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00:00What would happen if every human being on Earth disappeared?
00:10This isn't the story of how that might happen.
00:14It's the story of what happens to the world we leave behind.
00:21In this episode of Life After People,
00:24invasive plants and predators are ready to strike.
00:30Pythons and alligators clash in deadly turf battles.
00:38Water weeds grow like cancers, stealing vital supplies of oxygen.
00:43And dust storms the size of mountains pummel defenceless cities.
00:49Join us on a journey to the future of cities on the edge of collapse
00:54and a village where nature has already taken over.
00:57Welcome to Earth. Population Zero.
01:02Humans have always battled invaders from nature, keeping thousands of invasive plants and animals at bay.
01:12But without people to fight them, they overrun old habitats.
01:16How long will it be until these invasive species conquer the world?
01:19Without us, the immediate change in the natural world would be, you'd have to call it explosive.
01:26It's almost difficult to imagine the scale and the magnitude at which it would take place.
01:33One day after people, the invaders are on the move.
01:36In the 2,500 square miles of marsh our
01:41have to call it explosive. It's almost difficult to imagine the scale and the magnitude at
01:47which it would take place.
01:57One day after people, the invaders are on the move. In the 2,500 square miles of marshes
02:06and swamps that make up Florida's everglades, the ancient domain of the alligators is being
02:11attacked by other cold-blooded giants, Burmese pythons. In 2008, more than 300 pythons were
02:19captured in the everglades, just a small fraction of the estimated 30,000 believed to be slithering
02:25through the swamps. Burmese pythons were first brought to Florida as exotic pets, but many
02:31were set loose by owners who could no longer control the rapidly growing snakes.
02:35You start off feeding them mice, then rats, then rabbits, and then you have to figure out
02:41what you want to feed them, five or six rabbits, or where do you get food for your snake.
02:47The flesh-eating invaders, some as long as 25 feet, steal prey from the native alligators.
02:57In the time of humans, teams of government trappers would catch and remove them.
03:01Without people, there would be no check. With no humans to control their spread, can anything
03:09stop the pythons? There are more than 4,000 invasive species in the United States alone,
03:17killer plants as well as animals. An invasive species is an organism, whether it's a plant or
03:25an animal that comes from another region, usually another continent, and they have no natural
03:30predators, competitors, or parasites in the new habitat that they occupy. And so they're
03:36able to expand very quickly and become invasive.
03:40Just one week after people, rivers and lakes from Florida to Texas are dying, as invasive weeds
03:56from South America multiply with no humans to clear them away. One plant, the water hyacinth,
04:03is a pretty purple flower with a dark side.
04:08It sucks the oxygen out of the water, which doesn't allow native species, especially fish,
04:14to survive and thrive. So it could double its population in any given habitat in a week to
04:19two weeks.
04:22Only people could control their spread. Now the invasive species are winning the battle by forfeit.
04:31Some of the most aggressive invaders are also the smallest.
04:37Four hundred thousand species of microscopic bacteria and mold spores attack everything that
04:42was once alive.
04:45Many of these organisms are so small, two hundred and fifty thousand could fit on the head of
04:50a pin, and they live everywhere, devouring everything in their path. Organic matter, food, wood,
05:00and the carcasses of animals left behind in the absence of man. Predators of the dead, large
05:05and small, are feasting.
05:07Usually the first insects that'll be attracted to the body within a matter of minutes are flies.
05:13They can smell dead body from miles away. After a few days, then you start having other insects
05:20insects that are more carnivorous.
05:25Other vermin attack living animals, including millions of dogs who depended on humans to keep
05:30them healthy and who now must fend for themselves. Some breeds fare better than others.
05:50Ten days into a life after people. Some greyhounds have escaped from the more than forty dog
05:58tracks around the United States. In Florida, one group is now roaming free.
06:09Often fed raw meat to increase their competitive instinct when chasing mechanical rabbits, the
06:15escaped greyhounds are now hunting live rabbits, as well as rats. These dogs track with their
06:25eyes, not their noses.
06:27Well, greyhounds are sighthounds, and they're used to hunting down their prey by running.
06:32They also scavenge for food. But this often requires cooperation. And greyhounds have been
06:44trained to beat their competitors at any cost.
06:47The dogs would begin to compete for that resource between each other. So there's going to be
06:54aggression, lots of fighting.
