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Gladiators Warriors of the Ancient World Season 1 Episode 1
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00:00Ancient Rome is powerful and violent.
00:12Its people pack amphitheaters to watch gladiators fight and die for entertainment.
00:21The arena for the Romans was a cinema.
00:24You think you've seen spectacle?
00:26It's way bigger than you might expect.
00:30Over time, these nameless warriors become icons.
00:35They're symbols of best manhood could attain.
00:40As the empire expands, the games grow increasingly more important to Rome.
00:47It was a staging of Roman power.
00:51The obsession of the people and the excess and ruin of emperors.
00:56The emperor holds your life in his hand.
00:59Before Rome became an empire, one gladiator stood above the rest.
01:07Spartacus.
01:08The story of Spartacus tells us about a moment in gladiatorial history.
01:13An innocent man condemned to a gladiator's lot.
01:18Thousands died fighting in the arenas and we don't know most of their names.
01:23But we do know the name of Spartacus.
01:29Once a soldier, he's captured by Rome and forced into gladiatorial combat.
01:35But where most accept their fate, Spartacus defies it, leading one of Rome's largest and bloodiest rebellions.
01:45The future of the republic lies in the hands of one man and his army of courageous gladiators.
01:52The term gladiator is able to stir the imagination, the thrill of the games, the crowd roars, that very fancy gladiatorial armor.
02:17The word gladiator comes from the latin word gladius, which means a sword.
02:24So a gladiator is simply a swordsman.
02:28Ultimately, they were people who faced death.
02:32They were people that were hired to do a job.
02:36They are purely swordsmen for entertainment.
02:38But there is a great mythology in the swarms gladiators.
02:43So the fact that Spartacus is associated with the gladiator gives them a certain amount of mythos.
02:50Unlike many other gladiators, we know a lot about Spartacus.
02:54He became a celebrity and a bogeyman in his own lifetime.
02:58He's probably one of the most famous gladiators from all of ancient Rome.
03:05In fact, he's probably one of the most famous characters from ancient Rome, full stop.
03:10Most people have heard of Spartacus.
03:13The sources that we do have aren't interested in him for himself, but rather for what he does and for the impact that he has on Rome.
03:20Our sources actually are all from the Roman side, and a lot of them are much later, more than a hundred years later.
03:28So by then, he's become this mythical figure.
03:33Although Spartacus earned his fame as a gladiator, he honed his deadly talents long before he set foot in the arena.
03:46Spartacus is a soldier.
03:47He comes from a military background.
03:49He has something of an aura of being kind of tough, rogue figure.
03:55Spartacus was a free man born in Thrace, which is in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, modern-day Bulgaria.
04:04It was a barbarian land, and Roman influence was penetrating to those areas.
04:11Rome was conducting military campaigns in the Eastern Empire in the 80s and 70s BCE.
04:19The Thracians were particularly hardened warriors.
04:23They had a reputation for being quite difficult to deal with.
04:27They were tenacious, and the Romans admired their courage in battle.
04:32Spartacus is a skilled and fearless warrior.
04:36But the Roman army overwhelms him.
04:39He is captured.
04:43Prisoners of war become property, and they therefore can be sold into slavery for whatever purpose their enslaver requires.
04:53They had no say in what happened to them.
04:55Spartacus is taken to the slave market, where he could face a life of hard labor in the fields and farms,
05:14or join the back-breaking construction of Rome.
05:18But instead, he finds himself in the sights of a man called Lentulus Batiatus,
05:24who has a far more brutal purpose in mind.
05:29Lentulus Batiatus is a Lannister, an owner of gladiators.
05:34So if you wanted to put on a gladiatorial show, you didn't just go and find them yourself.
05:41You went to a middleman, and that's what Batiatus does.
05:45He trains up gladiators, sources them, and then he hires them out to people who want to put on games.
05:54Lentulus Batiatus had a large number of gladiators, and was attached to a training school in Capua.
06:00He is quite a wealthy man. He can afford to invest in a couple of hundred gladiators, which would not come cheap.
06:11Those who look healthy and strong are highly prized by Lannisters like Batiatus.
06:19Not everybody could just become a gladiator.
