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00:00네 THIS video
00:02OK, let's move on to amines
00:07Amine is nitrogen compound
00:11가장 중요한 molecule is ammonia
00:151 nitrogen and 3 hydrogen
00:21nitrogen은 5, outer shell electron
00:23electron, one of the side we have only non-bonding electron pair and then
00:36this side hydrogen comes, hydrogen comes, hydrogen comes. So this electron repulsion
00:44force is smaller than this non-bonding electron pair. So this repulsion is greater
00:55than this repulsion. In the case of the carbon hydrogen, this angle was 109, right?
01:10But this is a little bit smaller because it's equivalent but it's stronger. So
01:16this angle is smaller. And in the case of water, the hydrogen and
01:25electrons this way. So this is stronger than this. So the smallest.
01:38Ammonia and then methyl ammonia, amine, methyl amine. So in this case, we don't call like
01:46amine. It's ammonia. But here in the organic compound, it says like amine. Normally amine
01:56has NH2, the functional group, and that will make some amide group to make some, what is
02:10that, the protein. So we will see that in the chemical reaction part of this amine. Here we have
02:21the one nitrogen and hydrogen pair, but while most of the amine compound are two amine sets. We can
02:32distinguish both these two the amine compounds by looking at infrared spectroscopy. When we have two
02:41hydrogen, then we have this doublet peaks for amine peaks around like 3200 or 300. That's normally the hydroxyl group,
02:58the IR peak, the region two, similar area. But if we have only one nitrogen hydrogen pair, then that becomes just one peak. So that's how we can distinguish that the double amine, I mean, the nitrogen hydrogen
03:25bond. Sometimes we don't even have any nitrogen hydrogen that can be replaced by any methyl compound or carbon connection, whatever. And then when we have a benzene compound, that's benzenamine, you know, when we have
03:52the ethylene, then remember this like a, it's styrene. And also when we have benzene and the methyl group, that's the, what is that, this compound is, I just forgot, like a toluene, right?
04:19So that's the thing we can keep in mind. And this non-bonding electron pair can react as a base. It's the, this can catch the proton because proton doesn't have any electron outside.
04:48So if we can approach this one. So if we can approach this one, this electron pair can have like partially negative, this is partially positive. So they can make a bond. So if this one acts as a base, so acid can make the cation for this amine compound.
05:13When we have like a long chain and then cation, they normally can act as the kind of soap, the detergent. And then they also have some special function to kill the germs. So people can add this compound into the liquid soap.
05:41Then they may remove some of the bacteria or some, any kind of germs on our hands when we do the washing our hands. See, they are water soluble. Most like ionic compound, not all the compound, but some of the compounds are soluble in water.
06:03And also aldehydehyde. So one, the alcohol can be oxidized. So that's carbon. Then, you know, like when we do, when we mention that the oxidizing, that means it's, it's making a reaction with oxygen, right?
06:27So here, actually, this is the regular form for alcohol, right? Carbon has four bonds, one, two, three, four, like this. And then, if it makes it like a stronger bond, like a double bond with oxygen, because it should be oxidized.
06:51It has two, it has two, it has two, it, the carbon is using two hands for oxygen, because oxygen can have two hands. Then this hydrogen should be removed. So they will disappear.
07:03If this will go to somewhere. And then see, carbon has four hands, but one, two, three, they are stronger because it's oxidized and it's carbon-carbon connection. So one, two, three bonds are stronger.
07:23And then one of the hydrogen should be removed with the previous hydrogen. They can make some hydrogen gas or whatever. And then see, we have this remaining part. That's carbon, oxygen double bond, and hydrogen. If we write it this way, that's aldehyde.
07:47Aldehyde. Aldehyde is also has a smelly chemical. You know, the, some, the, when we have an apple or fruit, sometimes they have some scent, right? Some of them have is like aldehyde type scent.
08:13And this one is, is, is generating when we drink alcohol, what the, the primary alcohol normally oxidized to aldehyde. And then this one can be the further oxidized by adding another oxygen onto this COH.
08:35So that becomes finally COOH. So that becomes finally COOH. That's carboxylic acid. See, when we drink alcohol, that becomes aldehyde and finally acid.
