- 1 hour ago
How tall could we really build? After a century of competition, skyscrapers are reaching new extremes: Saudi Arabia’s upcoming 1-kilometer-tall Kingdom Tower in Jeddah will triple the Empire State Building’s height.
Category
😹
FunTranscript
00:00Have you ever looked up at a skyscraper and said, how tall can this really go?
00:04Well, I'm about to climb up there to show you something.
00:07Until 1971, this was the tallest building in the world.
00:11After that, for decades, buildings got taller and taller until the Burj Khalifa was built
00:18in Dubai.
00:19That's now the world's tallest, and it's twice as tall as the Empire State Building.
00:23And soon a tower will open in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, that's three times as tall.
00:28Frank Lloyd Wright said a mile-high tower is technically possible, and he designed one
00:33back in the 1950s.
00:35I spoke with the people behind the tallest towers ever, and they told me exactly how far we can
00:40push it.
00:41I think Jeddah Tower is the next step.
00:43I don't think that it's the limit of how tall we can go.
00:46The sky's the limit.
00:48We went into the hidden parts of the world's supertalls.
00:51I wanted to show you guys what it feels like to be at the top of the world.
00:55To answer the question, how tall can we actually build?
00:59Who pays for it?
01:00And is it even worth it to keep building higher and higher?
01:04And what did we find out?
01:05The higher the build, the stranger things get.
01:09So the first thing you need to know is that there's not one single right way to build a
01:17skyscraper.
01:18From the steel frame inside of the Empire State Building to the more modern outrigger
01:23system that's inside One World Trade.
01:25We look at these structural systems we create for tall buildings as different species, different
01:29animals that work in different scales.
01:32But unlike nature, we don't need to evolve from one to another.
01:35We can create completely new systems.
01:36It's not really derivative from something before or evolving from something before.
01:41Up until the Burj, all of these buildings had something in common, a single tall support.
01:46You could add what's called outriggers, which were mechanisms to connect the outer walls to
01:50that central concrete structure.
01:53But there's one way that you can add support to a supertall that's very simple.
01:59The breakthrough of the Burj Khalifa was this three-part design that unlocked a new era
02:03of supertall structures.
02:05We created this new species, this new system, and then we gave it a name.
02:09We called it the buttressed core.
02:12This buttressed core allowed the Burj Khalifa to dwarf everything before it.
02:17It's 828 meters tall.
02:19And while the record for the world's tallest building is usually beat by incremental jumps,
02:24the Burj Khalifa was over 60% taller than anything else built before it.
02:29And nothing completed since has even come close.
02:31The tripod form is extremely efficient.
02:34So think of it as a three-legged stool.
02:37When you have four on a stool, if one's kind of a little off, you kind of feel it rock.
02:43But three is very efficient.
02:45The wing-like design also reduces the need for materials that were used to build earlier
02:50skyscrapers.
02:51There's actually more steel inside the Empire State Building than there is in the Burj Khalifa.
02:57So what's it actually like to go up the world's tallest building?
02:59Well, we sent a producer there to find out.
03:02Thanks, Tan.
03:03I'm going to show you the full experience of at the very top of the Burj Khalifa.
03:09It's humongous.
03:11It's gigantic.
03:13And it's surrounded by all kinds of tall skyscrapers.
03:16But it exactly dominates them.
03:19I can't even capture it in a horizontal format in the widest of the lenses.
03:25You can see that.
03:26The first thing to note is that the experience of going to the top of the Burj begins long
03:30before you even reach the building.
03:33You have to walk through the massive Dubai Mall just to get to where the line starts.
03:38It turns out that going to the top of the Burj demands endurance.
03:42The total cost of a trip like this with the VIP ticket, getting there and souvenirs would
03:47probably run about $500.
03:48I'm embracing this view.
03:52This is what human admiration and vision can lead to.
03:57I can see the infinity from here.
04:01Our producer may have enjoyed his trip, but it got me wondering, are these incredible feats
04:06of human engineering just expensive tourist traps?
04:10Well look at the numbers.
04:11The Burj could be raking in as much as $700 million a year from over 9 million visitors.
04:17That's twice the amount tourists spend to visit the Empire State Building and Eiffel Tower
04:22combined.
04:24One way to think about it is that the Burj made back its $1.5 billion construction costs
04:30in just three years of tourism revenue.
04:32It could be worth it to build tall just to stick a gift shop on top.
04:37The buttressed core has gotten us higher than ever before, and a similar design is being
04:41used in the Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
04:44However, it might not be the right form for a mile-high skyscraper.
