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America's War on Drugs (2017) Season 1 Episode 2- Cocaine, Cartels & Crackdowns
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FunTranscript
00:00:00Now, on America's War on Drugs.
00:00:11Cocaine is the atom bomb of Latin America.
00:00:14He was given a cellmate with whom he would go on to change the drug world.
00:00:18I just hope to get the whole world back.
00:00:23Pablo Escobar had tremendous political ambitions.
00:00:27If you're gonna mess with Pablo, you know, Pablo will kill you.
00:00:30I must speak to you tonight about a mounting danger in Central America.
00:00:33This is an outlaw regime.
00:00:36They're flying secret shipments of weapons down,
00:00:39and then coming back with cocaine.
00:00:42I'm going after the drug dealers that they were protecting.
00:00:47They were really playing Russian roulette with our lives.
00:00:50I knew it went all the way to the White House.
00:00:53I do not deny that I engaged in shredding on November 21st.
00:00:56You basically have a secret CIA operation laid there.
00:01:00It was really hard for me to fantasize that something so small could be so valuable.
00:01:05Pots big enough to cook men.
00:01:09It was like this is what I was made for.
00:01:12It's important to think about cocaine almost not as a drug, but what it really was, was a currency.
00:01:30Any valuable currency has an inherent power to it, and cocaine became that currency.
00:01:39Two years after Richard Nixon declares the war on drugs, the Watergate scandal rocks the nation.
00:01:45Nixon's on his way out.
00:01:49And drug use is on the rise.
00:01:54In the early to mid-70s, because Nixon had been obsessed with marijuana and heroin, nobody talked that much about cocaine.
00:02:02And within a very short period of time, it became one of the biggest money makers in drug smuggling in the world.
00:02:12And it caught everyone by surprise.
00:02:17The story of how cocaine took America by storm starts here, in a Connecticut federal prison, where this man's doing time for car theft.
00:02:29Carlos Leiter.
00:02:31Son of a German father and Colombian mother, Carlos Leiter is a man of contradictions.
00:02:36He worships Hitler and John Lennon.
00:02:40He was a car thief in the beginning.
00:02:42He used a lot of coke himself.
00:02:44He had delusions of grandeur.
00:02:46He was crazy in many ways, but also he was a visionary.
00:02:49At a fairly young age, he went to jail in Danbury in Connecticut.
00:02:53And that might have been the end of his criminal career, but it wasn't.
00:02:56He was given a cellmate with whom he would go on to change the drug world.
00:03:03Later, cellmate is an American with a passion for aviation.
00:03:07You know what the best part about 172 is?
00:03:11That he can steal.
00:03:14George Jung, a hippie misfit who specializes in smuggling marijuana from Mexico into the U.S. on small planes.
00:03:23Young had been importing cannabis from Mexico to the United States using light aircraft.
00:03:29He'd never thought of importing anything else.
00:03:32These relatively unknown criminals hooked up together and became partners.
00:03:37It was this match made in heaven.
00:03:39Because Jung had experience with airplanes and with smuggling marijuana.
00:03:44And later had experience with cocaine.
00:03:47The combination of these two guys resulted in the conclusion to revolutionize the cocaine trade in the United States.
00:03:53What if I told you I could get enough coke to get the whole world high?
00:04:00Do you ever hear the case called Medellín?
00:04:02Medellín is the center of Colombia's burgeoning cocaine underworld.
00:04:18And the home of the man with whom Carlos Leiter and George Jung will revolutionize the cocaine trade.
00:04:26Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
00:04:28As a teenager, was already a petty thief.
00:04:31Allegedly stealing gravestones and then sanding them down to be resold.
00:04:35He sells contraband cigarettes on the Colombian black market.
00:04:38Then he moves on to cocaine.
00:04:40Pablo Escobar was sort of like if you founded a company, you need a chief of operations.
00:04:48Escobar's job was to help manage this network of cocaine processing labs.
00:04:54And then to help manage the smuggling of the cocaine product into North America.
00:05:00And Escobar is looking for a better product to compete in the North American market.
00:05:07Escobar's meeting with the Chilean chemist, who just fled a bloody coup.
00:05:25In the early 70s, Chile, not Colombia, is the center of the cocaine trade.
00:05:30Chile is also a Cold War hotspot,
00:05:34where the U.S. is worried a left-wing government will turn communist.
00:05:40On September 11, 1973,
00:05:42a CIA-backed coup
00:05:46overthrows the democratically elected government.
00:05:52An American ally, Augusto Pinochet,
00:05:54begins cracking down on criminals and those he considers to be enemies of the state.
00:05:58The best chemists in the world for making cocaine from coca were in Chile.
00:06:10When they cracked down on them, they split and left and went to Colombia.
00:06:14America's attempts to foster the replacement of left-leaning governments with governments that were more friendly to the United States backfired.
00:06:20That, ultimately, was the beginning.
00:06:26With help from the Chilean chemist, Escobar and his partners in Medellin are soon making some of the best cocaine in the world.
00:06:44There was a lack of attention initially paid to drug trafficking in Colombia by the U.S. intelligence services because they weren't communists.
00:06:54The basic policy was capitalism is good.
00:06:57Become capitalist and everything will be okay.
00:06:59But that was exactly what the narcos were doing.
00:07:02Carlos Leder is out of prison and he's convinced Pablo Escobar to allow him to distribute his cocaine in the U.S.
00:07:21Inside this luggage is 50 kilograms of Pablo Escobar's nearly pure cocaine.
00:07:26It'll be worth more than two million dollars if later his old cellmate, George Jung, can get it out of the airport.
00:07:41Excuse me.
00:07:42Using his old marijuana connections, Jung tests the market of L.A.'s party circuit.
00:07:57George Jung came out to California with cocaine and found himself at the head of this party and nightclub scene.
00:08:05Cocaine was the drug of doctors and lawyers and famous people were using it in discotheques.
00:08:13Jung and people like him selling cocaine, distributing it, they became rock stars.
00:08:22Cocaine, inhaled its crystalline powder, causes a buildup of dopamine, the feel-good neurotransmitters that kick in when you're eating chocolate or having sex.
00:08:31Jimmy Carter's top drug policy official was a cocaine user and said there's just as much reason to legalize cocaine as there is to legalize marijuana.
00:08:42Greed and pleasure were on the rise and the consciousness expansion of the late 60s were waning.
00:08:49George Jung quickly unloads his entire 50-kilogram stash.
00:09:00In just two weeks, he makes $2.2 million, worth over $9 million in today's money.
00:09:07It's like a light bulb goes off in his head and he's like, oh my God, this is the business that I need to be in.
00:09:11But whenever I got involved with anybody who was in the cocaine business, bad stuff happened every single time.
00:09:23George Jung delivers the cash to his old cellmate, Carlos Lader.
00:09:28He could have just disappeared.
00:09:29His successful trip to L.A. just proved that demand for cocaine in the U.S. far outstripped supply.
00:09:37And they'll soon become Pablo Escobar's main U.S. distributors.
00:09:41But there's a weak link.
00:09:44Transportation.
00:09:46Stewardesses and other civilians are being used to smuggle coke in luggage on commercial flights, but it's not enough.
00:09:53Large amounts of cocaine are also snuck in on cargo ships, hidden inside wood or other merchandise.
00:09:59But ships are easy targets.
00:10:02It's all about logistics.
00:10:04It's all about moving the product from one place to another.
00:10:07Anybody who can figure out how to get it there, that's what it really comes down to.
00:10:16Carlos Lader is about to make one of the most audacious moves in the history of the war on drugs.
00:10:25Jung's convinced him that small planes hold the key to their takeover of the American cocaine market.
00:10:31Carlos Lader was a visionary when it came to logistics.
00:10:34The man who figured out the best smuggling routes into the United States.
00:10:40The round trip flight from Columbia to Florida is too far for a small aircraft to make without refueling.
00:10:46So Lader finds a small Bahamian island with a long runway.
00:10:50It's called Norman's Key.
00:10:53And Norman's Key was a stroke of genius because nobody was watching planes laden with cocaine flying from Columbia into Norman's Key.
00:11:04He buys up half the properties on the island in cash and then threatens to kill anyone who won't leave.
00:11:08Carlos Lader took over and threw all the normal people who were living here out and brought his boys in and it became just a completely insane situation.
00:11:21You're coming in too slow.
00:11:26Marien Cartel now has their own island.