06:22You have to be physically impressive, you have to be that exception.
06:26Spartacus is already probably fit.
06:28He's used to hand-to-hand combat, he's used to handling weapons.
06:34Before making the investment in these gladiators, they had to be fight-worthy, and so perhaps there was a test fight.
06:41They had no option.
06:43If they don't throw themselves into it, it's the end for them.
06:47There was no saying no.
06:49He would have been tortured and killed.
06:51So all they can do, really, is try and impress their new owner that they're going to be a great gladiator.
07:03Spartacus shows potential.
07:06He may make a good gladiator, but before he's thrust into the arenas,
07:11He will have to endure months of brutal training at a school in Capua, 130 miles south of Rome.
07:20Capua is the heart of the gladiatorial history.
07:40This idea of gladiatorial fights really is cemented and rusted onto the culture.
07:48It was a microcosm of the Roman world.
07:51It was a plethora of people from all parts and walks of life of Roman society.
07:56Somewhere that's sort of known for having gladiatorial schools and for being a sort of centre of training gladiators.
08:07What better way to develop gladiators than having professional schools to train them?
08:13A gladiatorial school.
08:15It's called a ludus.
08:17The ludus would hold 250 men.
08:20The gladiators are locked up, kept behind bars.
08:24It had an armory, it had a medical centre, it had a kitchen.
08:29An exercise, sandy area, and that is where the gladiators would do all of their training.
08:36It's kind of like a small military camp in a way.
08:40They weren't pleasant places.
08:43Gladiators were shackled to the wall.
08:46They could sit and they could lie down, but they could hardly even stand up.
08:51When Spartacus arrives into the ludus,
08:54he's probably assigned into a cubicle.
08:57He will have some comrades who settle him in.
09:01Crixus is one of Spartacus' cellmates.
09:05They're comrades in arms.
09:07They look after each other.
09:09They help train each other.
09:11These folks were thrown together.
09:13They're living in very, very close quarters.
09:17And having the same horrific daily activity thrust upon them.
09:21Bati Arthas doesn't do all of the training himself.
09:31He's got a team of doctores who are trainers.
09:35They're learned men in the skills and the arts of being a gladiator.
09:40Experts in specific areas, whether it's attacking strokes, defense, fitness.
09:48And most of them are probably former gladiators.
09:51They're the kind of people who would be the real experts in all the skills that they would need to survive in the arena.
09:59They did a lot of exercises against a big wooden stake in the ground.
10:06It's called a palace.
10:08And so he could strike at this pole, which is the equivalent, I suppose, of a punch bag in a gym.
10:13And practice his sword strokes against that.
10:15And he would have been learning combinations as you do in boxing.
10:20How to parry, how to attack by driving against this wooden stake.
10:28But also, a big part of your training would have been how to put on a good show.
10:34The point is not to kill.
10:36The point is to entertain.
10:38It's no good simply hacking your opponent to death.
10:41No one wants to see that.
10:42They want to see something that's exciting.
10:47You've got to draw the fight out.
10:50So there would have been a great amount of aerobic training.
10:53These guys have to fight in the Mediterranean heat.
10:56And the implements they're using for training are heavy.
10:59So they're trying to get them used to spears, heavy swords, tridents.
11:07All of which they would be using later on in the arena.
11:12Spartacus is caught in a grueling routine of training.
11:18But the comrades he trains with, and the captors who guard him,
11:22have no idea that this new gladiator will soon leave a mark far beyond the walls of the ludus.
11:28It's hard to know how long Spartacus would have trained for.
11:39A gladiator has got to get fit.
11:41They've got to build up muscle.
11:43They've got to acquire skills in the particular weapons that they're going to use.
11:48It must have taken at least six months until you were prepared to go into the arena.
11:53Lentulus Batiatus would try to monetize these individuals to the max.
12:01No tea breaks.
12:03No lunch breaks.
12:05Spartacus is being pushed to the limit to survive in the arena.
12:09Spartacus will be forced to fight for the crowd's amusement in gladiatorial combat,
12:18one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the Roman Republic.
12:25We're pretty sure that the Romans didn't come up with gladiatorial combat entirely by themselves.