04:48I think there's a limit to how high this structural system is appropriate.
04:52You know, it's certainly a kilometer, maybe 1.2 kilometers.
04:57At a certain point, you have to create a new species, a new animal, a new structural system
05:01that can go that high.
05:04That's exactly what Bill's team did.
05:06Later, you'll see their design for a structure 10 times the Eiffel Tower that overcomes all
05:12of the limits of height but looks nothing like the Burj or the Kingdom Tower.
05:17But first, let's look at why the Burj itself broke with symmetry, and why that lopsided look
05:23is one key to going higher.
05:25Tell me, where are we at, Bill?
05:28What's going on here?
05:29Okay, I'm here with Brad Young, who runs the wind tunnel here at the SOM.
05:34Brad and the company spent like months and months calibrating this wind tunnel so that
05:42it accurately represents the velocity profile of wind that you see in the real world.
05:47What we use here is good German, very expensive styrofoam, okay?
05:52Because the model needs to be very stiff but very lightweight.
05:55Okay, so Brad's firing up the wind tunnel.
05:58You'll see that there's a series of six fans at the end of the tunnel.
06:01All right, here he is, he's starting to fire up.
06:05And what the wind tunnel does, it shapes the wind profile that matches what you see in nature.
06:13The secret to this carefully calibrated wind tunnel?
06:16LEGO bricks.
06:17They're used to simulate how trees and buildings can affect airflow.
06:22So we use computational fluid dynamics.
06:24That gives us a little bit of a better graphical understanding of what's happening and allows
06:31us to understand, you know, why some of the changes we're making to the building may have
06:35the effect that we measure but we can't see.
06:37So this is a computational simulation of what you're seeing in the tunnel.
06:41That computation is showing one of the key things that makes building supertall so difficult.
06:47They're called vortices.
06:48So imagine you have a kind of a round shape and the wind is blowing towards you.
06:55On the other side of the building, there's kind of this vacuum that happens.
06:58And then as the wind vortexes come through each side alternately, they create kind of like
07:04a mini tornado that that pulls on the building and that can be really dangerous, especially
07:12if the building starts to move at its own frequency.
07:15And this frequency is the key thing to watch for.
07:18If the timing of this wind sinks up wrong, this force can multiply.
07:23You see this most often with bridges.
07:25The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, known as Galloping Gertie, had a residence that almost exactly matched
07:30the wind speed, causing it to bend and twist in the wind until eventually it collapsed.
07:37So there's one key focus for supertall buildings, confuse the wind.
07:41As the wind hits the body of the building and organizes the vortices on either side,
07:46it can begin to wreck the building from side to side and so we want to disturb that.
07:50And so we're confusing the wind at every chance we get.
07:54The wind design is the governing factor on the supertall.
07:58But there are a lot of different approaches to that.
08:01Now often what we're doing is using texture or form to confuse the wind to alleviate that
08:07behavior.
08:09But sometimes we actually accept the wind and we've done projects where we've actually
08:13brought the wind through the body of the building, for example, or utilize spaces to ventilate
08:19the building just like you would in a jet or in a high performance car.
08:25Right here, 432 Park.
08:28You can see that there's empty floors on it.
08:30They're called jump floors and they're meant to let the wind pass through to cut down on
08:35the shear forces on the building.
08:38But there's actually nothing on those floors.
08:40It's just empty.
08:42And it also makes the upper floors even more expensive because they're even higher up.
08:46But despite the intricate work that goes into the structural engineering of a supertall building,
08:51not everything can get worked out in a computer program.
08:54It's quite surprising, but minor changes in the shape of the building have made dramatic
08:58changes in the forces in the building.
09:00The Burj Khalifa was essentially reversed completely after wind tunnel testing.
09:05The spiral originally went up clockwise, but was changed to counterclockwise because of these
09:10real life results.
09:11And the data we got back was not good.
09:14OK, the forces were too large, the motions were too large.
09:18And so it's kind of a little bit ironic that if the first shape and structural system had
09:24worked well, we might have stopped there.
09:26But because it didn't, we had to make enough changes that we could then actually go much
09:30higher.
09:31And the building changed in height by 300 meters.
09:35It's 300 meters taller than when we started, which is essentially the height of the Eiffel Tower.
09:40And there's one more trick that more modern skyscrapers have to survive the wind that's actually
09:45inside the building.
09:47Did we do that?
09:52We're going up a staircase from the summit where tourists are allowed to go.