00:11:33Planes land and take off around the clock, carrying hundreds of kilos of cocaine destined for Florida.
00:11:41Lader's bringing in $20 million a month.
00:11:46It was nuts. It was crazy.
00:11:48They were bringing women in there.
00:11:49There were orgies and it was party central.
00:11:52Party central with a lot of cocaine.
00:11:59He was getting high on his own supply, but hugely so.
00:12:03I mean, these guys would party for days and became nuts, completely insane.
00:12:10Carlos Lader was so coked up at that time.
00:12:14He was getting really paranoid.
00:12:16George Young, the guy who really got him started in this whole thing, Lader kicks him off the island.
00:12:25Despite the madness, Carlos Lader's now head of logistics for Pablo Escobar.
00:12:29Carlos Lader went on to really pioneer the explosion of cocaine traffic in the U.S.
00:12:38But few people at the time realized Lader and Escobar are just middlemen
00:12:44and a much larger cocaine production network, allegedly protected by the highest level of the American government.
00:12:52I'm going after the drug dealers that they were protecting for central intelligence.
00:12:56They were really playing Russian roulette with our lives.
00:12:59The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:02The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:04The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:07The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:11The greatest drug lord no one knows is about to launch a revolution in the world.
00:13:14The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:18The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:24The foothills of the Andes, one of the only places in the world where the coca plant grows.
00:13:37The greatest drug lord no one knows is about to launch a revolution in the war on drugs.
00:13:43Roberto Suarez, descendant of the rubber baron of Bolivia.
00:13:47His family's plantations were more than four times the size of New Jersey.
00:13:52Roberto Suarez was a handsome, very charismatic leader.
00:13:58The Bolivian people, among the poorest people on earth, loved him.
00:14:03Why? Because Roberto feeds the people.
00:14:06In the mid-70s, Suarez switches his empire to a more lucrative crop, coca.
00:14:14He was a rancher in the Beni region of Bolivia where I happened to live for many years.
00:14:19He began buying up large quantities of land, began mass producing.
00:14:24They had huge labs in the jungles.
00:14:26They had airstrips hidden under the jungle canopy.
00:14:29Roberto Suarez was in control of 60 to 80% of the global cocaine market.
00:14:37Pablo Escobar was just a customer of Roberto Suarez.
00:14:42DEA agent Michael Levine is based in South America, working undercover on some of the biggest cases in the growing cocaine trade.
00:14:51I was part of an undercover team that had penetrated the Roberto Suarez organization.
00:14:57Posing as half Sicilian, half Puerto Rican mafia don from the U.S.
00:15:03I had made deals face to face with Roberto Suarez in company.
00:15:08We were in position to take them down.
00:15:10Enter American special interests in the form of the CIA.
00:15:16By the mid-70s, South America is not only the center of the cocaine underworld, it's also become a Cold War battleground.
00:15:24The Cold War brought a conscious fear on the part of our leadership of the encroachment of communism.
00:15:35The U.S. backs right wing dictatorships against the perceived communist threat.
00:15:41In the Cold War, everything was viewed through who could take advantage of what.
00:15:45If we didn't do this, would the Soviets take advantage?
00:15:48So we propped up dictators across the hemisphere.
00:15:52And it's here in Bolivia, the U.S. worries a leftist president is leaning toward the communist side.
00:16:04Roberto Suarez was realizing that this access to money gave him political power.
00:16:09And so he offered to pay off all of Bolivia's debt.
00:16:12And the government said no.
00:16:14Roberto Suarez decides to take over the country himself.
00:16:19But he needs muscle to do it.
00:16:22So he turns to one of the 20th century's most notorious war criminals.
00:16:26Klaus Barbie.
00:16:28One of Hitler's top Gestapo officers in occupied France.
00:16:32Known as the Butcher of Lyon.
00:16:35After the war, Barbie becomes a U.S. intelligence asset.
00:16:40And like many high-ranking Nazis, he flees to South America.
00:16:45Living under an assumed name in Bolivia, he's part of Operation Condor,
00:16:49the CIA-connected covert plan to eliminate communists across South America.
00:16:57Barbie's now working for Roberto Suarez.
00:17:03His team of Nazi mercenaries, known as the Fiancees of Death,
00:17:07helped capture and torture Suarez's enemies,
00:17:10other drug lords, anyone in the way.
00:17:13They were all serial killers.
00:17:19They were part of the Bolivian bloody revolution.
00:17:21They were killing, they were torturing.
00:17:25I'm working on a guy who is powerful enough to take over his country
00:17:30that CIA is helping him.
00:17:33What do I do with it?
00:17:34Who do I turn to?
00:17:35Dundee.
00:17:36Dundee.
00:17:37Dundee.
00:17:38Estan.
00:17:39Los.
00:17:40Campos.
00:17:41No lo se.
00:17:42Te lo juro, por Dios.
00:17:51Roberto Suarez overthrows the Bolivian government,
00:17:54with the help of CIA assets.
00:17:57I'm going after the drug dealers that they were protecting for Central Intelligence.
00:18:03They were playing Russian roulette with our lives.
00:18:06People in the Bolivian government were murdered, raped, exiled.
00:18:10I look up to heaven and say, is anybody keeping track of this?
00:18:14My soul.
00:18:15The third point of his law was burned.
00:18:16My soul was burned by the border.
00:18:17I got a great idea.
00:18:18My soul.
00:18:19Can I enter my water in the bridge?
00:18:20Well, he was begging the poor.
00:18:21My soul.
00:18:22My soul.
00:18:23And you know, I'm not going to close the door too.
00:18:24I'm going to close my mind.
00:18:25I'll close my eyes.
00:18:26I'll close my eyes.
00:18:27And I just keep my eyes.
00:18:28to actually take control of the country.
00:18:31Roberto Suarez essentially turned Bolivia
00:18:33into the first fully functional narco estate.
00:18:46Suarez plies children with cocaine cigarettes
00:18:48to stop the coca leaves.
00:18:53Kerosene is used to isolate the active ingredients of cocaine.
00:18:58Once in a hard pace,
00:19:01Suarez flies his cocaine by the ton across the border
00:19:04and into the hands of Pablo Escobar and his partners.
00:19:09They needed a huge supply of cocaine,
00:19:12so when the coup takes place in Bolivia,
00:19:14perfect timing for them.
00:19:15Now they've got access to huge amounts of cocaine
00:19:19that they could then smuggle into the United States.
00:19:21The Medellin cartels now out to take control
00:19:29of South Florida's drug trade
00:19:31from the Cubans and the Mafia.
00:19:33And one of their own is on the ground
00:19:35doing their dirty work.
00:19:38Griselda Blanco,
00:19:39raised in the slums of Medellin,
00:19:42she made a name for herself
00:19:43designing and manufacturing undergarments
00:19:45to smuggle cocaine.
00:19:46July 4th, 1976,
00:19:49when over 1,000 ships from around the world
00:19:51fill New York Harbor
00:19:52to celebrate America's bicentennial,
00:19:54Blanco reportedly slips six kilos
00:19:57onto a ship sent by the Colombian Navy.
00:20:02She earns the nickname the Black Widow
00:20:04for allegedly killing two of her husbands.
00:20:07Griselda Blanco,
00:20:09from all my experience with her and her group,
00:20:12was an animal.
00:20:14Blanco engineers a wave of violence across Miami.
00:20:34Two men are dead.
00:20:35The shop clerk wounded.
00:20:40Bullets are everywhere.
00:20:43Investigators make an alarming discovery
00:20:45when they inspect the van
00:20:47the shooters leave behind.
00:20:50The van's a killing machine.
00:20:53Armor-plated siding for protection.
00:20:56Specially designed window slats
00:20:57for sniper fire.
00:20:59Bulletproof vests
00:21:00in an arsenal of high-caliber automatic weapons.
00:21:05The Dadeland shooting
00:21:07really jarred the public consciousness
00:21:10in Miami and the rest of the United States.
00:21:15Any time you've got that massive amount of drugs
00:21:18flowing into one geographical area,
00:21:20you're gonna have war.
00:21:21While the cocaine cowboy war body count mounts in Miami,
00:21:29so does the money.
00:21:35The cocaine trade is now worth four times more
00:21:37than Florida's Orange Harvest.
00:21:39Miami's booming.
00:21:40It's just cash just flowing through that city
00:21:41like nothing you've ever seen.