08:53What we need to, what we need to oxidize to this way. Normally water can do that. So, uh, when we have water, then that can be oxidized to aldehyde and further oxidized to carboxylic acid.
09:08You know, when we drink alcohol, this aldehyde causes, uh, hangover and then also the, the headache. And, uh, when it is further oxidized, that's carboxylic acid to make some, uh, what is that? The, it's not a stomachache, but, you know, feel quite toxic in your stomach, in stomach, right?
09:36So, uh, if you want to release this, the hangover by aldehyde, what should you do is, like, drink more water. You know, this, this reaction can be catalyzed by water.
09:58If we have a lot of water. If we have a lot of water, this, the aldehyde can be easily oxidized to carboxylic acid. You know, when we have a lot of water that the, the, the acid concentration can be lowered.
10:13And so, um, um, they may release some, um, some stomachache or some, uh, flame, uh, phlegm, what is that? Like, uh, uh, uh, so, uh, so, uh, you can, uh, relieve, relieve your, uh, uh, that so, uh, stream by reducing the concentration of this, uh, the carboxylic acid.
10:38가장 물 but also,
10:40licorne water can hydrolize this alcohol
10:45easily to fester the carboxylic acid.
10:48We may have less amount of aldehyde in your body.
10:54That may reduce the hangover condition.
11:02That might be good, right?
11:04so when you drink the alcohol whatever that the beer or soju or any kind of
11:17thing if you drink that with a lot of water that may reduce the pain through
11:28there the alcohol normally one glass of whatever you drink soju this size and
11:38the Mac to bigger size and some whiskey smaller size every time you drink one
11:50cup of this the alcohol you may drink this this size of water that's suggestion by
12:00a doctor is to relieve your pain through this aldehyde or carboxylic acid that will
12:10cause you or that will bring you to the bathroom more often but that's good sign
12:17for your whole body the first number one you don't drink the alcohol if you have
12:24to then you drink it with almost not the same size because you know the amount of
12:34alcohol in this soju is the same as the amount of alcohol in this glass of beer so
12:43normally you know we are changing the the size of the the glass for a different
12:50alcohol when we drink that cup of alcohol normally the amount of alcohol is the
12:58almost the same or similar to each other interesting right okay and ketone this is
13:10aldehyde and aldehyde and aldehyde and this is ketone the difference is the the
13:19carbon connected to oxygen has hydrogen that's aldehyde but the the carbon with
13:28oxygen does not have a hydrogen it's only have a carbon carbon carbon and oxygen in
13:35in this case this this function is the ketone the main difference is this one
13:43aldehyde I mentioned that the aldehyde can be further oxidized to cause what
13:50carboxylic acid but this ketone does not oxidize see it doesn't have a hydrogen so I
14:00mentioned that carbon oxygen and carbon carbon bonds are strong if we want to add the oxidized
14:08it we need like a further penetration to the the oxygen inside but it doesn't occur in this
14:19condition we may have some oxygen inside here that's different one okay that in that case we
14:29will see that sooner or later but that's different case so ketone is the acetone
14:38have you I don't know you have a chance to control or the do some reaction or any
14:49washing with acetone that's quite smelly and I don't like the smell but you know
14:56that's also nail removal that smell that's acetone that's acetone propanone and some other kind of
15:06some that's the nomenclature for IUPAC naming acetone is a regular name but in in the official naming
15:20process we have to call it like propanone some non ketones and then aldehyde see aldehyde normally stays at the end because we need hydrogen once we have hydrogen then it has only one hand so it cannot go further so normally aldehyde stays at the end of the tail side or head
15:27side somewhere somewhere but ketone can go anywhere so it can stay at the end of the tail side or head side somewhere but ketone can go anywhere so it can stay at the end of the tail side or head side somewhere but ketone can go anywhere so it can stay at the end of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail side of the tail
15:57This can be oxidized to generate ketone 2.
16:08See, this is the primary alcohol,
16:13because this carbon does not have any further carbon.
16:17This carbon is not the primary carbon.
16:21This is a carbon and another carbon,
16:23that's like a secondary carbon.
16:26In that case, this can be oxidized to generate this ketone, and in this case, it can generate aldehyde.
