just died.
01:57Elected and re-elected four times in a row, against all the odds he stood firm against Nazi tyranny, despite the terrible illness which finally killed him.
02:15Attending the ceremonies was a small, unremarkable-looking man who was totally unprepared to succeed him.
02:31His vice president, Harry Truman.
02:35Ill-informed about how the war was going, he didn't know how to stop it, and still had no clear vision of the world thereafter.
02:54He confided,
02:55Pray for me, my friends.
02:57I feel as though the moon, the stars, and all the planets have just fallen on my head.
03:25In the spring of 1945, Nazi Germany had just collapsed.
03:36But Japan was holding out, and the battles waged by the Americans in the Pacific could still last for months.
03:51America needed the Red Army to get it over with.
03:55Stalin still ruled over the biggest country in the world.
04:05And claimed the biggest share of the victory in Europe.
04:11With his marshal's epaulets, and with his triumphant generals alongside him, the master of the Kremlin inspired respect.
04:26On the other hand, Harry Truman was surprisingly humble.
04:34With his easy-going manner, he personified the self-made man, risen to power by dint of hard work and force of circumstances.
04:41Come late to politics as senator for Missouri, after a career as a men's tailor, he soon had to put on a president's suit if he wanted to command respect.
04:55The Manhattan Project gave him the chance.
04:59The Manhattan Project gave him the chance.
05:01As soon as his advisers informed him that the atomic bomb was ready, Truman did everything to crank up the trials, with a view to his first meeting with Stalin in Potsdam, in the Berlin suburbs.
05:19The German capital had been destroyed by hundreds of air raids, whereas one single nuclear explosion could soon produce the same devastating effect.
05:40On the 16th of July 1945, the first trial of the bomb was conclusive.
05:55Truman took his British ally into his confidence.
05:58Winston Churchill said,
06:05As soon as he arrived, he was a changed man.
06:08He was quick to put the Russians in their place.
06:17Overnight, the apprentice president became the most powerful man in the world.
06:21Stalin remained stone-faced.
06:27He had only one thing in his mind.
06:29That Truman should respect his predecessor's promise.
06:36To guarantee that the USSR should have a sphere of influence in the territories liberated by the Red Army,
06:42in exchange for its assistance in defeating the Japanese.
06:44But now, the Americans could do without the Soviets.
06:59A short time ago, an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.
07:08In this short speech, criticised when it was broadcast, the president could barely conceal his elation.
07:22We have spent more than $2 billion on the greatest scientific gamble in history.
07:28And we have won.
07:29On the 6th and 9th of August, the two bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki hastened the surrender of the Japanese Empire.
07:47It was clear proof that Truman was not a man to back away.
07:51When he learned of the Japanese disaster, Stalin was furious.
08:00Blackmail by bomb.
08:01That is American politics.
08:21That is American politics.
08:30Three days later, Stalin invited Dwight Eisenhower, commander-in-chief of the Normandy landings,
08:36to stand at his side for five hours, watching the demonstration of Soviet power.
08:41As the good soldier that he was, Eisenhower submitted to the ceremonial.
08:56A flamboyant production that could so easily be interpreted as a show of strength.
09:00The march passed of a whole people, disciplined in the extreme and always in battle order,
09:15gave a glimpse of the risks of a split between the two countries.
09:18After four years fighting against a common enemy, Americans and Soviets found themselves facing each other across the divide
09:45between the territories they were occupying, between East and West.
09:56Never had the two powers seemed so close, and yet, at the same time, so different.
10:06Despite their rivalry, each of them still wanted to believe in the durability of that great alliance born of the war,
10:12and sealed in the blood of battle.
10:17Everyone hoped it would continue after the victory celebrations.
10:42On the 24th of October 1945, in San Francisco, 50 countries, including the USSR, gathered behind the United States of America,
10:54to ratify the United Nations Charter.
11:01Convinced of its own messianic destiny, Truman's America positioned itself at the head of a worldwide struggle for peace.
11:08Let us not fail to grasp this supreme chance to establish a worldwide rule of reason,
11:19to create an enduring peace under the guidance of God.
11:27The USSR was not fooled.
11:29Despite the sacrifices of the Red Army, peace had finally been achieved,
11:34thanks to a bond that only Truman had the power to use.