00:21:46It's important to think about cocaine
00:21:47not as a drug,
00:21:48but what it really was,
00:21:49was a currency.
00:21:50It's easily transportable,
00:21:52easily smuggled,
00:21:53and you can trade it for dollars
00:21:55anywhere in the world.
00:21:56It's one of the most universally convertible currencies
00:21:59that exists in the world.
00:22:00Any valuable currency
00:22:01has an inherent power to it,
00:22:02and cocaine became that currency.
00:22:04But their new wealth and fame
00:22:05has made the drug lords into targets.
00:22:08Private islands,
00:22:09enormous mansions,
00:22:09unlimited amounts of resources
00:22:11and unlimited amounts of resources
00:22:12that are available to them.
00:22:13It's one of the most universally convertible
00:22:14currencies that exist in the world.
00:22:15It's one of the most universally convertible
00:22:16currencies that exist in the world.
00:22:17They have made the drug lords into targets.
00:22:21Private islands,
00:22:22enormous mansions,
00:22:25unlimited amounts of women in booze and coke.
00:22:28You can't do that and not attract notice.
00:22:35Deep in the jungle,
00:22:36leftist rebels, known as M-19,
00:22:39are desperate to finance their war
00:22:40against the Colombian government.
00:22:44They hatch a risky plot.
00:22:47They kidnap Marta Ochoa,
00:22:49the sister of three of the Medellin cartel's leaders.
00:22:53The rebels demand $12 million
00:22:55for her safe return.
00:23:07When Marta Ochoa gets kidnapped,
00:23:10the cartel guys get together
00:23:11and make things happen
00:23:13that even the government of Colombia couldn't do.
00:23:16The cartel leaders are spawned
00:23:17by putting together a team of assassins
00:23:20they call death to kidnappers.
00:23:23Cartel hitmen hunt down
00:23:24and execute M-19 rebels one by one.
00:23:28When they can't find one,
00:23:30they kill their families.
00:23:32The brutality is shocking,
00:23:35even by Colombian standards.
00:23:37When the Colombians had a grudge,
00:23:38they would break into the house,
00:23:40they would kill the guy they wanted,
00:23:42they would kill his family,
00:23:43they would kill the maid,
00:23:45they would kill the dog,
00:23:46they would even kill the fish.
00:23:49The rebels finally back down
00:23:51and the deals brokered.
00:23:52Marta Ochoa is set free, unharmed.
00:23:56The kidnapping of Marta Ochoa
00:23:57also brings the cartel leaders together.
00:24:00Faced with the common threat of kidnapping,
00:24:13the Medellin cartel leaders call a meeting
00:24:16with their main rivals,
00:24:17the cartel from the city of Cali.
00:24:19Luchar no es bueno para ninguno de nosotros.
00:24:24Cuando estamos juntos, somos más fuertes.
00:24:33Los Estados Unidos.
00:24:35When they sit down and they carve up the United States and they say,
00:24:38OK, you'll get that area, we'll take New York City and the East Coast.
00:24:44Cali will get New York.
00:24:46Medellín will get Florida and the Southern States.
00:24:48California's left up for grabs.
00:24:56Cartels generally don't make peace with each other.
00:24:59They're usually at war.
00:25:00But in some cases, they get together and decide
00:25:02that they've got more to gain by a ceasefire.
00:25:11With the cartels aligned, cocaine distribution reaches new highs.
00:25:18Blanco has pushed the violence too far.
00:25:23Police say she might be responsible for more than 200 murders.
00:25:29Griselda being the bloodthirsty person that she became also pioneered the methods of violence
00:25:37that really wreaked havoc in South Florida.
00:25:41Blanco was also known for repopularizing an old mob technique.
00:25:45The drive-by shooting.
00:25:58The steady flow of cocaine coming into the city has turned it into the murder capital of America.
00:26:04By 1981, Miami really is a paradise lost.
00:26:09The burgeoning hot zone for the drug wars.
00:26:13Over the last year, the murder rates reached an all-time high.
00:26:19By the end of July, the medical examiner's office is forced to rent a refrigeration truck from a local rider.
00:26:25The morgue's overflowing, and the public is in a state of panic.
00:26:34When President Reagan takes office, this is a crisis.
00:26:38These types of things don't happen in the United States.
00:26:40You don't have bloodshed in the middle of the streets.
00:26:44All the agencies of law enforcement will be brought together
00:26:47in a comprehensive attack on drug trafficking and organized crime.
00:26:55What kind of shape is this guy in?
00:27:09Once there in a groin area, another one down on a...
00:27:12As cocaine trafficking and murder rates soar in South Florida,
00:27:16the new president's forced to confront a growing crisis.
00:27:20Nixon, the 70s, that's the first stage.
00:27:23That kind of plateaus.
00:27:24In the 1980s, Reagan initiates a second war on drugs.
00:27:29One of the most critical duties that we faced upon taking office
00:27:32was controlling the influx of illegal drugs into this country.
00:27:37Ronald Reagan, a former actor who goes on to become the governor of California.
00:27:42As president, he promises to restore the crumbling economy,
00:27:47fight the communist threat, and relaunch Nixon's forgotten war on drugs.
00:27:51The sort of Miami Vice era of drugs running pretty freely between the Caribbean and Florida.
00:27:57And so President Reagan put George Bush in charge of it and told him to do his best.
00:28:02George H.W. Bush, the blue-blood son of a powerful U.S. senator.
00:28:07George Bush was a fighter pilot.
00:28:10He later gets into the oil business,
00:28:13and in the 70s under Gerald Ford is made head of central intelligence.
00:28:20Now, Vice President Bush is put in charge of a special task force
00:28:24to stop the flow of cocaine into South Florida.
00:28:27Those who have been asking for a fight are now going to get one.
00:28:31Now, the war will be fought with a brain trust of expertise,
00:28:35with federal, state, and local resources
00:28:37pitted against the criminals and drug traffickers and hired assassins.
00:28:42It's a young task force,
00:28:44a task force that has just begun the battle of the drug war in South Florida.
00:28:53Bush has elements of the Army, Air Force, Navy, DEA, FBI, Coast Guard,
00:28:59and local police under his command.
00:29:02Police!
00:29:03Get your hands up, man!
00:29:04Almost overnight, Miami starts to look like a military occupation.
00:29:09But the real battle will be fought in the shallow waters of the Caribbean.
00:29:14When Carlos later bought Norman's Key
00:29:17and was flying cocaine from Columbia into his island,
00:29:20a lot of that cocaine moved out into Florida via airplane.
00:29:25A lot of it also went by boats.
00:29:27The Coast Guard's being outrun by the smuggler's speedboats.
00:29:33So Bush turns to an old friend for help.
00:29:36George Bush had a fascination with boats,
00:29:38you know, that sort of blue blood, Connecticut lifestyle.
00:29:41And Don Aronau was the boat guy.
00:29:44Don Aronau, a legend in South Florida.
00:29:48He built some of the fastest speedboats in the world,
00:29:51popular with Miami's elite, Hollywood stars.
00:29:54We have Cary Grant running one of our cigarettes, you know?
00:29:58And increasingly, cocaine smugglers.
00:30:03Don Aronau was the premier raceboat builder.
00:30:07He built raceboats that George Bush enjoyed.
00:30:10They were fast.
00:30:11They could make round trips between Miami and the Bahamas in a matter of hours.
00:30:16And so all of the drug smugglers were gravitating to the fastest,
00:30:21most badass boats on the water.
00:30:23And these were built by Don Aronau.
00:30:25Bush asks Aronau to build him a fleet of chaseboats faster than the smugglers.
00:30:31Aronau calls the boats Blue Thunder
00:30:33and outfits them with two 650-horsepower engines,
00:30:37promising Bush they are the state-of-the-art in pursuit watercraft.
00:30:40When you want to look tough on drugs,
00:30:43having your picture snapped aboard Blue Thunder is one way to do it.
00:30:50Recommended course, 3-0 degrees, speed 20.
00:30:54All right, 8-4-0.
00:30:56The Blue Thunder fleet is dispatched from the command center,
00:31:00built exclusively for the war on drugs.
00:31:02A state-of-the-art radar monitoring system tracks suspected smugglers.
00:31:21Looks like he might be dumping some more stuff here yet.
00:31:25He's changing course.
00:31:26This guy's going to meet you pretty soon, I think.
00:31:28The Coast Guard soon realizes they have a problem.