06:56The streamlined greyhounds have thin skins and are easily injured.
07:02For them, the race to survive will be short-lived.
07:14While greyhounds clash in Florida, tiny invaders are attacking New York.
07:23The Asian longhorn beetle arrived in New York from China in the mid-1990s, probably stowed
07:28away in some cargo.
07:33They quickly started chomping on the trees of New York City, requiring a massive eradication
07:38effort.
07:39They've got the beetle cornered, they've got it down to, on its last of its six legs.
07:44But, if people suddenly disappeared, that beetle would again begin to spread. And of the five
07:51million trees presently in New York City, 2.4 million of them are susceptible to the Asian
07:57longhorn beetle.
07:58The larvae of these inch and a half long insects are miniature biofuel factories.
08:07Fungus in their gut somehow helps them convert wood into energy. This is so unique that scientists
08:13have studied them to discover how we might derive ethanol from trees.
08:17Once they get into the heart of the tree, they start boring along the length of the branches,
08:26and they create these dime-sized holes running along the length.
08:29Now, you can imagine if you've got one dime-sized hole through a 12-inch branch or trunk, it's
08:35not a big deal.
08:36You get 30 of them, and all of a sudden that trunk is a lot weaker. You get 50 or 100, and
08:42it's hanging on by a few shreds of wood, and the first snowstorm or windstorm that comes
08:47along knocks your tree down.
08:51Invasive species and extreme forces are beginning to reshape cities around the world.
08:56From India to China, from the beaches of Miami to the outer reaches of the Florida Keys, and
09:03right over the Grand Canyon.
09:06And across the desert, Phoenix, Arizona will face a cascading series of disasters.
09:19One month after people.
09:23The disaster begins as Phoenix is invaded by a heat wave set in motion by the people
09:28who once lived here.
09:30By paving the desert, the builders of Phoenix increased the area's average temperature
09:35by 15 degrees Fahrenheit.
09:37It's been as hot as 122 degrees here in Phoenix at our airport with the tarmac just blazing.
09:49Concrete absorbs about 60% of the sun's heat and light.
09:53But asphalt can absorb 95%, and because of its density, retains much of that heat even
10:00after dark.
10:02We have what we call an urban heat island.
10:05When the sun goes down, and that air is trying to lift from the pavement, it still stays really,
10:10really warm.
10:12That heat speeds up the evaporation of the area's precious supply of water.
10:19In the time of humans, people made the desert bloom with treated wastewater.
10:24This lake behind us is a man-made lake, built by bulldozers coming in, laying down rubber,
10:31plastic materials, and then adding more water to keep the lake at a constant level.
10:36So this is the water that comes from your dishwashers, your shower, your sinks.
10:40It goes to the treatment plant, and then it is treated, and then used for landscaping,
10:45for irrigation, and discharged also to many of the rivers.
10:50But without people, the wastewater plants have all shut down.
10:56Things are going to die, and it's going to get pretty brown around here very quickly.
11:03If the wastewater treatment plants stopped operating in a Phoenix without people,
11:08thousands of these man-made lakes would dry up within a matter of weeks.
11:12Six months after people.
11:28The Phoenix lakes have evaporated.
11:32Next will be the rivers.
11:35The riverbeds will be so dry that the sand will blow away,
11:39and the riparian vegetation, the trees, the animals, would die from lack of water.
11:46In a world without people, the desert will regain its territory.
11:50As Arizona dries up, water floods other cities, and undermines great towers.
12:05While elsewhere, alligators fight to defend their territory from the invading pythons.
12:10What will happen when these monsters clash?
12:22It's one year into a life after people.
12:29Alligators still rule the Everglades.
12:32But the invasion of Burmese pythons is heating up, and pythons have the advantage of size.
12:45The pythons can get very large, 25 feet in length.
12:48They eat just about anything they can catch.
12:51Anything includes alligators.
12:53In 2005, researchers in the Everglades discovered the aftermath of a grisly attack
12:59in which an eight-foot alligator had been devoured by a 14-foot Burmese python.
13:05That says something.
13:06If this python is so hungry that it's going to eat an eight-foot alligator,
13:10only six feet less than its length, then it's pretty hungry.
13:14But alligators don't give up without a fight.