12:31But which culture they're drawing from, we're really unsure.
12:37Some theories point to ancient rites, practiced by an Italian people known as the Etruscans.
12:44Other sources suggest they may be of Greek origin, or from a nearby region, Campania.
12:52The Romans were innovators.
12:54They weren't inventors.
12:56They took great ideas from the cultures they encountered, and they amplified it.
13:00And the tools have paced them.
13:02We have 4th century BC images, and they depict exactly the first images of gladiatorial combat in Italy.
13:14In 264 BCE, we have our first recorded gladiatorial event in Rome.
13:21An aristocrat thought it would be a great honor for their dead father to have some prisoners of war fight to the death.
13:30To demonstrate the great things your ancestors had done, and these are another form of celebration.
13:39And this is something which the crowds find fascinating.
13:43And they are hooked almost at once.
13:48They quickly become very popular.
13:53People want to see them.
13:56And it doesn't take the Romans too long to figure out that this is a way of currying favor with the people of Rome, to put on these spectacles.
14:04To be seen was vital for the elite, but more broadly as well, to validate themselves through various types of performances in front of the people.
14:25So, spectacles were a part of political culture.
14:32Gladiatorial combat and its evolution fits within that culture of spectacle.
14:36And it quickly becomes a popular thing amongst the aristocratic class to try and show off their status in society by having more and more gladiators fight at their funerals.
14:49The people are accepting a gift when they come along to the games.
14:55And those people who are putting on the games are gaining a reputation.
15:00And Romans love building their reputation.
15:02For 700 years, Rome has been growing in size and strength.
15:12Countless wars drive this expansion.
15:15Thousands of enemy soldiers are captured.
15:17Some of these enslaved men become gladiators, forced to perform their defeat again and again as entertainment for the Roman citizens.
15:27In the early republic, 2nd century, 1st century BCE, the majority of gladiators were prisoners of war, captives from Rome's wars of conquest.
15:38They've armed their enemies and then put them on as entertainment or as displays.
15:45The arena was a chance to witness and experience what the Romans only heard about.
15:52The different groups wore different types of armor.
15:56So, in gladiatorial combats, those different identities through armor are on stage.
16:02There was a gladiator known as a gallus or gall, and there was a gladiator known as a thrikes, a thracian gladiator.
16:17Now, over time, of course, the gladiatorial combats become hugely popular.
16:22It's a funerary show, but it's also a popular public spectacle, and in the late republic, these two sort of start to merge.
16:32There's a gradual growth in the size of the games.
16:39So, by 183 BC, we've got 120 pairs of gladiators fighting.
16:46A hundred years later, we hear of 320 pairs.
16:52Over the next 200 years, the funerary links fade as the games become regular spectacles.
17:04Gladiators become one of Rome's favorite obsessions.
17:08As the upper classes compete, the stage the most dazzling shows,
17:12seeking men like Batiatus to hire their fiercest fighters.
17:18You want to get the best gladiators in there that you can?
17:22You want this spectacle to go beyond the spectacles that people have seen before.
17:27So, there is a constant sense of one-upmanship.
17:32Alanista, he's the person that people probably approach in order to rent out the gladiators under his control.
17:38It is not long until Spartacus is called upon to fight.
17:45He has no choice and will soon face his first duel in the arena.
17:49In a community like Capua, lentilus Batiatus would have rented his gladiators to important local officials.
18:09They've been elected to high office, and this is a way of rewarding the people of the town for their election.
18:18And so, they would want to impress them.
18:21It's an expensive exercise.
18:23Only the rich are really capable to do this.
18:26So, there's probably a few thousand in the crowd.
18:30It's not like the massive games we have later in the Coliseum.
18:34And tickets are kind of handed down through patronage.
18:38The wealthy will definitely have a portion of those tickets, and they will give some out to their friends.
18:43And then their friends would hand them down to their kind of supporters and their clients.
18:49But there's a whole bunch of tickets that are reserved for the common people.
18:54Small business owners, day-to-day farmers, people earning their trade through petty crime.
18:59Who knows?
19:01We're not necessarily having the citizens divided up by their class in this period.
19:08This is something that tends to happen later.