00:31:34Don Aronau had two sets of customers then.
00:31:36He was selling to both the federal government
00:31:39that was trying to interdict drugs,
00:31:41and he was selling to the dopers who were bringing the drugs in.
00:31:46While the Blue Thunder boats fly over the calm waters of Miami Harbor,
00:31:50their wide-hole design slows them down in the open ocean.
00:31:54The cigarette boats Aronau sells to Narcos beat them every time.
00:31:58Was the flaw in Blue Thunder something that was intentional
00:32:02to help sort of the other customer base,
00:32:06or was it something that was unintentional
00:32:07and just pure happenstance
00:32:09that ended up putting a crimp in law enforcement efforts?
00:32:12It was just so Miami,
00:32:13because here was this rich, colorful figure
00:32:16seemingly playing both sides in law enforcement
00:32:19and with the dopers bringing in cocaine.
00:32:22Don Aronau was gunned down near his boatyard in North Miami.
00:32:26Witnesses said a man in a Lincoln pulled alongside Aronau's Mercedes
00:32:29and shot him five times.
00:32:31Don Aronau ended up getting murdered,
00:32:33and many of those questions that we may have about Blue Thunder
00:32:36and sort of what was going on ended up, you know, dying with him.
00:32:40I am the first to admit
00:32:41that we have not shut down the drug smuggling into South Florida,
00:32:46but nobody denies
00:32:48that we've made it much more difficult
00:32:51for these smugglers to do business.
00:32:53But with the heat on in South Florida,
00:32:56the Colombians look to find other routes
00:32:58to bring cocaine into the United States.
00:33:07The small planes just crossed the Arkansas state border,
00:33:11and a new era in the drug war is about to begin.
00:33:15The flight's manifest says the pilot
00:33:21took a pleasure trip to Florida for the weekend.
00:33:23See the legs down there?
00:33:25He did have fun,
00:33:26but he wasn't in Florida.
00:33:30We set your world
00:33:32Count to ten
00:33:34Place the zen
00:33:36We're ready for it
00:33:38We teach you
00:33:39We're on the stars again
00:33:42My own friend
00:33:44Barry Seal
00:33:47A legend in the world of drug smuggling
00:33:50Seal becomes the youngest pilot ever for TWA
00:33:54Until he's arrested for attempting to smuggle explosives
00:33:57to anti-Castro Cubans
00:33:59But he's never charged
00:34:01Barry Seal had a long history
00:34:03of both working for the CIA,
00:34:05working as a commercial airline pilot
00:34:07and also for smuggling drugs
00:34:09He would fly weapons for the CIA
00:34:11He would fly drugs for cartels
00:34:14It didn't matter what
00:34:15The exciting thing in life to me
00:34:17is to get into a life-threatening situation
00:34:20Now that's exciting
00:34:21In Colombia,
00:34:27Seal makes a deal with Pablo Escobar
00:34:28and the Medellin cartel
00:34:30It's hard to come up with a more colorful character
00:34:42than Barry Seal
00:34:42when it comes to smuggling
00:34:43With the cartel looking to bypass South Florida
00:34:48Barry Seal provides an answer
00:34:50using a small airport
00:34:52in the tiny city of Mena, Arkansas
00:34:54where Bill Clinton's governor
00:34:56Seal pilots his own plane to Columbia
00:34:59500 times to ferry drugs to the United States
00:35:02Earning an average of a million and a half dollars a trip
00:35:05With demand for cocaine growing across the country
00:35:14The U.S. government decides to take the fight
00:35:20directly to the source
00:35:21Flying fast and low over the jungle
00:35:24Colombian National Police
00:35:26narrow in on a remote drug lab
00:35:28called Tranquilandia
00:35:30It's the size of a small town
00:35:32It's owned by Pablo Escobar
00:35:35and the Medellin cartel
00:35:37On one of its first major international raids
00:35:40is the DEA
00:35:42The DEA is part of the Department of Justice
00:35:49Sort of like international FBI agents
00:35:53trying to catch people that are breaking the law
00:35:55by smuggling or facilitating the illegal drug trade
00:35:59DEA is the only agency in the world
00:36:01that can enter into hostile zones
00:36:04and develop an investigation and a prosecution
00:36:06The DEA and the Colombian National Police
00:36:30have carried out a raid on Pablo Escobar's jungle cocaine labs
00:36:34with deadly effect
00:36:36When the shooting's over
00:36:3911 are dead
00:36:4040 are arrested
00:36:41including an American pilot
00:36:43and they begin destroying the labs
00:36:45The takedown of the Tranquilandia drug labs
00:36:51by far the biggest anyone had seen
00:36:53It was a significant blow to actual production of cocaine
00:36:57on a worldwide level
00:36:58That just pissed Pablo off
00:37:02The DEA's growing role in Colombia's war on drugs
00:37:07is largely thanks to the country's Minister of Justice
00:37:10Rodrigo Lara Bonilla
00:37:12A fearless crusader against the cartels
00:37:16He's teamed up with American law enforcement
00:37:18to arrest and extradite cartel leaders to the U.S.
00:37:22Pablo Bonillo grasped the magnitude
00:37:24of what Colombia was facing
00:37:26in ways that most of the political elite
00:37:28didn't or simply didn't care to
00:37:30He was a brave guy who took on the cartels
00:37:33took on Pablo Escobar
00:37:34and everybody knew that the cartels were going to get him
00:37:38Less than two months after the Tranquilandia raid
00:37:53Lara Bonilla's car is ambushed
00:37:55He shot seven times and dies instantly
00:38:00The young shooter arrested at the scene
00:38:04tells police Pablo Escobar
00:38:07promised him a payment of 2 million Colombian pesos
00:38:10the equivalent of just $650
00:38:12Killing the attorney general of the country
00:38:18that was unprecedented
00:38:20It showed if you're going to mess with Pablo
00:38:22Pablo will kill you
00:38:23It doesn't matter really who you are
00:38:25It doesn't matter if you're in downtown Bogota
00:38:27It doesn't matter if you have bodyguards
00:38:28It doesn't matter if you have an armed car
00:38:30We're going to get you
00:38:30And that was a powerful message to the elites
00:38:33in ways that terrify them
00:38:35There's no limits to which these guys won't go
00:38:40And they have the money
00:38:41They have the power
00:38:42They have the weapons
00:38:43So you either play along with them
00:38:45or you're going to die
00:38:46I actually met with Pablo Escobar Jr. years later
00:38:50who went back to Colombia
00:38:51and met with Lara Bonilla's son
00:38:53to apologize for that murder
00:38:55which is a pretty amazing story
00:38:57As the country mourns Lara Bonilla's death
00:39:01the Colombian government doesn't back down
00:39:04forming an alliance with the Americans
00:39:06to begin extraditing drug lords
00:39:08for trial in the United States
00:39:09The United States decided that
00:39:12it wanted to begin extraditing people
00:39:14out of these countries
00:39:15because it was clear that
00:39:16the judicial systems of those countries
00:39:17couldn't handle the pressure
00:39:19but it became really hated by the narcos
00:39:22Escobar and the other cartel leaders
00:39:28band together
00:39:29launching a public campaign against extradition
00:39:32There was so much power within this group of guys
00:39:35Pablo Escobar had tremendous political ambitions
00:39:38He put together a group of drug dealers
00:39:42that were going to pay off the national debt of Colombia
00:39:44if they would agree to block any extradition
00:39:48of Colombian drug lords to the United States
00:39:51Escobar's head of logistics, Carlos Lader
00:39:53even starts his own political party
00:39:55and eventually runs for office
00:39:57Carlos Lader began to hate the United States
00:40:00and became psychotic
00:40:02He ultimately saw cocaine as a way of destroying the society in the United States
00:40:14Colombia could have been taken over by Escobar and his people
00:40:1830 gunmen have launched an attack on the Colombian Supreme Court
00:40:34and have taken 300 hostages
00:40:38The attackers are left-wing M19 guerrillas
00:40:42The same group who kidnapped the sister of Pablo Escobar's partners
00:40:50Now they're fighting for the cartel
00:40:53Escobar's allegedly paid them $2 million
00:40:56to wage war on the Colombian government
00:40:58When the battle's over
00:41:20more than a hundred are dead
00:41:22including eleven judges
00:41:24and the court buildings in flames
00:41:27along with all the evidence
00:41:29the government had compiled to extradite the cartel leaders
00:41:32All of those documents were destroyed
00:41:34that probably made
00:41:36Pablo Escobar and the Medellin cartel extremely happy
00:41:39But before the government can retaliate
00:41:43the cartel leaders
00:41:45flee the country
00:41:46Carlos Lader finds sanctuary
00:41:49in Nicaragua
00:41:50where the M19 rebels have connected him
00:41:53to their allies
00:41:54the communist Sandinistas
00:41:56Escobar goes to Panama
00:41:59where he's long been laundering his money
00:42:02with the corrupt president Manuel Noriega
00:42:04Central America increasingly becomes the cartel's transit hub
00:42:10and Barry Seal's now one of the cartel's most trusted pilots
00:42:15It was very easy for Barry Seal to fly drugs into North America
00:42:20throughout Central America for narco-traffickers
00:42:25That was one aspect of his life only
00:42:29What Pablo Escobar doesn't know
00:42:31is Seal has another even more powerful employer
00:42:35the United States government
00:42:40The United States government
00:42:45At home, President Reagan's waging a reinvigorated war on drugs.