13:18What happened in that image was the alligator was eaten.
13:22It was such a huge and uncharacteristically large meal.
13:25This python couldn't move after he ate it.
13:27And another alligator came along and bit a hole in the python.
13:33A year after people, the half a million native alligators still outnumber the 30,000 invasive pythons.
13:41But they will not do so forever.
13:44Eventually the pythons will outgrow the alligator and become our top predator.
13:52All around the world, invasive predators and extreme forces are transforming our cities.
13:59In Shanghai, the Oriental Pearl Tower rises 1,535 feet into the sky along the Huangpu River.
14:09The third tallest TV and radio tower in the world,
14:12it also housed a hotel, a shopping mall and a revolving restaurant.
14:17In the time of humans, more than 3,000 high-rises were built in Shanghai in less than 20 years.
14:22By 2003, the weight of the buildings was making Shanghai sink by more than half an inch a year.
14:30In a life after people, an invasion of water from the river may be the tower's greatest threat.
14:36Five years after people.
14:48Like Shanghai, Miami's fate is tied to an invasion of water.
14:52Beneath the waves that are eating away at Miami's coastline, dolphins that once swam among humans will learn to use remnants of human civilization in their new lives.
15:05Dolphins have used human debris that they find to go fishing through the bottom mud looking for crustaceans.
15:15They may use our debris as tools, but will their experience with humans live on in other ways?
15:22The centre of Miami has a lot of new tenants.
15:31Birds have taken over apartment buildings, seeking secure places to lay their eggs.
15:36Chimpanzees have escaped from a local zoo, and have followed the birds into the tower, where they feast on their eggs.
15:49Setting the stage for a startling evolutionary breakthrough.
15:55While most chimpanzees greedily eat every egg, a few take a more long-term approach.
16:01All you need is one little breakthrough, a brilliant chimp, who said, let's let the birds keep one set of eggs.
16:17By doing this, the chimps ensure that new generations of birds will hatch to continue supplying them with eggs.
16:24The chimps also protect their birds from the feral cats that hunt in the buildings' hallways.
16:31If they passed on that trait of defending the towers, and protecting the birds, and only taking as much as they needed while letting the birds thrive,
16:41then this tribe might start down a road that could rapidly evolve.
16:47And so apes take the first steps towards animal husbandry, one of the basic aspects of human civilisation, and a keystone to the development of higher intelligence.
17:00Outro music
17:10Ten years after people.
17:16Phoenix is bone dry, and the surrounding desert threatens to wipe it off the map.
17:22This may have happened before, leading to the end of another civilisation.
17:26civilization
17:34modern Phoenix was built on a 600-mile complex of irrigation ditches
17:39left by Native Americans called the Hohokam who disappeared around the year
17:431400
17:47the disappearance of the Hohokam people still remains a mystery
17:50what is believed is that there was either a drought
17:53a massive flood or a famine that happened and completely wipe these people
17:58off the face of the planet a population that may have been as high as 50,000
18:04completely disappeared now
18:07the remnants left by Phoenix's 1.5 million inhabitants
18:11are vulnerable to the same devastating forces
18:19Phoenix faces recurrent invasions from summertime torrents of soil
18:23sand and dust called habub meaning sandstorm in arable
18:30a huge dust storm like what you only see in the movies but it happens here in
18:37Phoenix
18:39a habub can be as wide as 60 miles and as tall as 3500 feet
18:46imagine clear skies looking off in the distance and seeing a wall of brown
18:53and then all of a sudden you find yourself in the midst of darkness you have dust rocks sand
19:01what looks like a brown cloud
19:08man-made rivers and irrigation canals have long vanished
19:13topsoil is dry and loose adding more dust to the wind
19:17and making dust storms in a life after people more lethal than before
19:20imagine phoenix without people when one of these dust storms come through
19:27we have these massive buildings in central phoenix they stand hundreds of feet tall
19:32the buildings would be blown out by rocks
19:35acres of dust invade the broken buildings
19:39office floors become deserts
19:46but they're only dry for a while
19:50but they're only dry for a while
19:54because after the dust storms
19:57come the monsoon rains
20:00triggered by the heat rising from the phoenix pavement
20:04when the monsoons come in the summer it's very dramatic
20:08there's many tornadoes downdrafts from all these big storms
20:11that can rip out all of these trees in a matter of moments
20:17the driving rains sand and dust
20:20fill derelict buildings with mud
20:25in the time of humans emergency services would have cleared the debris