19:10So, there is a mingling of all sorts of people jamming themselves into the arena, a bit like a sports stadium.
19:18This is what's great about the amphitheater.
19:21Whoever you were outside the amphitheater was irrelevant.
19:24When you were in it, you were in a joined spectacle where you all spent the day together.
19:35The crowd is here to be entertained.
19:38A fast fight and swift death is unacceptable.
19:43Spartacus and the other gladiators have been trained to deliver a spectacle.
19:48You would want them to be fighting one-on-one so that the audience can appreciate their skill level.
19:54Because it is a show.
19:56One of the things that we tend to get wrong about gladiators is that everybody dies.
20:04It's not necessarily to the death.
20:06If a gladiator died, the giver of the games would have to pay the cost of replacement.
20:12Gladiators were very expensive.
20:13About 10% of gladiators died.
20:18That might seem quite low.
20:20But if you're fighting three or four times a year, it probably means you've got a one-in-three chance of dying every year.
20:27The uncertainty was, in fact, one of the most compelling aspects of the gladiatorial spectacle.
20:37No one knew what was going to happen.
20:39So, you've got to assume that if you don't give a good performance or you don't fight well, that you are going to die.
20:49From backstage, Spartacus can hear the roar of the crowd.
20:54He is about to make his debut as a Roman gladiator.
20:59Spartacus fought as a Thracian.
21:01That's where he comes from.
21:03So, he has a sword.
21:05He has a shield.
21:06He's probably going to be up against other swordsmen.
21:11Usually, they were from the same barracks.
21:13And so, you would be fighting against someone you're trained with.
21:16Which is a particularly cruel aspect of the Roman games.
21:21The fights were fought in rounds.
21:24And it was a point system.
21:26They're just trying to score points against each other.
21:29A bit like modern-day fencing.
21:31You have two referees.
21:33The guy in the middle of the action.
21:35And the guy in the outside of the action.
21:38Spartacus is quite dynamic.
21:40Very fast.
21:42Ruthless.
21:43The Thracians were particularly hardened warriors.
21:46The Romans admired their courage in battle.
21:48Which is not a surprise then that they would take the idea of the Thracian and put them in the arena fighting for the pleasure of the Roman crowd.
21:55He was enormously charismatic.
21:59You've got to entertain the audience.
22:02You had to be spectacular.
22:04It was a spectacle.
22:06It doesn't matter if you can quickly dispatch a guy in a couple of minutes.
22:10You want him to go all the rounds.
22:12You want him to almost be losing.
22:14You want him to come back at the end.
22:15And you want a successful try-in.
22:17So if a gladiator couldn't go on, his only option was to appeal for mercy.
22:28And so he would raise his finger.
22:31And it's up to the giver of the games whether he gives him mercy.
22:34And people would either shout out, let him go, or they'd say, kill him.
22:40And then the giver of the games would signal with a turned thumb whether there was going to be mercy or death.
22:50In Latin, the term is polychaverso, which just literally means a turned thumb.
22:55We would use it that thumbs down was death and thumbs up is they stay alive.
23:01But it's not actually clear in the sources what they mean.
23:03It could mean that thumbs down was turning down the request to have them killed.
23:10Thumbs up was actually sort of sticking the sword up in their throat.
23:14Or it might even be that it's a kind of turning of the thumb into the palm,
23:20which seems to have been some sort of symbol of mercy that you find in some religious context.
23:28The sponsor of the games really has made the crowd happy.
23:32That's why the games are on.
23:34So if you're offside with the crowd as a gladiator,
23:37your time in the arena and your time in life is really, really numbered.
23:43If Spartacus forced his opponent into submission,
23:47the host of the games would decide on the fate of a fallen fighter.
23:52This idea that a loss meant death, it is an exceptionally rare form of fighting,
24:06just because the cost of the gladiator had to be recouped.
24:09You had to have somebody who was willing to pay out the gladiator's contract to the Lennista.
24:13But in one law, we have a figure that that cost would be 50 times the cost of hiring them.
24:21And if in the first fight, Spartacus was to meet death or kill another gladiator,
24:27somebody's lost that investment.
24:31Spartacus has won his first contest.