11:37A new world was still to be built.
11:56From the Atlantic to the Urals, the Allied armies were still in occupation,
11:59and Stalin intended to keep his soldiers as long as possible in the Eastern Europe that he had liberated.
12:10In his view, the USA were doing the same thing in all of Western Europe.
12:23Paris had become a gigantic American base.
12:30Cabaret artist Maurice Chevalier adapted his repertoire for the occasion.
12:37If the St. Mary brought me dreams of you,
12:44I want to sleep my whole life through,
12:47For you brought and you cannot belong to me.
12:58Never in their history had so many American troops been in a foreign land for such a long time.
13:03Admired as defenders of the free world, they were kept in place in France, Germany, the UK, Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Korea, China, and now in defeated Japan.
13:27Like Asia, Europe danced to the American tune.
13:36Eisenhower inherited a post as governor of Germany.
13:42The commander of American troops in the Pacific, Douglas MacArthur, was in charge of the occupation of Japan.
13:51On the vestiges of the ancient world, America stamped its mark.
14:06But Truman feared the competition from another philosophy. Communism.
14:11It already held sway in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Yugoslavia.
14:22It occupied part of Germany and of Austria.
14:27It was fomenting civil war in Greece.
14:30And also in China, where Truman's envoy, General Marshall, was trying in vain to reconcile Mao's communists and Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists.
14:44The war had already helped communism win its spurs.
15:03It had nourished the dreams of peoples who wanted a different way of life.
15:07It had given hope to those who suffered.
15:13On the 5th of January 1946, exasperated by such expansion, the American president wrote,
15:20I'm tired of mollycoddling the Russians.
15:23If we don't use them with an iron hand, another war is on its way.
15:26For Washington, the proof was in the portrait of Stalin, father of the people, brandished like an icon in every procession.
15:38But Stalin was more concerned with the reconstruction of the USSR, emerging from its war with the Nazis, bloodless and amputated of a quarter of its resources and of 20 million of its citizens.
16:00To pick itself up, the Soviet Union was counting on its planned economy and the inexhaustible supply of labor from the gulags.
16:24Countless prisoners condemned for treason when they were released from the Nazi camps,
16:28simply carried on their captivity in the service of their country.
16:40But on the ruins of Poland or Ukraine, even though they were in zones under Soviet influence, reconstruction could well be capitalist.
16:48On the verge of famine, the two countries only survived thanks to food aid from the United Nations, 70% financed by America.
17:04Stalin took a very dim view of these American presence as a foretaste of the West's bounty.
17:09In February 1946, at the Bolshoi, he declared that the USSR didn't need American help to pick itself up.
17:26Our system is better than any other.
17:35In the film of his speech, all that remains is endless applause.
17:40But an American diplomat in post in Moscow was quick to over-interpret what he said.
17:51In a long telegram, he called on the West to stand together to contain the threat of Russian expansion.
18:01To contain, the phrase would become the watchword of American foreign policy.
18:08At the beginning of 1946, America was patiently awaiting the return of its boys.
18:27These sons, fathers, husbands, were returning in ever greater numbers, even if there were still millions of them all over the world.
18:48There was peace once more. The danger from communism was a distant problem. Demobilization was essential, inevitable.
19:03Its windows are broken, its bender is bent. No can of one can fix it.
19:09As after the Great War, the Americans could go back to their isolationist tradition.
19:20And that worried the American president.
19:25He had to change public opinion.
19:27So he invited to Fulton, Missouri, his former stronghold as senator, the third man of the Potsdam Conference, Winston Churchill, until recently British Prime Minister.
19:48Welcomed as a prophet, he was to predict the next war that would strike America and the free world.
19:53From Stettine in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
20:10Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.
20:17And all our subjects, in one form or another, of control from Moscow.
20:24We might all have been spared the miseries Hitler let loose upon mankind.
20:31But no one would listen.
20:33And one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool.
20:37And surely, ladies and gentlemen, I put it to you, surely we must not let that happen again.
20:43Churchill implied that Stalin was another Hitler.
20:53Truman, seated on the left, applauded.
20:56Strength is the only thing the Russians understand, he added.
21:01But not everyone in his entourage shared this view.
21:11The Trade Minister, Henry Wallace, publicly expressed his indignation, denouncing what he called this escalation of fear.