09:59There's extra steps up.
10:01Ed, what floor is this technically?
10:04That's 93.
10:05This is 94.
10:0694.
10:0793 to 94.
10:08Got it.
10:09At the top of some of these buildings are hidden monoliths, super heavy objects tuned
10:15precisely like a musical instrument.
10:17It's called a tuned mass damper, and it basically acts like a super heavy pendulum that offsets
10:23the wind forces on the building and makes it so that the people who are at the upper floors
10:28don't feel that sway at the top.
10:31Every tuned mass damper is different because it's calculated to the size and structure of
10:36the building.
10:37In Taipei, the Taipei Tower has a beautiful sphere that's sort of a sculptural element
10:43that visitors to the building can go look at.
10:45In Shanghai, the tuned mass damper uses electromagnets to modify how it works.
10:50All right, so now we're going to go inside to see the TMD at the top of one Vanderbilt, which
10:55is the fourth tallest building in New York City.
10:58Let's go.
10:59Do you remember how much it weighs?
11:11Yeah.
11:12It's 500 tons.
11:13Wow.
11:14About a million pounds.
11:15When you're doing the calculations for putting something like this in a building, what are
11:20the factors that you have to account for to make sure that you're getting this the right
11:23size and positioning?
11:25The classic example of the wine glass, if you take a wine, a good crystal wine glass
11:30and you flick it, you could hear it, right?
11:31Right.
11:32Right.
11:33It has serene edge to it.
11:34Just like that wine glass, every building has a resonant frequency.
11:37Right.
11:38Which we can calculate.
11:39We're designed for 110 mile an hour wind and a hurricane actually hitting Manhattan.
11:45Right.
11:46Right.
11:47Like a direct hit hurricane.
11:48A direct hit hurricane.
11:49I don't think that a building twice as tall as this is going to be an issue in the next
11:5610 years.
11:57You heard it here first.
11:59Assuming somebody wants to pay for it.
12:01Right.
12:02Right.
12:03And actually has a use for a building that tall.
12:04But here's the thing about TMDs.
12:06The Burj Khalifa doesn't have one.
12:08That's because it has a buttress core design.
12:11It has concrete at higher floors.
12:13And the way it's designed to confuse the wind, it doesn't really need one.
12:17If we're going to build a mile high skyscraper, we're probably going to need a TMD or maybe
12:22more than one, depending on how high up it goes.
12:25Let's be clear.
12:26All these measures have less to do with preventing the worst case scenario of a building collapse,
12:31and a lot more to do with the comfort of people who are going to be living and working
12:36at the highest floors.
12:38And as you could see, mitigating those factors can get very, very expensive.
12:44But what if no one needs to go that high up in a building?
12:48One of the cheat codes to adding height onto a building is to add a spire.
12:57Just look at the Chrysler Building.
12:59The architects of that built a spire inside secretly as it was in competition with other
13:04skyscrapers at the time to become the tallest.
13:07And in the last months of construction, they shot the spire up and got the world record.
13:11That was until the Empire State Building was built.
13:13But a spire is an easy way to add height onto a building.
13:17And on the Burj, the spire is actually 244 meters tall, which means that 30% of the structure
13:24is not meant for regular visitors at all.
13:27The only people that are allowed to go up there are technicians who have to change a
13:30battery on this specific device that attracts lightning bolts, and a few lucky celebrities.
13:37That means the spire on the Burj Khalifa alone would be the 11th tallest building in Europe.
13:42But if we're only trying to go as tall as possible, why not just build one giant
13:46uninhabited spire?
13:48If you broaden the definition of the world's tallest building to the world's tallest human-made
13:53structure, things start to look a lot different.
13:5745 out of the top 50 tallest structures of all time are not buildings at all.
14:03And to show you what I'm talking about, we're going on a little road trip.
14:07We're about 15 or 20 minutes outside Hartford, Connecticut right now.
14:15And we are approaching our final destination.
14:18Wow.
14:19I can see it now.
14:21That's why we're here.
14:24The tower that we're going to see, the WTIC or WHPX, which is the later call sign for
14:34the tower, is over 400 meters tall.
14:37That makes it taller than the Empire State Building.
14:40But it's not even close to being one of the tallest masts in the world.
14:46The tallest radio tower was actually the Warsaw radio mast, which was built in Poland in 1974.
14:53And the signal from the mast could be heard as far away as the US and Canada.
14:58But here's the thing about these towers.
15:00They're built for maximum height with the smallest footprint possible.