20:31with people gone the mud fills the offices of phoenix's business district
20:36creating another problem
20:40mud is heavier than soil
20:42and if there's too much mud the buildings won't survive for much longer
20:4620 years after people
21:04giant swathes of miami are being buried by aggressively growing invasive plants
21:09Brazilian pepper was brought in because it's red and green for Christmas time
21:14so it was brought in as an ornamental plant
21:17unfortunately the birds like to eat its seeds and disperse it
21:21with no one to stop its spread
21:23the Christmas decoration is a year-round threat to cities
21:26in life without humans in 20 years
21:29you may not even be able to see the houses behind the Brazilian pepper
21:32which grow tall enough to overtop houses
21:34the miami area would really look like a jungle
21:37the Brazilian pepper is joined in its attack by invading waves of ligodium
21:47a climbing vine from Australia that can grow to 100 feet
21:54in the absence of people with time weathering would make cracks in all kinds of human structures
21:59and just a teeny little spore of the climbing fern could seed in there
22:03and then grow up an entire building for example or across a bridge
22:10perhaps 50 years in the absence of humans you would get entire structures covered by vines
22:17over time they'd be pulling buildings and bridges and other human structures down
22:22in a life after people the invaders are on the march
22:31one village on earth was abandoned 65 years ago
22:37because of an invasion of a different kind
22:4065 years into a life after people nature continues to invade man's structures
22:58pulling down roofs and tearing apart walls
23:05Nestling in a Dorset Valley is the lost village of Tynum
23:08where time has stood still
23:15people lived and farmed here for more than 5,000 years
23:19in 1939 war broke out
23:27in December 1943 when the war office needed more land for firing practice
23:33the 252 residents were asked to leave
23:35albeit temporarily
23:38and were told they could return at the end of the war
23:44the farmers basically sold everything and they left
23:48so it was actually really sad
23:50the very very last person to go out was the lady of the manor
23:54and she pinned notice onto the church door as she left
23:57we have given up our homes where many of us have lived for generations
24:04to help win the war to keep men free
24:07we will return one day
24:09and thank you for treating the village kindly
24:14it was thought that people would be allowed back
24:16but with the onset of the cold war in the late 40s and 50s
24:20the armies decided to retain the land
24:27in 1948 the war office took out a compulsory purchase order on the land
24:32the village has been empty ever since
24:35invaded by the natural world
24:36stone farmhouses built in the early 19th century show how time and the seasons can destroy what humans have built
24:47this is a typical English farmhouse that's been abandoned for about six decades or so
24:54and the processes of neglect have been allowed to happen
25:03you can see here how the timber lintel has been attacked by woodworm dry rot
25:10it's split at a critical point near to the support
25:14and already the stone above is leaning precariously on the point of collapse
25:19within a few years or so
25:22that'll have collapsed to the floor
25:26and you can see from the condition of the loose bricks and stones on the ground
25:31that that process has already taken place in other parts of the building
25:35the walls have fallen in as they've lost their support
25:38and another few hundred years this will just be a mound of brick and stone
25:44Tynum bears the scars of an aggressive invader
25:50the building behind me is severely damaged as you can see
25:54now this is not rotting wood or high winds
25:57the normal agents of decay causing this
26:00it's the work of a creature that can claw through three feet of earth in less than a minute
26:06the European badger
26:07what the badgers have done is burrow underneath the very walls of the building
26:14to such an extent that there has been a significant collapse in a number of parts of the building
26:23badgers are among the world's fastest diggers
26:26and have been known to create tunnel systems as much as a thousand feet long
26:30this gable wall is about three feet thick
26:35the original builders must have thought it would last forever
26:38and if the badgers continue to extend their property
26:41they will eventually destroy the property erected by the previous occupants
26:46the humans
26:50it could last for another 50 years, 60 years before the badgers finally cause the building to collapse
26:57creatures more rare than badgers also call Tynum home
27:03in the absence of humans and their poisons and pesticides
27:07animals are thriving
27:09it has become a sanctuary for many many species of birds and animals
27:15and also butterflies
27:17there's one animal that actually protects Tynum from complete conquest
27:22the army allows grazing sheep from nearby farms to keep the grass short