21:18Dear Harry, as you requested, here is my resignation.
21:25I shall continue to fight for peace.
21:28I am sure that you approve, and will join me in that great endeavour.
21:35In January 1947, Secretary of State James Burns, who had convinced the President to bomb Hiroshima, resigned in his turn.
21:44He was replaced by a military man, General Marshall.
21:51He had learned the lesson from his failure in China.
21:56With Truman, he worked out a plan to contain communism.
22:00An aid for reconstruction proposed to all of Europe, including the East.
22:05Why must the United States carry so great a load in helping Europe?
22:16The answer is simple.
22:19The United States is the only country in the world today which has the economic power and productivity
22:25to provide the supplies necessary to permit the people of these countries to continue to eat, to work and to survive the winter.
22:37The Marshall Plan was in fact dollar diplomacy, designed to counteract extreme poverty,
22:43since Washington was convinced that communism was developing in that very direction.
22:47France, too, received its share under this clumsy scheme.
22:54Mr. Ambassador, it gives me great pleasure to be able to hand you these cheques,
23:00which total 31 million 400 thousand dollars.
23:03Thank you.
23:04Mr. Secretary, it is with deep emotion that I received this token of the generosity of the American government and people to strengthen the ties which unite our two countries.
23:25In all, the equivalent of 170 billion dollars in today's money were dedicated to Europe.
23:44The sum might seem colossal, but America wasn't really paying the bill.
23:48The aid was for the most part provided in the form of materials made in the USA.
24:00For industrialists with well-filled order books, for their families and the families whose income was increasing,
24:07the end of isolationism was bringing in big money.
24:09By fighting with non-military means against the communists, the country was getting rich and cultivating its image as a pacific and selfless nation.
24:26The Cold War had just been invented.
24:28The signing of this act is a momentous occasion in the world's quest for enduring peace.
24:41This measure is America's answer to the challenge facing the free world today.
24:49America must show the example.
24:54So, the President redefined his entire foreign policy with this in mind.
25:00The Truman Doctrine, interventionist, global, messianic, was formulated on the 12th of March 1947,
25:07and designated an external enemy, greatly exaggerated at the time, the Red Peril.
25:13Two weeks later, a parliamentary commission brought the fight within the country.
25:27The all-powerful director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, opened hostilities.
25:32The Communist Party of the United States is a fifth column, if there ever was one.
25:41It is far better organized than were the Nazis in occupied countries prior to their capitulation.
25:48They are seeking to weaken America. Their goal is the overthrow of our government.
25:53Politicians, military officers, intellectuals and artists were interviewed from 1947 onwards.
26:03He said he'd make a dust bowl out of my plant.
26:05It was an opportunity to settle scores like Walt Disney about a union man who caught a strike in his studios.
26:10Was that Herbert K. Sorrell? Herbert K. Sorrell.
26:16I believed at that time that Mr. Sorrell was a communist, because of all the things that I had heard,
26:21and had seen his name appearing on many of the commie front things.
26:31Hundreds more were put on the blacklists, like this scriptwriter who was challenged.
26:35Are you a member of the Communist Party? Or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?
26:42It's unfortunate and tragic that I have to teach this committee the basic principles of America.
26:50You refuse to answer that question, is that correct?
26:53I have told you that I will offer my beliefs, my affiliations and everything else to the American public,
26:57and they will know where I stand as they do from what I have written.
27:01Stand away from the stand.
27:02I have written for Americanism for many years and I shall...
27:04Stand away from the stand.
27:06...for the Bill of Rights is what I have to destroy.
27:08I will take this man away from the stand.
27:14Once rid of these real or imagined communist artists,
27:18Hollywood could carry on exporting its films all over the world.
27:22Rather like the goods distributed by the Marshall Plan.
27:25At the instigation of Soviet Big Brother, all the Eastern European states refused it.
27:42In 1947 the counter-attack was organised.
27:46The demonstrators denounced the risk of American colonisation.
27:49In France and Italy, strikes broke out.
28:00Anti-communism gave rise to increasingly violent anti-Americanism.
28:07Stalin had his back to the wall.
28:28Up against the diplomacy of the bomb and the dollar, the time was right for him to erect a rampart against the influence of the West.