00:43:04Abroad, the administration's main focus is the communist threat.
00:43:09And Central America is the new battleground for Cold War covert operations.
00:43:15Central America in the early 80s is basically a hot mess.
00:43:18We've got atrocities, we've got insurgencies, counterinsurgencies,
00:43:24all kinds of nefarious groups with different motives, and we get elbow deep in all of that.
00:43:33Nicaragua is run by the Sandinistas, Marxist rebels who overthrew an American-backed dictator in 1979.
00:43:39Reagan almost immediately starts painting for the American public a very vivid and very ominous picture.
00:43:48This idea that if the Soviets gain influence in Central America and Nicaragua,
00:43:54a week from today they could be on the beaches in Texas.
00:43:57The White House is eager to paint Nicaragua's communist leaders as drug traffickers,
00:44:04and they enlist an unlikely accomplice, Barry Seale.
00:44:08The cartel smuggler has been busted and is now a government informant.
00:44:11One of the strangest missions that Barry Seale ever flew
00:44:18occurred when the Reagan administration sent Barry Seale into Nicaragua
00:44:23in an airplane that had cameras where he could film Nicaraguans handling cocaine
00:44:30that was being shipped to the U.S.
00:44:33Let's get those in the back, okay?
00:44:35The purpose of Barry Seale's mission was to frame the Nicaraguan government as narco-traffickers.
00:44:42Barry Seale became a very important part of this because he claimed to have knowledge
00:44:46that Pablo Escobar and the Medellin cartel was actually supplying the Sandinistas with cocaine.
00:44:53The CIA outfits a military transport plane with hidden cameras,
00:44:57and Seale takes off to record a deal with Sandinista officials and Pablo Escobar himself.
00:45:03Ten seconds. Stand by, please, sir.
00:45:12Hi, fellow Americans.
00:45:14I must speak to you tonight about a mounting danger in Central America
00:45:17that threatens the security of the United States.
00:45:20The communist government of Nicaragua has launched a campaign
00:45:23to subvert and topple its democratic neighbors.
00:45:27The Sandinistas have even involved themselves in the international drug trade.
00:45:30This picture, secretly taken at a military airfield outside Managua,
00:45:35shows Federico Vaughn, a top aide to one of the nine commandantes who rule Nicaragua,
00:45:40loading an aircraft with illegal narcotics bound for the United States.
00:45:45No, there seems to be no crime to which the Sandinistas will not stoop.
00:45:51This is an outlaw regime.
00:45:53They return to some of the original tactics of the CIA.
00:45:57We can back insurgency groups that are against our enemies.
00:46:03We can give them money, we can give them training, we can get them to conduct the dirty war.
00:46:09The CIA starts training and funding a secret army to take back the country from communism.
00:46:17They're called the Contras.
00:46:20The Contras were people who had been disenfranchised.
00:46:25A lot of these people were elites, people with money, people with connections,
00:46:29sometimes people with a high level of corruption.
00:46:32Things start to go awry.
00:46:36And it starts to emerge that they're committing a number of atrocities, mining harbors, torturing people.
00:46:46When the brutality of the Contras is made public, Congress passes the Boland Amendment.
00:46:51The Boland Amendment says the U.S. can only give humanitarian, non-lethal support to the Contras.
00:47:00So what develops out of this is an effort to covertly raise money to buy military supplies.
00:47:09Yet again, the agency finds itself in that moral quagmire.
00:47:14We need to find other ways to fund these operations.
00:47:21The American military's hub for its battle against communism across Central America.
00:47:37Arriving on this plane is an undercover DEA agent.
00:47:45Solerino Castillo.
00:47:46A second-generation combat veteran from South Texas.
00:47:49He earns a bronze star in Vietnam.
00:47:54Then joins the DEA in New York and goes undercover as a trafficker.
00:47:59But when his fellow cops Pocket sees drug money, Castillo refuses.
00:48:04Supervisor came up and says, look, everybody gets a handful.
00:48:08And I says, I can't do that, man.
00:48:10Because if I do that, then I am just like that.
00:48:13Working undercover, Castillo infiltrates the base where he's heard rumors of large-scale cocaine trafficking.
00:48:22The Ilopango Airport in El Salvador was like the O'Hare Airport.
00:48:30The traffic was enormous, crisscrossing.
00:48:33People would land with permission, without permission.
00:48:36Some of them crash-landed.
00:48:38The safe houses were all over the place.
00:48:40The girls were everywhere.
00:48:43The partying was huge.
00:48:47I had an informant, which I paid a lot of money, who actually believed in what I was doing.
00:48:54He was a tower controller at Ilopango.
00:48:58And he was able to give me the tail numbers of the planes that were coming in with the drugs.
00:49:04Castillo starts photographing the planes the tower controllers identified.
00:49:10We started to identify the pilots.
00:49:14He identifies one of the pilots as Barry Seal, the cartel smuggler.
00:49:19Barry Seal would fly his fleet of planes without being questioned at all.
00:49:24He was very well known.
00:49:26He was just one of many American pilots that were running out of Ilopango.
00:49:32When Castillo begins to identify other known cocaine smugglers, he alerts his superiors.
00:49:38When I got all the intelligence, I went to see the U.S. ambassador.
00:49:44Ambassador, this is what we have.
00:49:46You have a guy here in Salvador who's running a large amount of drugs into the U.S.
00:49:52Gave him the guy's name.
00:49:54He says he works for Felix Rodriguez.
00:49:56Felix Rodriguez.
00:49:59His family was forced to flee Cuba after the revolution.
00:50:03Rodriguez has devoted his life to killing communists.
00:50:06He fights in the Bay of Pigs.
00:50:08And helps in the hunt to kill Che Guevara.
00:50:11He's on the front lines in Southeast Asia.
00:50:14And now Central America.
00:50:16Many of the characters who had shown up in Southeast Asia, like Felix Rodriguez, now appear in Central America.
00:50:26But Castillo begins to suspect Rodriguez is part of a larger, covert operation.
00:50:34He went around bragging that he was connected to the vice president, George H.W. Bush, and that he only answered to him.
00:50:51Castillo develops a source close to Rodriguez.
00:50:54The best places to get my intelligence were the whorehouses where Sandra worked.
00:51:04Sandra was Felix's regular girlfriend.
00:51:07Sandra allegedly tells Castillo when Rodriguez leaves town and when he returns.
00:51:16He compares Rodriguez's travel with the flights of suspected cocaine smugglers.
00:51:21The pilots were running drugs all the way from Colombia into Central America.
00:51:28Xilopango turned out to be the trampoline.
00:51:30The drugs coming in, they bounce right there and go to every part of the United States.
00:51:36Castillo believes he's discovered something shocking.
00:51:39Some CIA contract pilots illegally arming the Contras in violation of the Boland Amendment
00:51:45are also smuggling cocaine to help the cause.
00:51:49Castillo believes much of the operations under the command of Felix Rodriguez.
00:51:55It turned out to be arms coming south and cocaine going north and the C-130s.
00:52:02In a shadowy war, you're moving supplies and personnel into these theaters of war.
00:52:09So you're establishing smuggling reach.
00:52:11And you have a group of armed men who are ready to do illegal and dangerous things.
00:52:18So layering drugs on top of that is very easy.
00:52:23I started getting intelligence from U.S. Customs.