24:33But there is little to celebrate.
24:40He will return to a cycle of training and combat.
24:45Freedom, just a distant hope.
24:47Having won his first bout in the arena,
25:02Spartacus is returned to his training school, where his wounds are treated.
25:07The medical care of gladiators was amongst the best in the Republic,
25:12not for compassionate reasons,
25:14but because their owners wanted them in fighting.
25:17You're probably only fighting three, perhaps four times at most in a year.
25:24It's long periods of training, recovery, recuperation,
25:29and then you're in this life and death situation again.
25:34Gladiators had quite serious injuries,
25:37including cuts, bruises, head injuries.
25:43So doctors come into the ludus to look after them.
25:47Because of the state of medicine at that point in time,
25:51it would have been difficult for them to arrest an infection,
25:54you know, if it got in through a cut to the leg or something like that.
25:58That was probably riskier, in a sense, than breaking a bone.
26:02There will be gladiators who get injured, either in the fight or in training.
26:12There will be others who die in the arena.
26:14So there's going to be always a steady sort of trickle of new recruits coming into the ludus.
26:22For years, Spartacus' life is consumed with nothing more than training,
26:33fighting,
26:33and recovery.
26:38He dreams of finding a way out.
26:40If you really impressed the crowd repeatedly as a gladiator,
26:48you could be given your freedom.
26:51You could be given a rudis,
26:54a wooden sword,
26:55which was a sign that you were no longer risking your life with real weapons,
27:00that you could retire and leave.
27:02But statistically, it must have been a very small number.
27:08Most gladiators either died or were so badly injured that they couldn't fight on.
27:23Spartacus must have enormously resented his absence of freedom and terrible conditions in the training school.
27:30Spartacus is a captured prisoner of war.
27:34He wants to be free.
27:35He wants to not be a gladiator.
27:39Badiatus is buying enslaved people as part of a broader slave trade.
27:45He will want to make as much money as he can from these people.
27:49So he has no intention of letting Spartacus go.
27:53It's possible a gladiator like Spartacus will have to fight until he dies.
27:57And it is this horrifying fact that we really have to keep in mind
28:02when we think of what's happening to Spartacus.
28:06We could speculate that what he would like to do is return home to escape Italy itself.
28:12But he's trapped there.
28:13They can't get out of Italy.
28:17And this starts something that no one is expecting.
28:21Spartacus manages to convince a bunch of his fellow gladiators
28:34that it is time to bust out of this place.
28:38That now is their chance to fight for themselves
28:41rather than to fight for the entertainment of the Romans.
28:45They are highly trained and highly skilled fighters.
28:50That presents a problem to the Lennista
28:52because you have people that can fight against you.
28:56But they were not equipped with weapons.
28:59The weapons were kept strictly separate from the men living there.
29:04However, Spartacus was an opportunist.
29:08He managed to see an opportunity to escape and he took it.
29:10They were having something to eat
29:15and he manages to get his hands on some weapons.
29:21Utensils from the kitchens.
29:24Cleavers and steaks.
29:27And they overwhelm the guards.
29:29What he'd learned fighting as a gladiator
29:31would have helped him escape the lewdness.
29:35It's a daring escape, Spartacus and his companion Crixus, Paul.
29:40It goes to show the gladiators, in fact,
29:43were trained to such a high level
29:45they could outfight the guards one-to-one.
29:55Over 70 of these gladiators in training escape.
30:01His rebellion doesn't stop there.
30:04He doesn't just get out and think,
30:06great, I'm free, off I go.
30:07They would have had the opportunity to leave Italy,
30:12to cross the Alps and to head homewards.
30:16But they don't.
30:19It's a difficult path.
30:20It is this very narrow peninsula of a place.
30:24Because you've got to go over those mountains.
30:27And there's not many paths over those mountains.
30:30It's tough going.
30:31And you could be cut off really easily.
30:33Possibly that was what he was trying to do.
30:37But certainly it seems that he changed his mind.
30:42Spartacus wants to take on Rome for all that it's done.
30:46Of exploitation of the enslaved and of gladiators.
30:50Spartacus decides to fight Rome in various different ways.