28:40In February 1948, Czechoslovakia, tempted momentarily by the Marshall Plan, fell into the communist camp under pressure from the Kremlin.
28:58There remained one gap in the wall. Berlin.
29:05Since the fall of Nazism, Germany and its capital were shared by the Allies.
29:20The French, the British and the Americans were at the gates of the Soviet Union, which they passed through every day to reach West Berlin.
29:33Adopting an American initiative, their zones and sectors of occupation had just been merged.
29:48Two years after Churchill's prophecy, the Iron Curtain became a reality.
29:53Germany and the whole of Europe then found themselves divided into two blocs, one of which was under American influence, the other which rejected it.
30:10In order to consolidate the Western bloc, Truman issued a new currency, the Deutschmark,
30:16that the West German population rushed through the rain to exchange for their old banknotes.
30:23Capitalism was hard up against the Soviet occupied zone. For Stalin, it was a provocation.
30:36On 24th June 1948, he retaliated by closing all land access to the German capital.
30:49Cut off from the world, Berliners suffered shortages.
30:53There were revolts against the communist authorities, who retaliated.
31:06For Stalin, this blockade was a test.
31:12Would the Americans react militarily?
31:14Not at all. The bombers which overflew Berlin dropped only food and coal.
31:32Truman once again showed his determination to stand up to the USSR.
31:40The airlift turned the Americans into saviors.
31:44Recent enemies of the Germans, their pilots became heroes to the Berliners.
31:48The newspapers popularised the expression, Cold War, a struggle for influence with no dead and no wounded.
32:00At the end of the year 1948, the President campaigned for a second term.
32:14The dramatic international situation served as a backdrop to his re-election.
32:28Carried aloft by the enthusiasm of his supporters, in spite of his detractors, he won the vote.
32:34But only by a whisker.
32:40One paper even got it wrong.
32:45Here he is, waving the newspaper headline, imitating a radio announcer who predicted his defeat.
32:51While the President is a million votes ahead in the popular vote, we have yet to hear it.
33:05And we are very sure that when the country vote comes in, Mr Truman will be defeated by another founding of the flag.
33:15And I went back to bed and left sleighed.
33:31This unexpected re-election was the start of a new direction.
33:38Officially, the aim was still to contain communism.
33:40But curbing it was no longer sufficient.
33:44It had to be pushed back.
33:53For Truman, the USSR had to understand what the Americans were capable of if the standoff continued in Berlin.
33:59In April 1949, the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty marked a new level in the escalation.
34:10In preparation for the creation of NATO the following year,
34:16the armies of 12 Western European countries joined together under American command.
34:22America puffed out its chest.
34:24Not without good reason.
34:25The following month, after a year of tension and 300,000 airlift sorties, Stalin reopened access by land and water.
34:39On the 12th of May 1949, the blockade of Berlin was lifted.
34:55While nothing seemed predestined to keep this war cold, Truman had shown his strength without firing a single shot.
35:00To all appearances, Stalin had thrown in the towel.
35:11Then, suddenly...
35:13The first Russian atomic bomb exploded in the Kazakhstan desert.
35:24A new balance of power was established.
35:28A new balance of power was established.
35:44People thought communism had weakened, but it had never been so strong.
35:48On the 1st of October 1949, it was the turn of China to fall in line.
35:58Mao came to power at the end of a long civil war, which he had waged alone.
36:02Mao!
36:03Mao!
36:06Mao!
36:09Il!
36:10atrave!
36:13Yem meen gen ho
36:14Shin ho!
36:16Yang yam yem meen jean huo!
36:19Anh dia!
36:21Dahi dhun!
36:24Mao!
36:25500,000,000 souls joined the Communists' camp in a single day.
36:34Even Stalin couldn't believe it.
36:46On the occasion of his 70th birthday, celebrated with great ceremony,
36:51he invited this man, to whom he had given such meagre support,
36:54to sit beside him on the rostrum.
37:02Only himself and Mao know it.
37:05But appearances are deceptive.
37:08For Washington and all its relations,
37:10it was the alliance of two conspiratorial dictators.
37:17It would take only a spark for everything to go up in flames,
37:20and the finger would point to Stalin as the unique cause.
37:24Productions inspired or ordered by the American government
37:33stigmatized the Soviets, always portrayed as devils.