27:29without the sheep the valley would begin to return to its ancient condition
27:34nature would take over
27:37all the short grass would revert to very coarse grasses
27:41that would be succeeded by gorse, bramble, scrub
27:45and that eventually would be succeeded by trees
27:47so we would become a woodland
27:50and much of Britain of course a thousand years ago was woodland
27:56the timber posts will rot and fall
27:59the barbed wire will take hundreds of years to corrode
28:03but eventually the iron and carbon will be reabsorbed into the earth
28:07from where they originally came
28:09in several thousand years geological processes will complete the invasion of Tynum
28:14eventually soil will be blown in
28:21trees will take root
28:23and the only evidence of a former community
28:26would be capable of being gained by excavating down
28:29to find the remnants of these stone buildings
28:33but otherwise it will look like native countryside
28:35around the world the forces of destruction are gaining the upper hand
28:45as man's works are overthrown by hurricanes
28:49and invasive species
28:5170 years into a life after people
29:03these are the last days of shanghai's oriental pearl tower
29:09in the time of humans it dominated the skyline of china's largest city
29:16a skyline that has sunk 35 inches under its own weight since man disappeared
29:27now the waters of the Huangpu river have flooded the streets
29:33and even though the pearl's three concrete and composite support columns are thrust more than 100 feet into the ground
29:40that foundation is rotting away
29:43the columns lean one way the spire another
29:48under the unbearable strain the former pride of shanghai cracks and falls
29:53100 years after people
30:08the seven mile bridge once connected miami and the florida keys
30:14but a hundred years of storms and hurricanes have weakened some of the 440 concrete sections
30:27sending parts falling into the ocean until the span looks like a row of broken teeth
30:32in phoenix the 90 square block business district once the financial center of Arizona is a chaos of mud and debris
30:49think about the dust that comes through with our sandstorms and then the rain that comes through to form mud
30:54that would build year after year then this place would certainly look a lot different than it does today
31:04mud filled floors crash and tumble and the piled up debris collapses the towers from within
31:10the towers shattered glass will be taken up by the next great sandstorm and slice through other structures
31:26until phoenix is desolate
31:30while some of man's structures fall from above others are eaten from below
31:36in the time of humans more than 1,000 miles of man-made earthen barriers controlled flooding in the Everglades
31:48but thousands of sailfin catfish descendants of pets brought from South America in the 1970s
31:55have invaded the dikes and levees digging three-foot deep burrows to lay their eggs
32:00so you have a dike and you have the catfish down here this is this year that's the next year that's the next year
32:09and eventually obviously the dike can fail
32:11as the barriers break dry areas become swampland
32:20even an outpost as seemingly permanent as the Kennedy Space Center teeters on the edge of a marshy swamp
32:27even in the time of humans alligators were always at its gates
32:34and launch pads from the dawn of space exploration were already abandoned and rusting
32:43now the remaining structures and rockets are the victims of repeated South Florida hurricanes
32:48and the only creatures waiting to launch from here are hungry vultures
33:00196 miles up the coast Miami has run out of beach
33:04it's a reversal of fortune for a place that began life around 1914 when developers began filling in over two and a half thousand acres of mangrove swamp
33:16around a narrow coastal sandbar to create a high-class beach resort
33:20but the creation of Miami Beach contained the seeds of its destruction
33:26as coastal structures are constructed it's interrupts the natural flow of sand along the coastline of South Florida
33:33and it produces a deficit of sand and that requires extensive replenishment
33:38by the late 20th century so much of the coast had been eaten away that some hotels lost 80% of their beachfront
33:49in a battle against time and the Atlantic in the early 1970s engineers brought in millions of tons of new sand
33:58one century after people the invading ocean is unopposed as it swallows the foundations of once luxurious hotels
34:09you expect after a hundred years or longer those buildings would start to collapse
34:15the former hotels fall into each other
34:20before finally toppling into the waiting grasp of the Atlantic
34:25even greater changes are in store
34:35what does the future hold for man's most gravity defying and supposedly eternal structures
34:41which invaders prevail
34:44and what will be man's ultimate legacy
34:46one hundred and fifty years after people
35:02Burmese pythons dominate the Everglades
35:05and they've invaded fresh territories