15:04And when you're talking about a steel tower that just goes straight up and down, well,
15:09you need something to tie it down.
15:10This is the anchor for a guy line that you can see goes from there all the way up to the tower.
15:21And each of these lines is kind of like a finger trap.
15:24The more you pull on it, the tighter it gets.
15:27But if one of them fails, it could be catastrophic.
15:32In 1991, during much needed maintenance on the Warsaw tower, the main guy line got disconnected
15:39and a gust of wind came and twisted the structure and the entire thing collapsed.
15:44The tallest structure in the world had collapsed.
15:47And miraculously, no one was hurt.
15:49But it wasn't a one-off.
15:52Made it to the top. There's a few guys working.
15:54I'm making a video about, like, tall structures.
15:57So I'm just taking a video of the tower.
15:59I'm just gonna take one quick shot just to show the bottom.
16:03Because I think a lot of people don't realize that these things end in a sort of a...
16:07It looks, like, really unstable, right?
16:10Okay, so we found out where we're not allowed to get this close.
16:15But there's a facility here.
16:18And there's guy lines in every direction holding this thing up.
16:22There have been at least nine collapses of towers like this over 600 meters.
16:27And that's because the guy lines and the way it's set up are so fragile that if you lose the support of one of them,
16:35the tension in one of them, the thing will twist and come crashing to the ground.
16:40Antennas like these almost always top out at around 2,000 feet.
16:44And that's because any higher than that, and they start to pose a risk to aircraft, particularly small aircraft.
16:50But there's no reason that you couldn't build something like this to surpass the Burj Khalifa,
16:55and for a fraction of the cost and material.
16:58Something like this is super cheap.
17:00It cost about $500,000 and only took 30 days to build some of the tallest masts of all time.
17:07Now, do you remember at the beginning of the video when I mentioned the super tall structure
17:11that was designed by the engineer behind the Burj Khalifa?
17:15Well, Bill Baker thinks an uninhabited structure that goes straight up and down could easily hit 3,000 meters,
17:23which is well above our one-mile limit.
17:26The Eiffel Tower is originally called the 300-meter tower.
17:29If you look at the drawings, that's what it says, you know, in French, of course.
17:33And so we thought, well, okay, that was, you know, 1889.
17:37Here we are in the 21st century. How about, let's go 10 times as high, 3,000 meters, okay?
17:42That's way over a mile high. In fact, it's almost two miles.
17:46If you put that next to the Burj, you can see how tall it really is.
17:50It behaves very well in the wind, both because of the shape and also because of the porosity.
17:55As it goes up, eventually it becomes so dense that we have to, like, make it sparse again
18:00and stop some of the pattern and then it gets sparse again and eventually becomes solid at the very tip.
18:07Structures like these work well against the wind because it's essentially hollow.
18:11The wind just kind of passes through, adding glass and floors and concrete and places for people to live,
18:17and the whole thing stops working.
18:19Man, Pekar got to go up to the top of the Burj Khalifa,
18:24and I had to climb up Rattlesnake Mountain to go look at a broadcast tower.
18:30Is that, that's not fair. That's not fair.
18:33Bill's reboot of the Eiffel Tower looks more like a broadcast mast than it does like a functional skyscraper.
18:40There are no apartments, there are no offices.
18:43It's actually designed to be a vertical farm and tourist attraction.
18:47That made me wonder, how do we define what a building actually is?
18:51Couldn't we have a few people living on the lower floors and just stick an antenna on top?
18:56Oh, you've stepped on the third rail, my friend.
18:59That's Daniel Safaric from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
19:03They're the ones who make the rules on how to measure the world's tallest buildings.
19:07So, the short answer is no, we don't count the antenna in the ultimate ranking height of the building.
19:14We have three different types of criteria.
19:18There's height to tip, which is the absolute tallest thing on the building at any point in time.
19:25The problem with using that as your ultimate height determinant is that it often changes.
19:31So, it's very likely to be replaced or superseded by a different kind of technology several times over the lifetime of that building.
19:38Take Chicago's Sears Tower, now called the Willis Tower, and Kuala Lumpur's Petronas Towers.
19:44Even though the Petronas Pair took the title of the world's tallest in 1998, the very tip of the Sears Tower actually stands almost 100 meters higher.
19:54The things on top of the Sears slash Willis Tower are antennae, and they have been different heights, significantly different heights over the years.
20:03Whereas the spires, permanent architecturally designed fixtures on the top of the Petronas Towers and others like it, have stayed the same.