37:40But watch out for the fog and mist.
37:43It's radioactive, packed with poison.
37:46And it moves fast.
37:50From the nuclear threat taken very seriously,
37:53to ludicrous scenes of invasion,
37:55Hollywood, America's dream machine, made the most of it.
38:03The Communist, rapist and lawbreaker,
38:06was the new bogeyman.
38:17We are the God! We are the God! We are the God!
38:19In films like this one, Oscar winner for the best documentary,
38:23the designated enemy could hold his own with the diabolical Nazis of yesteryear.
38:28In Germany, the voter had his choice of Hitler,
38:32Hitler, Hitler, Hitler, or Hitler.
38:37Ja, ja, ja.
38:42In communist Russia, the same system, the one-party system,
38:46is either Stalin, Stalin, Stalin, or Stalin.
38:52Da, da, da, da.
38:55America was in a red funk.
39:12The whole country set out on a veritable crusade.
39:15On the 1st of February, 1950,
39:30Senator Joseph McCarthy announced the names of 57 alleged communists
39:34who had infiltrated the heart of government.
39:38He accused the president of not doing enough.
39:40He called him weak.
39:42We should remember that practically every issue which we face today
39:47is inextricably interwoven with the communist issue.
39:57Arrests of militants, sympathizers, spies, real or imagined,
40:02ran into thousands.
40:03The Rosenbergs, accused of sharing intelligence with the enemy,
40:13ended up in the electric chair.
40:14After three years of applying the Truman Doctrine,
40:36aimed at containing the propagation of the Red Peril,
40:39the president was overwhelmed by the overkill
40:41of what he himself had initiated.
40:47His party reproached him for whipping up the paranoia,
40:50whereas other voices called for an even more radical line.
40:54Korea to defend itself.
40:57Peaceful coexistence with Moscow was no longer possible.
41:00From being only European,
41:02the communist menace had become worldwide.
41:04In Asia, a new crisis had just blown up.
41:09The United Nations organization was on high alert.
41:13On the 25th of June 1950,
41:15pro-Soviet North Korea invaded its southern neighbor,
41:18which was pro-American.
41:20The presence of Russian weapons was evidence of USSR intervention.
41:24Gentlemen, we face a serious situation.
41:31We hope we face it in the cause of peace.
41:34The only reason for the action,
41:36which was taken on the advice of all the brains that I could muster,
41:42was hoping, always hoping,
41:46that we'll finally arrive at the peace in the world,
41:49which we anticipated when we created the United Nations.
41:52That's the only reason for the action.
41:54Thank you very much.
42:00Stalin supported only half-heartedly the Korean offensive,
42:04mainly by the supply of arms.
42:08But Truman once again suspected him of hegemony.
42:12Straight away, the Western bloc was mobilized.
42:22Bursting with pride under the iron rule of General McCarthy,
42:26the boys went back to combat like lambs to the slaughter,
42:29convinced they were fighting a just war in the cause of peace.
42:38We are fighting in Korea for our own national security and survival.
42:43If aggression is successful in Korea,
42:45we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe
42:48and to this hemisphere.
42:52With the Korean War,
42:53the United States became the legitimate spearhead
42:56of the new world order.
42:57On the initiative of the United Nations,
43:06NATO and all its Western bloc allies,
43:09America mobilized its defenders of the free world
43:11in a ruthless battle against the North Koreans
43:14and 300,000 Chinese sent by Mao.
43:17Come on!
43:19This time, the East-West confrontation
43:26took the form of armed conflict
43:28in an onslaught of unprecedented violence.
43:37A quagmire into which America was sinking.
43:45On the 30th of November 1950,
43:47Truman announced that he was ready to take
43:50whatever measures necessary to end the conflict,
43:53including the use of the bomb.
44:05Called for by Stockholm,
44:07more than 500 million signatures
44:09demanded an absolute ban on this weapon,
44:12which had already devastated Japan.
44:17Pablo Picasso united them around a symbol,
44:27the Dove of Peace.
44:37The Communist world had become immense.
44:40Dozens of nations wanted to believe
44:42in a different future
44:43from the one promised by the Americans.
44:45And never mind if,
44:47east of the Iron Curtain,
44:48under tyrannical regimes,
44:50the promises of a better future
44:51were far from being kept.