00:52:26They were getting the same information.
00:52:27We were sharing information.
00:52:28The FBI was doing the same thing.
00:52:31And when I questioned the CIA, they would say,
00:52:34it's a covert operation being run by the White House.
00:52:36According to Castillo, his superiors refused to follow up on his allegations of Bel Ilopongo.
00:52:44And to this day, Rodriguez denies any involvement with drug trafficking at the base.
00:52:48My supervisor says, don't get involved, man, because we got orders to stay away for a minute.
00:52:54I says, this is not what I signed up for.
00:52:57I became a federal agent because I was going to fight.
00:53:00I don't care who's involved.
00:53:03I was in Guatemala at the ambassador's cocktail party.
00:53:07And I didn't want to go because I'm not the type of guy to mingle with people like that.
00:53:14According to Castillo, his superiors refused to follow up on his allegations of Bel Ilopongo.
00:53:20But when the guest of honor arrives, Castillo sees the opportunity to reveal what he's uncovered
00:53:24to the highest level of the American government.
00:53:27I was standing there and he comes up to me and he says, so what do you do here?
00:53:34And I explained to him that I was a DE agent assigned to Central America.
00:53:39And he says, well, that's good for you.
00:53:41And I says, by the way, we have received intelligence that the Contras are heavily involved in the drug trade.
00:53:50And he smiled at me and just walked away from me.
00:53:54It was right there and then that I knew that it went all the way to the White House.
00:54:01By the mid-1980s, cocaine spread from Miami and is now flooding America's inner cities.
00:54:26In South Central Los Angeles, and up-and-coming cocaine dealers about to make a deal that will change his life
00:54:36in the war on drugs forever.
00:54:41Like you're the king.
00:54:43What up?
00:54:45Rick Ross, also known as Freeway Rick.
00:54:49Raised in the projects, he was a teenage tennis prodigy.
00:54:52My dream was to go to a four-year university.
00:54:56It's crazy how somebody can fool themselves into believing that they're going to a four-year university
00:55:01when they can't read or write.
00:55:02So I found myself on the streets.
00:55:05And it's there where a friend first introduces Ross to a drug few in his neighborhood had ever seen.
00:55:11I couldn't believe a small amount of cocaine.
00:55:14It was probably about the size of a match head.
00:55:17And he was telling me that it was worth 50 bucks, and it was really hard for me to fantasize
00:55:22that something so small could be so valuable.
00:55:25It was like, this is what I was made for.
00:55:31Ross finds he's a natural at selling cocaine, and soon business is booming.
00:55:36His only problem, getting his hands on enough supply.
00:55:44How much can you live?
00:55:46Not as you can move to me.
00:55:50Everybody liked Freeway Rick.
00:55:52He was someone that didn't have to rely on violence in order to sell his product.
00:55:56It was just relationships that he had.
00:55:59Ross is meeting with a man he only knows by the name Danilo.
00:56:02I would always see Danilo lurking around, you know, kind of like in the shadows.
00:56:07Every now and then he would give me a nod.
00:56:10He offers to sell Ross large quantities of high-quality cocaine at a heavy discount.
00:56:15I got like a $2,000 discount per kilo, which for me was like unheard of.
00:56:22You know, my profit margin just skyrocketed.
00:56:23Ross soon realizes he can make even more profit if he uses a new way of processing cocaine
00:56:35that's increasingly popular on the streets.
00:56:38I ran into a guy who was a pimp.
00:56:40What he was doing is he was making it into what we call rock form.
00:56:46Rock, or what will soon be known as crack,
00:56:48there's a mixture of baking soda and powder cocaine
00:56:51that delivers an instantaneous and euphoric high.
00:57:00But the high wears off quickly, and soon the user needs another hit.
00:57:05Powder cocaine.
00:57:07It's the cocaine base along with the hydrochloride group attached to it.
00:57:11Remove that hydrochloride group that's attached,
00:57:14then that's just the cocaine base.
00:57:16That's the freeing of the base.
00:57:17You can smoke that.
00:57:20Crack changes the economics of cocaine.
00:57:22Crack rocks are sold for as little as $10 a hit.
00:57:26Cheap to produce and cheap to distribute, cheap to purchase.
00:57:30It also created, in some ways, more of an addiction
00:57:32because it wasn't really strong enough to get you high for very long,
00:57:36so you needed more of it.
00:57:42Thanks to his sources' cut-rate cocaine
00:57:44and rising demand on the streets,
00:57:46Ross expands his operation,
00:57:49building industrial-sized labs to cook crack.
00:57:52We're cooking in pots big enough to cook men.
00:57:58It became kind of like an assembly line of production.
00:58:02The demand just kept coming, kept coming, kept coming.
00:58:11His cooks are capable of making 50-kilogram rocks at a time.
00:58:17It takes a pickaxe to break them up.
00:58:19We went from $300 a day, next thing you know, we're making a million dollars a day,
00:58:24sometimes $3 million, and the rest is history.
00:58:27He became the most successful coke dealer in South Central Los Angeles.
00:58:31Everybody wanted to be Rick Ross.
00:58:33Everybody wanted to be this big baller,
00:58:35you know, something that, you know, you dream of becoming.
00:58:38But what no one at the time in L.A. knows, including Ross himself,
00:58:45is that his main supplier has a dark secret.
00:58:49His full name, Oscar Danilo Blandon.
00:58:54He's a former Nicaraguan government official,
00:58:57who's now part of the CIA-backed Contra war effort
00:59:00to overthrow the communist Sandinista government.
00:59:04Danilo Blandon ended up in California
00:59:06as part of the political wing of the Contras.
00:59:09It was very difficult for the organizers of the political wing of the Contras
00:59:13to get any type of support for their cause.
00:59:16And so some of these guys resorted to very controversial means.
00:59:20Danilo had connections all over the country.
00:59:23It was kind of like this whole little Nicaraguan connect, you know.
00:59:27Blandon told me that money that he made
00:59:29went toward fighting this war.
00:59:31They wanted this war to be won.
00:59:33And that was as far as I went with it.
00:59:34The less you know about somebody, the better.
00:59:37And Blandon starts offering Ross more than just coke.
00:59:41He started bringing Uzis and Mag-10s and Thompsons, AKs,
00:59:47and just an arsenal of weapons that we had never saw before.
00:59:53Blandon even provides Ross sophisticated police radio scanners.
01:00:07So Rick and his henchmen,
01:00:09any time the police started closing in on his network,
01:00:12he was able to find out about it.
01:00:13And every time they did a raid, there was nothing there.
01:00:17By 1986, crack has spread across the country.
01:00:21In freeway, Rick Ross is running a drug empire in 20 states
01:00:24with an alleged income of $900 million.
01:00:28Well, the thing that made Freeway Ricky Ross such a successful crack kingpin
01:00:33is the fact that he had a very reliable supply of cheap cocaine.
01:00:37He was selling everything that he was getting as quickly as he got it.
01:00:41And thanks to Blandon's never-ending supply of discount cocaine,
01:00:46Ross helps change the demographics of the drug
01:00:48from a rich man's party favor to a cheap street high.
01:00:56For many of us who fell through the cracks of society,
01:00:59crack was a way out, but it had a devastating effect.
01:01:02It was more like a bomb that was dropped on the black community.
01:01:06Can't tell you how you're back!
01:01:08That drug destroyed families, communities,
01:01:12and eventually destroyed part of the black race.
01:01:15The people that were most involved in cocaine trafficking
01:01:19in the early 1980s to mid-1980s
01:01:22were the very same people that the CIA was employing
01:01:26to help channel weapons to the Contras
01:01:29and support those operations.
01:01:32We had three or four cases
01:01:34where we arrested CIA contract workers with cocaine.
01:01:38And I get a phone call.
01:01:40The charges have been dismissed.
01:01:42You know, we are risking our lives
01:01:46making cases against significant drug traffickers.
01:01:51Then on the other hand,
01:01:52you got another government agency
01:01:54allowing the drugs to come in.
01:01:57And we're not talking about 100 pounds.
01:02:00We're talking about tons.
01:02:03I don't care if you call it national security or whatever,
01:02:05that introduction of white powder
01:02:12was killing black people.
01:02:21Sing it with me, kids.
01:02:22Just sing it.
01:02:24Just sing it.
01:02:27As a crack cocaine epidemic spreads,
01:02:30the White House creates one of the most memorable
01:02:32public relations campaigns in history.