20:12The so-called architectural height, which is the second criteria, outstrips the other two.
20:19The third one is, of course, the highest occupied floor.
20:23And according to the council, to be considered a building, people must be able to occupy at least half the floors.
20:30So, for our mile-high structure to actually be counted as a building, we could have 800 meters of habitable space, followed by almost 800 meters of spire alone.
20:41So, let's recap. We know we're going to need a new structural system, rigorous wind testing, maybe a tuned mass damper at the top, and almost 50% of the building can be a spire.
20:53But what would something like this actually be made of?
20:56Once you've designed a mile-high building, the actual work has only just started, and the first step is a strong foundation.
21:04It's not just about digging deeper, but finding the right location.
21:08What's interesting about tall buildings is that a lot of times they're building, you know, in cities, okay?
21:12And where are the cities? A lot of times they're in river valleys, where there's ports, and a lot of times they're places where there's really terrible soil.
21:19And so that's not unusual.
21:22The record for the deepest foundations for a skyscraper goes to the Petranas Towers in Malaysia.
21:28The building site actually had to be moved about 60 meters to make sure it was sitting on the right kind of rock.
21:34104 concrete piles supporting it stretch up to 114 meters, or 374 feet deep.
21:42That means 25% of the structure's height is buried deep underground.
21:46The strength of concrete has been a big limiting factor for building high.
21:50But materials have come a long way.
21:52Concrete especially has changed dramatically since the 1950s.
21:56It's almost 10, 20, 30 times stronger than then.
22:01And why is that?
22:02There's been a lot of innovation in the material.
22:06You know, one such innovation is called a super plasticizer that helps reduce the amount of water that goes into concrete.
22:14So now we're talking about ultra high performance concrete that can really support, you know, theoretically support a mile if it's thick enough.
22:23And these concrete developments were crucial when building the Burge.
22:28So one of the innovations was extremely high pressure pump.
22:32So it can pump it really high up.
22:35And, you know, it's pretty important that this is done very quickly because, you know, concrete cures.
22:41Due to the heat of the desert, this concrete could only be pumped at night, too.
22:45And it had to be filled with chips of ice to stop it setting too fast.
22:49Pretty interesting to realize that, you know, all these small niche things are actually really what is making these things possible.
22:57And what feel like niche problems are going to be the real sticking point when building super tall, building a mile high skyscraper in the heat of the Middle East will have entirely different challenges to doing the same in cooler climates.
23:10Every expert I talked to said that we can build taller.
23:13But each time there's going to be more and more crucial considerations and less and less room for error.
23:18Just take the kilometer high Jeddah Tower currently under construction.
23:22So the logistics or strategy around getting that concrete up to over a kilometer is part of the design challenge.
23:32That needs to be extremely well coordinated because you're not going to go back in and alter the concrete during construction to solve your problem.
23:43We often kind of embed in our guise that, you know, on these projects when you make an error,
23:51you can multiply that error by a thousand times across the scale of this building.
23:56It's extremely expensive to retrofit a building once it's already up.
24:00Look at the Empire State Building.
24:02The owner spent a billion dollars modernizing it over the last few decades.
24:07What most people don't know is that skyscrapers are only designed to last about a century.
24:12The average age of the 200 meter building that when it when it is being considered for demolition, according to our research, is around 41 years, which is pretty pathetic.
24:26What happens to buildings like the Burj Khalifa 100 years from now when they get too costly to maintain?
24:31Is it simply left to crumble or pulled down at a much larger expense?
24:36That's why Gill's firm made sure to use the best in class vendors for everything on their upcoming project.
24:42When we first started this project, we went out and interviewed the best elevator consultants in the world, the top five.
24:51We did top five mechanical engineers in the world, the top five plumbing engineers in the world, structural engineers,
24:58because we knew we were on a path of doing something that hadn't been done before.
25:02And so we learned a lot about the systems.
25:05Now, remember, over 14 years, you can imagine that those things change.
25:12Those elevator consultants he mentioned, they're especially important.
25:16It seems like the structural issues might be the biggest limiter for a super tall,
25:20but it's actually elevator technology that still needs to catch up.
25:24If you're in an 800 meter tall skyscraper, no one is going to want to take the stairs.
25:31So that's why elevators are probably the most important technology inside of a super tall.
25:38In a 500 meter elevator shaft, there could be something like 27,000 kilograms of steel rope.
25:45And the reason there's a limit of 500 meters for an elevator is because after that point,
25:51the elevator can't support the weight of the rope anymore.