16:40So, if the oxygen is oxidized at the end of carbon, then normally it has aldehyde form,
16:53but if it's located in the center or inside the carbon, it's connected through the carbon,
17:00then in that case, we see ketone.
17:06And carboxylic acid, this must be aldehyde ketone and carboxylic acid COOH, the aldehyde can be oxidized to this.
17:21And ester, ester is not the form of oxidized one of this ketone, so this is not the normal case.
17:33Maybe sometimes that may occur, but normally the ketone doesn't want to oxidize further.
17:40Ester can be fabricated by other ways, for example, carboxylic acid, and then alcohol reaction may work,
17:52and then they can make some water out, and then the oxygen is connected to this directly.
18:00In that case, that makes ester compound.
18:05And then here is some amide compound.
18:09As I mentioned before, carboxylic acid, and then nitrogen and hydrogen, hydrogen,
18:18compound that's amine, right?
18:21In this case, that hydroxyl group with this hydrogen can make some water molecule,
18:30and then that makes COOH, this is the amide group, and this one is quite important to make the bond connection,
18:48to make the polymers, nylon 7 or nylon 7-7, that they are all made by this amide functional group.
19:03And also, you know, that all the proteins in our body or animals, they also have like this amide functional group.
19:15It's very important to make some basic structure of proteins, primary structure and secondary and also tertiary something.
19:27So here, all three undergo carbonyl substitution reaction.
19:35So this one, and this one, and they, they originally had this, the carbonyl group.
19:46This is not the, what is that, in the previous slide, we also learned like ketone, right?
19:54But we don't call this one as a ketone, we call carbonyl group, because they are located almost at the end of the carbon material.
20:04In that case, this, the carbonyl group is doing very important function to make some other reaction, substitution reaction.
20:16But in the case of ketone functional group, the, unless we do some special, the functional group on this side, but that, in that case, this becomes a carbonyl group.
20:30Otherwise, if we have only carbon, carbon, that's not called like carbonyl group, it's just a ketone.
20:37And the carbonyl, carboxylic acid, it's acid, benzoic acid, and acetic acid, many acid, and also steric acid.
20:56This is the, when we do some self-assembling of the monolayer, this one, this part can go onto the, the water part, and then this one stays up like this.
21:11That's where we can use the carboxylic acid.
21:18And the carboxylic acid, we can say, many oxygens are like a negative, negatively charged.
21:26And also here COO, I'm sorry, COO negative, or COO negative COO, they are kind of resonance structure, right?
21:39So, they might have like a negatively charged electron cloud around.
21:47But acetic acid is so, it says the KA value is quite low.
21:52So, it's the weak acid, not strong acid.
21:57And see, this is like a S-Easter, right?
22:07And then the acetic acid and ethanol that makes like a acetyl acetate.
22:14I don't know how they make this kind of name, like a ethyl acetate.
22:21Because it generates acetate.
22:26When we, when we dissolve it into the water, it goes back.
22:30And then that's, this is like acetate.
22:34So, it's acetate.
22:39And then we have ethyl group on here.
22:44CH2, CH3, right?
22:47That's ethyl acetate.
22:50That's common name.
22:52But actually, if you want to make some IUPAC name, that might be a little bit different.
22:58I don't even know how.
23:00And then aspirin, I recommend this aspirin compound if your parents have high pressure, blood pressure, or many headaches.
23:19And if your family have some, the cancer history, and I strongly, you take this aspirin, the low dose aspirin, every other day or every three day.
23:39If your blood type is O, do not take this aspirin because the, the, I was told like blood type O has less protein inside.
23:55So, protein aggregation has less chance in their blood.
24:00So, they don't need to have aspirin to dissolve the protein aggregation.
24:07But blood type A and B, they have the proteins to determine that blood type A and B.
24:17Sometimes they aggregate, this aspirin helps to dissociate them.
24:23So, I don't know further about it, but that's just a regular way people, normal people can start the medicine.
24:36Like for aspirin, normally it helps for blood type A and B.
24:42Or A and B, whatever.
24:47Okay, it has some sort of order.
24:52And then the, the hydrolysis occurs.
24:57It's going back, that's what I just mentioned, like acetic acid.