01:02:35What should you do when someone offers you drugs?
01:02:38Say no!
01:02:41Nancy Reagan's Just Say No symbolized the kind of
01:02:44a zero-tolerance, puritanical approach
01:02:47that America has always taken.
01:02:48America is not good doing nuance.
01:02:51We don't do grays.
01:02:53Hollywood also gets involved
01:02:55with celebrities joining the anti-crack chorus.
01:02:59This is crack.
01:03:01Rock cocaine.
01:03:03It isn't glamorous
01:03:04or cool
01:03:05or kid stuff.
01:03:07It's the most addictive kind of cocaine
01:03:09and it can kill you.
01:03:11What will you do
01:03:12when someone offers you drugs?
01:03:14Let's say no!
01:03:16I can't hear you.
01:03:18Louder.
01:03:18Let's say no!
01:03:22That's fucking cool!
01:03:23Let's say no!
01:03:25What's really ironic
01:03:26is the fact that Nancy Reagan
01:03:28was waging this huge
01:03:30Just Say No to Drugs campaign
01:03:31and making drug use
01:03:33a national moral issue
01:03:35at the same time
01:03:37that her husband's administration
01:03:38was elbow deep
01:03:40in the drug trade.
01:03:42Down with the police!
01:03:43Down with the police!
01:03:45Down with the police!
01:03:46Fast forward until the summer of 1986.
01:03:51Lynn Bias, the basketball player,
01:03:53the second overall draft pick
01:03:55of the 1986 draft,
01:03:58dies.
01:03:59Initial reports were that
01:04:00Lynn Bias had taken crack cocaine.
01:04:03And so the reports were
01:04:04this drug is so unpredictable
01:04:06and so addictive
01:04:07that it killed this athlete
01:04:09at the height of his powers.
01:04:12Then a week later,
01:04:13Don Rogers,
01:04:14a Cleveland Brown,
01:04:15dies.
01:04:16In both cases,
01:04:18it was powder cocaine.
01:04:19But it didn't matter.
01:04:21In the American people's conscience,
01:04:22it was crack.
01:04:23And crack was so unpredictable
01:04:25and so addictive
01:04:26that it tucked down
01:04:27these two great athletes
01:04:29at the peak of their powers.
01:04:31Jesse Jackson gives the eulogy
01:04:33at the Lynn Bias' funeral.
01:04:35He says that crack
01:04:37has killed more black people
01:04:39than the Ku Klux Klan robes.
01:04:43Congressman in Harlem,
01:04:45Charlie Rangel,
01:04:46was on President Reagan
01:04:48about not doing enough for drugs.
01:04:51All of these forces
01:04:52are coming together.
01:04:54And so Congress
01:04:55did the only thing
01:04:56they could do
01:04:56and the president
01:04:57signed the legislation.
01:04:59And that's the 1986
01:05:00Anti-Drug Abuse Act.
01:05:02Well,
01:05:06today it gives me
01:05:07great pleasure
01:05:08to sign legislation
01:05:09that reflects
01:05:10the total commitment
01:05:11of the American people
01:05:12and their government
01:05:13to fight the evil of drugs.
01:05:16Under these new
01:05:17sentencing guidelines,
01:05:18five grams of crack cocaine,
01:05:21often sold by
01:05:22and to African Americans,
01:05:24carries a mandatory
01:05:25five-year sentence.
01:05:27For powder cocaine,
01:05:29often sold by
01:05:29and to white Americans,
01:05:31it would take
01:05:32a hundred times
01:05:32that amount
01:05:33for the same sentence.
01:05:39All of a sudden,
01:05:40they just started
01:05:41locking up basically
01:05:42these kids.
01:05:45These guys were coming in
01:05:46for small amounts
01:05:47of crack
01:05:48and getting more time
01:05:49than a guy who was busted
01:05:50with a kilo
01:05:50of pure cocaine.
01:05:55Removing them
01:05:56from the community,
01:05:57what does that do?
01:05:58Now you don't have
01:05:59the people
01:06:00who are breadwinners
01:06:01to support families.
01:06:04The protectors
01:06:05of the community,
01:06:06they're gone.
01:06:09What does the Reagan
01:06:10war on drugs do?
01:06:12Well, consider this.
01:06:14In 1980,
01:06:14African Americans
01:06:15are 12%
01:06:16of the American population
01:06:17and they constitute
01:06:18and they constitute
01:06:1823% of people
01:06:20arrested for drugs.
01:06:22Ten years later,
01:06:23they're still 12%
01:06:24of the overall population,
01:06:25but now they constitute
01:06:2640% of everyone
01:06:27arrested for drugs
01:06:28and 60%
01:06:30of everyone convicted.
01:06:31authorities believe
01:06:41authorities believe
01:06:41last night's
01:06:42machine gun killing
01:06:43of top drug informant
01:06:44Barry Seal
01:06:45was ordered by drug bosses
01:06:46in Medellin, Colombia
01:06:48who sent five men
01:06:49to Baton Rouge
01:06:50to kill Seal.
01:06:52Barry Seal met
01:06:53an ignoble end.
01:06:55He was gunned down
01:06:56in the streets.
01:06:57questions linger
01:07:00over exactly
01:07:01who killed him.
01:07:04Seal was a tough guy pilot
01:07:06who became
01:07:07one of the most important
01:07:08and daring
01:07:09undercover operatives
01:07:10infiltrating the top
01:07:11Colombian drug operations.
01:07:13Barry Seal
01:07:14was supposed to be
01:07:15a highly protected witness
01:07:17at the time
01:07:18of his death
01:07:18and yet
01:07:19the gunmen
01:07:20were very easily
01:07:21able to find him
01:07:22and shoot him down
01:07:23in public.
01:07:25It was Seal
01:07:26who posed
01:07:27as a smuggler
01:07:27and flew into Nicaragua
01:07:28and took these pictures
01:07:30showing Colombian drug dealers
01:07:32and Sandinista officials
01:07:33loading cocaine
01:07:34on his plane.
01:07:35Seal was scheduled
01:07:36to be the key witness
01:07:37against this man
01:07:38Jorge Ochoa
01:07:39the top Colombian drug boss
01:07:41responsible
01:07:42for the assassination
01:07:43of Colombia's
01:07:44attorney general
01:07:44and now
01:07:45the murder
01:07:46in Louisiana.
01:07:47There were
01:07:48a number of people
01:07:49that Seal had begun
01:07:50to infuriate.
01:07:53Barry Seal began
01:07:54telling people
01:07:55that he was flying weapons
01:07:57for the Central Intelligence Agency
01:07:59into Central America
01:08:01in support of the Contras.
01:08:04He also talked about
01:08:06Pablo Escobar
01:08:07and a lot of people believe
01:08:09that Barry Seal's death
01:08:11was basically a collusion
01:08:13between the U.S. government
01:08:15and the cartels.
01:08:17What's interesting is that
01:08:19a year after Barry Seal's death
01:08:21the Contra operation
01:08:23unraveled.
01:08:30Deep in the jungles
01:08:31of Nicaragua
01:08:32Marx's Sandinista soldiers
01:08:34just shot down
01:08:36a military cargo plane.
01:08:40Lo and behold
01:08:41out of the jungle
01:08:42comes this guy.
01:08:44his plane has been shot down
01:08:50the two other crew members
01:08:51are killed
01:08:51and a 17-year-old
01:08:53Sandinista soldier
01:08:54has him bound by the hands
01:08:56and is leading him out
01:08:57of the force
01:08:58with a rifle
01:08:59over his shoulder.
01:09:01And from that
01:09:02totally spectacular
01:09:04and unexpected moment
01:09:06a whole series
01:09:07of revelations unfolds.
01:09:09The lone survivor
01:09:11of the crash
01:09:12Eugene Hassenfuss
01:09:14is no stranger
01:09:15to covert operations.
01:09:18He's a veteran
01:09:19of Air America
01:09:20the CIA airline
01:09:21that allegedly
01:09:22helped fuel
01:09:23the heroin trade
01:09:24during the Vietnam War.
01:09:27If you told
01:09:29the average person
01:09:29that there were
01:09:30Americans
01:09:31who had fought
01:09:33in a secret war
01:09:34in Laos
01:09:34doing the same thing
01:09:35in Central America
01:09:36most people would have
01:09:37thought you were crazy.