25:54The solution so far to this 500 meter limit is to have multiple elevators and sky lobbies
25:59where passengers can change between them.
26:02But this takes up a huge amount of space.
26:04And if there was a mile high building,
26:06changing elevators twice or more to get to your apartment
26:09is going to be frustrating for anybody living at the top.
26:12This 500 meter limit looks like it's been broken by something called ultra rope.
26:16It's an elevator rope made from carbon fiber, and it'll be used in the Jetta Tower.
26:21This would allow elevators to go up to a kilometer high.
26:24But if we want to reach even higher than that, we'll need newer technologies again.
26:29Frank Lloyd Wright was actually one of the first to consider a mile high building
26:33when he drew up the Illinois, a 528 story tower with parking for 100 helicopters.
26:39He was using a tripod like design way before anyone else had considered it.
26:44But the most outlandish part of his design was actually the elevators.
26:48The plan was to have 76 five-story high elevators that could travel a mile per minute and be atomic powered.
26:56These would be mounted on rails, kind of like vertical trains.
26:59And here's the thing, once the elevator challenge gets solved, designs can veer into the fantastical.
27:05If we are beginning to, you know, fly cars or vehicles or drones into the building.
27:15If we're beginning to advance technologies for elevatoring that can move sideways or can run on rails, the sky's the limit.
27:27Imagine in the 1990s, the Exceed 4000 is a four kilometer tall behemoth that would loom over Tokyo's Mount Fuji and be able to house a million people.
27:38But even the director of the firm behind it said it wasn't meant to ever be built.
27:42The tallest structure ever proposed by architects is the Tokyo Tower of Babel.
27:48It looks similar to Exceed, but it more than doubles the height to 10 kilometers.
27:53It was designed to house nearly the entire population of the city of Tokyo.
27:58You could go probably 9,000 meters, you know, height of a mountain like Mount Everest.
28:04At some point, it'll just take so long to build, you won't ever get there.
28:09And so you may never get completed.
28:12You know, the limit is going to be set by time as much as any time and political will and financial resources.
28:22The Tower of Babel would cost 3 quadrillion yen or 22 trillion dollars.
28:28That's 14,500 Burj Khalifa's.
28:31So basically a made up amount of money.
28:33And yes, you may have seen photos of an elevator to space or an orbital ring that surrounds the entire planet.
28:40Structures so high they push out of the atmosphere.
28:43Those might be impossible, but the reasons why are the subject for a completely different video.
28:48So more than wind, materials and technology, it turns out that the real limit will always boil down to the bottom line.
28:56The top three tallest buildings in the world cost an average of 2.6 million dollars per vertical meter.
29:03There are so many reasons not to build tall.
29:06And developers can make money just building regular height buildings.
29:09But these projects are about so much more than economics.
29:13They're about putting your city on the world stage.
29:16The purpose of a tall building is interesting.
29:20And I think a good example is the Eiffel Tower.
29:23It's not really a building. It's a restaurant. It's an observation tower.
29:27But it's a placemaker. It tells you we're here.
29:32You can't imagine Paris today without the Eiffel Tower or France or Europe or the world.
29:37If you're in a country or a city which has a lot of ambition and you're highly optimistic,
29:43a distinctive, good, tall building is one way to do it, you know, to kind of plant your flag, you know.
29:51When I first started the story, I have to admit, I was skeptical that buildings could get much taller.
29:57But now that I've talked to the people building them, the question of a mile high tower is an if.
30:03It's a matter of when.
30:05And I guess the question is, how much would you be willing to pay to buy a ticket to go to the top?
30:21Do you agree?
30:22And this is a great example of the future of all schools?
30:23Do you like the correct ones?
30:24Do you like the correct ones?
30:25Do you want the right ones to buy a ticket to buy a ticket to buy a ticket?
30:27No, I have to go.
30:28I'm sorry.
30:29But I have to go.
30:30I'm sorry, I have to go.
30:31I have to go.
30:32I'm sorry.
30:33I'm sorry.
30:34I've got to go.
30:35I was just a couple of ROSS.
30:36And I was just a couple of them who had to go.
30:38I was just a couple of them because I did take some high school,
30:39I guess I was a good guy here.
30:42And that was a big of them.
30:44I realized the impression of all the city of New York City,
30:46I think, I knew what I was to do.
Recommended
1:15
|
Up next
1:44
1:50
8:15
0:20
9:25
28:06
34:16
1:10
Be the first to comment