35:08capable of living in more varied climates than alligators
35:10and even able to climb trees
35:12the pythons now dominate the lower forty percent of what was once the United States
35:31two hundred years after people
35:33cities like Phoenix barely exist
35:37elsewhere in Arizona some desert structures still stand
35:41but not for long
35:43the skywalk unveiled in 2007
35:48is a four inch thick seventy foot long glass plate set four thousand feet above the Grand Canyon
35:53anchored with five hundred tons of steel beams two and a half inches thick
36:00it used to be checked every day for cracks and floors
36:06but in a life after people two hundred years of corrosion have rotted away the steel supports
36:14this bridge is beautifully built but one would expect that without constant maintenance
36:25it would come apart from its moorings
36:31it takes the skywalk only fifteen seconds to plummet to the canyon floor
36:36in Miami the skyline is gone
36:50only a few rusted girders still point skywards
36:57now living in Florida's subtropical jungle
37:00these chimpanzees are the descendants of those that for twenty generations
37:03occupied one of the city's man-made towers
37:07where they learned how to farm eggs
37:09eating what they needed
37:11and allowing the rest to hatch
37:13to produce more birds
37:15and more eggs
37:18it was once thought that humans were the only species
37:21that could pass on learned behavior and traditions to subsequent generations
37:25but research in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
37:28showed that chimpanzees share this ability
37:32setting the stage for the possibility that these chimps may forge a civilization of their own
37:38one could envision a scenario
37:41in which chimps who ran out of these buildings
37:45started building their own towers
37:47as a way to protect and farm the birds
37:51building platforms high in trees to attract the birds
37:55you'd have the beginnings of construction in a new species
38:02if they used what was left of our culture
38:05our buildings, our roads, our bridges
38:10to develop a trick that gave just one smart tribe a leg up
38:14toward a somewhat civilized way of life
38:18it could be our last gift, our sort of payback
38:21whether or not this chimpanzee tribe completes the multi-million year evolutionary journey
38:28that led to the first humans
38:30the use of tools and domesticated animals
38:33could make these apes the dominant life forms in Florida's future
38:36long after skyscrapers in cities like Shanghai have crumbled
38:51other sites remain
38:53although it appears eternal
38:56time is running out for the Taj Mahal
38:58this world famous building in the city of Agra was built in the 17th century by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife
39:08although it has marble walls fifteen feet thick in places
39:13it stands on clay over India's most dangerous seismic zone
39:17as a giant quake liquefies the clay soil the minarets fall away
39:28and the stone and marble collapse
39:30collapse
39:492,000 years after people
39:52the desert that has buried Phoenix has itself been transformed
39:562,000 years of rain and snow have recharged the water table
40:01bringing the underground aquifer to the surface and feeding the rivers again
40:07with no humans using the water Phoenix is a vast savannah
40:13just as it was after the last ice age
40:16it would be a beautiful lush paradise of wild creatures
40:24they will return and thrive in the desert
40:36beasts that once avoided people hunt as though they never existed
40:40the animals have forgotten humans
40:45or have they?
40:47would anybody talk about us after we're gone?
40:49in the waters of Florida the descendants of dolphins that once shared these waters with humans
40:59now frolic
41:01is it possible that they have legends and stories of the times when strange mammals swam with their ancestors?
41:08dolphins
41:09dolphins
41:11certainly communicate using sound
41:13if they tell stories about us
41:15it's more in the sense of sonar images
41:18an impression
41:20that these people on land used to give me a lot of fish
41:23I imagine that we would fill the niche that in a lot of our tales
41:28are filled by the gods
41:30the legendary creatures who could bridge the chasms
41:34it's an interesting notion
41:39while dolphins were native to these waters
41:42many of the creatures that thrive in the absence of humans
41:45will be invaders from other lands
41:48so while buildings and infrastructure might degrade over time
41:52where the footprint of humanity may disappear
41:54I believe the introduction of exotic species is forever
41:56and it will permanently change the landscape
42:00I believe this is man's legacy
42:07old habitats have new rulers
42:10familiar landscapes have been transformed
42:14man's works have fallen
42:17when the invasions are complete
42:20there will be no thanks from the victors
42:22or blame from the defeated
42:23every species that remains will fight
42:26for land
42:28for survival
42:30for life
42:32after people
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