30:56Spartacus's days of fighting as a gladiator are over.
31:00Instead of making the dangerous trip home,
31:02he remains in Italy.
31:04Soon, he will come face to face with the Roman forces
31:08that first enslaved him in a fight bigger than simply his own freedom.
31:13Spartacus and his men have escaped the Ludus.
31:25The Romans severely underestimated the threat of this break in Capua.
31:32Six dozen gladiators would not have seemed an immediate threat to the state.
31:36But boy, were they wrong.
31:37And a lot of it had to do with the terrain.
31:39What they do first is actually go and hide up on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.
31:46Which is in the highlands, south of Capua.
31:48There were plenty of places for Spartacus and his compatriots to hide,
31:53but also to build support.
31:56People from the Italian countryside begin to join Spartacus.
32:02Who are disenfranchised, who are upset with Rome in various ways.
32:06Having difficulty with their land, facing quite extreme poverty.
32:11Who are maybe enslaved as well, or had formerly been enslaved.
32:16His rebel army is drawn initially from the gladiators.
32:21But it's more of a slave rebellion than a gladiator rebellion.
32:25There is a regular trade in enslaved people that is happening throughout Italy in this period.
32:36The Romans and the Italian people generally are building their societies through enslaved people.
32:44That is happening and travelling throughout all of Italy.
32:48The Roman Republic wages countless wars.
32:52And with every victory, prisoners are captured.
32:56The cities swell.
32:58And enslaved people now make up more than a quarter of the population of Rome.
33:03According to our literature, if the enslaved population of Rome were to revolt,
33:09they'd have either a numerical advantage over the rest of the population,
33:13or something that's not far off that.
33:17We've just speculated that the population of Rome might be somewhere around a million.
33:22And between 30-40% in Rome is enslaved.
33:27That's an awful lot of people.
33:28Traditionally, Rome has not put a lot of stake or value in conflicts with the enslaved.
33:37The enslaved are not valued as honourable opponents.
33:42This is to change with Spartacus.
33:51Spartacus is seen as a very good organised leader.
33:53What he'd learned before as a soldier will have helped him plan a campaign, organise men.
34:02Skills that made you a really successful gladiator, which is really becoming a showman,
34:07will have helped him provide leadership to what becomes effectively a very large army.
34:15Spartacus sets up a kind of pseudo-military arrangement,
34:18where he's got other gladiators from the Ludus who are serving underneath him as kind of his lieutenants.
34:26Crixus is certainly somebody who seems to be a leader alongside Spartacus.
34:32He seems to be somebody that Spartacus values.
34:38The Roman armies begin chasing them.
34:40So the Romans, to start off with, send a small body of troops, and they get defeated.
34:49The Romans send a bigger army and a bigger army, but even they are defeated.
34:56Spartacus had military experience, and that was very helpful to them.
35:00He really terrorised the Italian peninsula.
35:02They've sent multiple military leaders against Spartacus' forces, who have failed.
35:10So it's a huge issue.
35:13The priority, militarily, is to keep this under wraps.
35:18The elite Roman military leaders and commanders are talking about it,
35:22because they're like, this is a problem that we really need to deal with.
35:25And as an extension of that, their soldiers know that this is a problem.
35:29And this is how the reputation of Spartacus begins to spread.
35:38And more and more enslaved people join him,
35:42until he's got thousands of men, anything from 60 to 100,000.
35:52Spartacus enjoys victory after victory after victory.
35:55But when little groups break off from his army,
35:58that's when they tend to face defeat or problems of some kind.
36:07Spartacus is caught in a war against the Roman Republic.
36:11As his army treks north,
36:14Crixus heads east
36:15and is defeated by Roman forces.
36:21When news of his death reaches Spartacus,
36:29he seeks vengeance.
36:37He has captured soldiers to fight his gladiators.
36:41What he's trying to do here is humiliate them
36:45and to give the Romans a taste of their own medicine.
36:59So after these various conflicts,
37:03Rome is taking Spartacus seriously.
37:05Spartacus really produces an enormous fear in the Romans.
37:12People will have thought,
37:13there are a lot of enslaved people in Roman society.
37:17What happens if they all rise up?