25:01And then if that hydro, the proton comes off, then this is called like acetic acetate.
25:09That's some tate means, acetate means, eight means negative charged one.
25:19And the amides, that's what we saw, right?
25:25That's nylon 6-6.
25:27It has name this way because the one, two, three, four, five, six carbons are existing between nitrogen and carbon.
25:37Here, carbon, carbon, one, two, three, four, five, six.
25:42So, that's why 6-6.
25:45If we, if they have the same, the repeating unit, that's nylon 6.
25:57And then acetaminophen.
26:02This must be some sort of Tylenol, isn't it?
26:09This name is quite familiar to me.
26:12Acetoaminophen.
26:14Acetoaminophen.
26:16I think it's Tylenol.
26:19And then a lot of the reactions.
26:26See, this is the amide group.
26:29And then hydrolysis means, by water, it goes back to the original form.
26:37That was the original one, right?
26:40Amine and acetic acid.
26:42And this is the amide formation.
26:49And the other way is hydrolysis.
26:53And now we come back, finally reach the polymer part.
26:58See, this is the ethylene.
27:01If we have a stylan functional group or some, any kind of the functional group on it,
27:07that has a different name on it.
27:11See, this is the carbon double bond.
27:15I mentioned that.
27:17That's the meaning of carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon.
27:21Then four electrons available.
27:23And then the reaction this way.
27:27And then we specially have some representative functional group.
27:31As it could be written as like F or whatever.
27:36Then this electron moves to this way.
27:42And this electron moves to this way.
27:45And then let me see this way again.
27:48Carbon, carbon, this one.
27:51And then maybe this way.
27:54Carbon, carbon, this way.
27:59It goes this way.
28:00This one comes.
28:02And then, right?
28:05So if one electron is moving, that arrow goes this way.
28:13So if two electron is moving, we draw this way.
28:16But if one electron is moving, this way.
28:20Okay, I drew that way.
28:22So finally, what's happening here?
28:26Like carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon.
28:28Only single bond.
28:30Correct?
28:31That's polymerization.
28:35That's not that much difficult, right?
28:40So in this case, the S can be hydrogen or methyl group or chlorine, the hydroxyl group or phenyl.
28:50So if that's like hydrogen, then it has only hydrogen onto this skeleton.
28:58That's polyethylene.
29:01If it has this chlorine on it, chlorine will be an alternative way.
29:11That's polyvinyl chloride.
29:15You know, this one is called like ethylene, right?
29:18But also called like a vinyl group, vinyl.
29:22So vinyl here chloride, polyvinyl chloride.
29:29And then if it's like a benzene, that's polystyrene.
29:34That's the way we can here.
29:40Polyethylene and polypropylene, if we have methyl group on the side.
29:47And polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene.
29:51And this acrylonitrile.
29:55They have it here.
29:59You know, they use the catalysis to generate this polymer.
30:07And sometimes the catalysts go to the final product.
30:14For example, let's say we have a very toxic initiator.
30:19If that stays inside that polymer.
30:22Then when we drink water through that plastic bottle.
30:29Then that catalyst will dissolve onto the water.
30:32Then when we drink, that goes to your body.
30:37That's quite toxic.
30:39So we have to be careful.
30:41And then like this one.
30:45When we have initiator.
30:48That has a radical here.
30:50Then one electron go here.
30:51The other electron go this way.
30:53And then see?
30:54This one makes a bond.
30:56And then here one radical again.
30:58And then that goes to this.
31:01And then goes to the other.
31:03Makes a reaction this way.
31:05Right?
31:06So that's propagation.
31:09Initiator.
31:10Initiates.
31:11Starts the radical.
31:14And then makes some polymerization.
31:17And also if we have like the amine group.
31:24And then carboxyl group.
31:26And then we do high temperature.
31:30To remove the water molecule.
31:33Then this one.
31:35The hydroxyl group.
31:36Would react with one of the hydrogen here.
31:39That comes out to generate water.
31:43And that's amide group.
31:47Okay.
31:48That's it.
31:49I hope you understood.
31:52The general part of the organic chemistry.
31:55By taking.
31:57This video clip.
31:59Then I will come back to.
32:01The polymer part.
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