44:55Stalin had the bomb.
44:58But these pacifists
44:59were convinced he would never use it.
45:01At the beginning of 1951,
45:23General MacArthur,
45:24anxious to wind up the war in Korea,
45:26put pressure on Truman
45:28to carry out his threat
45:29of using the nuclear solution.
45:32But the danger of a Soviet response
45:34had become too great.
45:36For the first time,
45:37the President drew back.
45:39He refused.
45:42MacArthur denounced the climbdown
45:44in the newspapers.
45:45Truman fired him without ceremony
45:47and went on television
45:48to explain himself.
45:49My fellow Americans,
45:52I want to talk to you
45:53plainly tonight
45:54about what we're doing in Korea
45:57and about our policy
45:58in the Far East.
46:00A number of events
46:01have made it evident
46:02that General MacArthur
46:03did not agree with that policy.
46:06I have therefore considered it essential
46:08to relieve General MacArthur
46:09so that there would be
46:11no doubt or confusion
46:12as to the real purpose
46:13and aim of our policy.
46:15In the simplest terms,
46:17what we're doing in Korea
46:18is this.
46:19We are trying to prevent
46:21a Third World War.
46:23The Third World War
46:25did not happen.
46:26But the struggle for supremacy
46:28would carry on.
46:35Truman tripled
46:36the American defense budget
46:37and launched a research program
46:39into the H-bomb,
46:41which was theoretically
46:42a thousand times more deadly
46:43than the Hiroshima bomb.
46:45Tested on American soil,
46:51its destructive potential
46:52was immense.
46:54The arms race against the USSR
47:05ramped up yet again,
47:07even though the nuclear threat
47:08prevented any direct confrontation.
47:10In the space of four years,
47:28the American propaganda budget
47:29leapt from 20 to 115 billion dollars,
47:34the equivalent of the amount
47:35mobilized in wartime.
47:36in the early 50s,
47:47Hollywood sent out its cowboys
47:48to fight off the Redskins,
47:50likened to the Soviets
47:51in their thirst for conquest.
47:53When soft power is your policy,
48:08you have to win hearts and minds.
48:12The Soviet Union did just that.
48:15Tours of the Red Army Choir,
48:17the Bolshoi Ballet,
48:22and the Moscow Circus,
48:34sent a message to the West
48:35of a peace-loving Russia.
48:37Tours of the Red Army Choir,
48:47Sporting competitions became the new arena
48:50for the war of influence
48:51waged by two giants.
49:03In the summer of 1952,
49:05the Helsinki Olympic Games
49:07marked the return of a Russian delegation
49:09for the first time
49:10since the revolution of 1917.
49:12In the same year, 1952,
49:31Truman announced that he would not contest
49:33the next election.
49:36Unpopular, cast aside by his party,
49:39the President had gone too far.
49:42Or not far enough.
49:47He was up against a military man.
49:50General Eisenhower was elected
49:52by dint of criticising
49:53the feebleness of his predecessor,
49:55whose legacy he would
49:56nevertheless take on.
49:58And America chose as its president
50:12a real war leader.
50:14In 1953, the Korean War
50:26with two million victims
50:27finally came to an end.
50:30The same year, Stalin died.
50:33Around the embalmed body of the dictator
50:44focused the myth of his sole responsibility
50:47in the declaration of the Cold War.
50:52That idea survives to this day,
50:54carefully orchestrated
50:55by all of Truman's successors.
50:58But Stalin's death
51:00did not bring an end
51:02to the East-West confrontation.
51:11The Cold War
51:13was to last another 40 years.
51:16Four decades marked
51:17by periods of détente
51:19and of stress,
51:20which in the end
51:21saw the United States
51:22installed as the world's policeman,
51:25without ever smoothing out
51:26the tensions.
51:56was to last another 40 years.
51:58But the two of its
51:59who lived in the first
52:01were in the first
52:02of the East-West
52:03in the first
52:05of the East-West
52:06and the few years
52:07were in the first
52:09in the last
52:09in the last
52:10to the East-West
52:11that was the last
52:11of the East-West
52:13that was a pretty
52:14first
52:14A
52:16in the last
52:17of the East-West
52:18that wasn't
52:19a great
52:21in the first
52:21that was
52:23a great
52:24Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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