37:23They put one of the wealthiest Roman politicians
37:26in charge of the conflict.
37:29Marcus Sicinius Crassus.
37:31The Roman military has underestimated Spartacus.
37:35But with immense wealth at his disposal,
37:38Crassus is able to raise a fierce army
37:41that could finally crush Spartacus and his rebel troops.
37:54Spartacus and his army face growing danger.
37:56Having won impressive victories on the battlefield,
38:02they now face the powerful general Crassus,
38:05who has been appointed by Rome
38:08to end the uprising once and for all.
38:12Crassus is a very rich man,
38:14and he's also a military general.
38:18Crassus was really pursuing power.
38:20Being sent to face with his massive army.
38:27And his military strategy does outweigh that of Spartacus.
38:39The rebel forces are ambushed by Crassus and his troops.
38:44Spartacus retreats south with his men.
38:48But Crassus and his army give chase.
38:50Crassus manages to pin them down
38:55in the very toe of Italy.
38:58Build a wall, shuts them in.
39:01There's a siege at this point.
39:05Spartacus is fighting hand-to-hand combat.
39:10They try to escape,
39:12but they can't.
39:14And in the final battle,
39:23he is killed.
39:39Spartacus has been defeated.
39:40He is killed in battle.
39:48As far as we know,
39:49his body is not recovered.
39:55His remaining troops,
39:576,000 of them,
39:59are captured.
40:00The Romans made a huge example
40:06out of Spartacus and his followers.
40:106,000 people were crucified
40:12along the Appian Way from Capua to Rome.
40:14thousands of enslaved and free people
40:24were killed in this conflict.
40:27Their corpses would have hung there
40:29for months
40:30and been a real cautionary tale
40:33to anybody who felt that they could resist
40:35Roman power.
40:36The crucifixions mark the end
40:39of the uprising.
40:41Rome has triumphed over Spartacus
40:43and his army of gladiators.
40:46However,
40:46his actions
40:47will never be forgotten.
40:51The rebellion by Spartacus
40:53really shook Rome.
40:54This revolt
40:56produces a real transformation
40:58in attitudes
40:59to the control
41:00of the enslaved
41:01and to gladiators
41:02and the restrictions
41:04on sizes
41:05of gladiatorial training schools.
41:08You can't have
41:09too many gladiators
41:10in one place
41:12rather than sort of
41:14risking breaking out.
41:15The Senate put a limit
41:18on the number of gladiators
41:20that you can use.
41:22They're worried
41:22that this will be a threat
41:23to the safety of Rome itself.
41:26What would happen
41:27if all of these enslaved people
41:29in the Roman world
41:29rose up against their masters?
41:32Spartacus does.
41:35It's one of the great mysteries
41:37how Spartacus
41:38could have his jailbreak
41:41snowball into a full-scale rebellion.
41:45It's testament to his strategy,
41:48it's testament to his skill
41:50as a leader.
41:51He has become
41:52such an important symbol
41:53for this kind of uprising.
41:56He becomes
41:57this really famous name
41:59because we have
42:00this rebellion.
42:04Spartacus is the only gladiator
42:06we know of
42:06who has a career
42:07beyond the gladiatorial arena.
42:11And for that,
42:12he's remembered.
42:15When people mention
42:17the name Spartacus,
42:18the first thing we think of
42:20is Spartacus the gladiator.
42:22But he's more famous,
42:24I think,
42:25as someone who has
42:26come to stand for
42:27freedom,
42:30freedom from oppression,
42:32freedom from enslavement.
42:35That's his legacy
42:36more in the modern world.
42:38Chief of the benvenue
42:49to the black and purple
42:51of the moon.
42:52After that,
42:52the end of the moon
42:53is later
42:53and the end of the moon.
42:54His legacy
42:55is the only way
42:55he's moved,
42:56and he's not
42:56ever in the moon.
42:57If he's a woman's
42:57he's ever in the moon.
42:59The end of the moon
43:00is a promise.
43:00And he has
43:01with his life
43:01to trespass.
43:02He's a person
43:03to keep it
43:04underpore.
43:04And he is
43:05in the moon.
43:05He's the one
43:06who is
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