01:09:39The very same allegations
01:09:42ended up surfacing
01:09:43that not only
01:09:44were weapons
01:09:44being brought down
01:09:45to Central America
01:09:46to secret bases
01:09:47that the CIA
01:09:48had involvement
01:09:49with protecting
01:09:50and controlling
01:09:50but also
01:09:51these flights
01:09:52were returning
01:09:52to military bases
01:09:53and drugs
01:09:54were being brought
01:09:54into the country.
01:09:56It probably would have
01:09:56been better
01:09:57if I would have been
01:09:59if I would have made
01:10:01another that plane.
01:10:02Why?
01:10:03Dead people don't talk.
01:10:06In the wreckage
01:10:08the Sandinistas
01:10:08find evidence
01:10:09linking the plane
01:10:10to the illegal operation
01:10:12to arm the CIA-backed
01:10:13right-wing Contra army.
01:10:15Congress had very plainly stated
01:10:18to the Reagan administration
01:10:20you can't send weapons
01:10:21to the Contras.
01:10:26But this plane's loaded
01:10:27with weapons
01:10:28and it began to expose
01:10:29the Contra operation.
01:10:32The plane actually had
01:10:34a more interesting history
01:10:35than that.
01:10:36The very same plane
01:10:37that had been shot down
01:10:38over Nicaragua
01:10:39carrying weapons
01:10:40for the CIA
01:10:41was the plane
01:10:42that belonged
01:10:43to Barry Seale.
01:10:46This was an unprecedented
01:10:48event in American history
01:10:49where you basically
01:10:50have a secret
01:10:52CIA operation
01:10:54laid bare
01:10:55for everyone
01:10:56to look at
01:10:57and to dissect
01:10:57and to criticize.
01:10:58Today Colonel Oliver North
01:11:03the key witness
01:11:04in the Iran arms scandal
01:11:05is due to give evidence
01:11:07in public
01:11:07for the first time.
01:11:10Congressional hearings
01:11:11are called
01:11:11and the illegal operation
01:11:13to arm the Contras
01:11:14is revealed
01:11:15to be part
01:11:15of a larger conspiracy.
01:11:18The Iran-Contra scandal
01:11:19is one of the most
01:11:19complicated scandals
01:11:20in the history
01:11:21of American politics.
01:11:22It's not just one scandal
01:11:23it's several scandals
01:11:25wrapped into one.
01:11:25On the one hand
01:11:27a secret war in Nicaragua
01:11:28but on the other hand
01:11:29America's arch enemy
01:11:30Iran actually receiving
01:11:32missiles from the U.S. government
01:11:33the profits of which
01:11:34were used
01:11:35to purchase supplies
01:11:36for the war in Nicaragua.
01:11:38The elaborate operation
01:11:40is run by
01:11:41Lieutenant Colonel
01:11:42Oliver North
01:11:43a highly decorated
01:11:45platoon commander
01:11:46in Vietnam
01:11:47now a National Security
01:11:49Council staffer
01:11:50for the Reagan White House.
01:11:51Lieutenant Colonel
01:11:54Oliver North
01:11:54was a nobody
01:11:55effectively
01:11:56at the beginning
01:11:57of the Contra war.
01:11:58It's a great pleasure
01:11:58that I present to you
01:12:00Oliver North.
01:12:01He got very lucky
01:12:02because he was known
01:12:04by a select group
01:12:05of superiors
01:12:06in the National Security Council
01:12:07as a guy
01:12:08that would pretty much
01:12:08do anything
01:12:09and not ask
01:12:09any questions whatsoever.
01:12:11And so
01:12:11there's literally
01:12:12a very narrow
01:12:13chain of command
01:12:14from the highest levels
01:12:15of power
01:12:16out of the
01:12:16Vice President's office
01:12:18down to
01:12:19one guy
01:12:19Lieutenant Colonel
01:12:20Oliver North
01:12:21that was given
01:12:21free license
01:12:22to run a secret war
01:12:23in Nicaragua.
01:12:25The National Security Council
01:12:26during the Reagan
01:12:27Administration
01:12:27was very powerful.
01:12:31Okay, well let me ask you.
01:12:32Lieutenant Colonel
01:12:33Oliver North
01:12:34was really the one
01:12:35directing a lot
01:12:37of these CIA operations.
01:12:43The nation's transfixed
01:12:44when North
01:12:45is forced to testify.
01:12:47You had
01:12:47the spectacle
01:12:49of this ramrod
01:12:50straight
01:12:51patriotic
01:12:52American
01:12:53true believer
01:12:54Boy Scout
01:12:55Oliver North
01:12:56raising his hand.
01:12:57When I saw
01:12:58Oliver North
01:12:59raise his hand
01:13:00to be sworn in
01:13:01you know
01:13:03he hadn't worn
01:13:04the uniform
01:13:04in 10 years
01:13:05and that day
01:13:07he put it on
01:13:07to make it look
01:13:09like he was a patriot.
01:13:12While North
01:13:13denies working with
01:13:14or protecting
01:13:15drug traffickers
01:13:16he had missed
01:13:17the shredding
01:13:17classified documents.
01:13:18I do not deny
01:13:19that I engaged
01:13:20in shredding
01:13:20on November 21st.
01:13:22I will also tell
01:13:23this committee
01:13:24that I engaged
01:13:24in shredding
01:13:25almost every day
01:13:26that I had a shredder.
01:13:28But some of his
01:13:29diary entries survive
01:13:30including several
01:13:32in which North
01:13:32appears to be aware
01:13:33the Contras
01:13:34were involved
01:13:35in cocaine trafficking.
01:13:38North ended up
01:13:39taking the fall
01:13:39for a lot of
01:13:41the things that happened
01:13:41but there were
01:13:43people higher up
01:13:44that were never
01:13:44prosecuted.
01:13:46Vice President Bush
01:13:47denies he knew
01:13:48about any
01:13:49Contra drug trafficking.
01:13:51When Bush
01:13:52is elected president
01:13:53he pardons
01:13:54six high-ranking
01:13:55officials
01:13:55including the
01:13:56Secretary of Defense
01:13:57and the CIA's
01:13:59Head of Covert Operations
01:14:00over their involvement
01:14:01in illegal arms sales.
01:14:03When North
01:14:04is convicted
01:14:04of lying to Congress
01:14:06he never spends
01:14:07a day in prison.
01:14:08But beneath
01:14:13the Iran-Contra
01:14:14affair
01:14:15lies a deeper
01:14:15scandal.
01:14:17What you ultimately
01:14:18had was
01:14:19a very dark
01:14:20chapter
01:14:20in the United
01:14:21States involvement
01:14:22with drug trafficking.
01:14:25The Iran-Contra
01:14:27investigation
01:14:27has really
01:14:28really never
01:14:29been told.
01:14:30You have
01:14:31the bipartisan
01:14:31investigations
01:14:32people will read
01:14:34and then they'll
01:14:34forget.
01:14:35they know
01:14:37that nothing's
01:14:38going to happen
01:14:38and you saw
01:14:39it with Oliver North.
01:14:40He got indicted
01:14:41he was convicted
01:14:42and they got
01:14:42let him go.
01:14:44It was in no way
01:14:46hidden
01:14:46that this
01:14:47mercenary force
01:14:48that was being
01:14:49funded with
01:14:50U.S. tax money
01:14:51was also
01:14:52apparently
01:14:53importing drugs
01:14:54to the U.S.
01:14:56That fact
01:14:57was established
01:14:57even as it was
01:14:58quickly brushed aside.
01:15:00drugs finally
01:15:03run out
01:15:04for the man
01:15:04who helped
01:15:05Pablo Escobar
01:15:06revolutionize
01:15:07the cocaine trade.
01:15:09Carlos Lader
01:15:10is captured
01:15:10by the
01:15:11Colombian
01:15:11National Police
01:15:12and extradited
01:15:13to the United
01:15:14States.
01:15:18He's convicted
01:15:19of drug smuggling
01:15:20and sentenced
01:15:21to life in prison
01:15:22without parole
01:15:23plus an additional
01:15:25135 years.
01:15:27after testifying
01:15:30against
01:15:31Panamanian
01:15:31dictator
01:15:32Manuel Noriega
01:15:33his sentence
01:15:34is reduced
01:15:35to 55 years.
01:15:39Lader also
01:15:40tells the government
01:15:40that the
01:15:41Medellin cartel
01:15:42had given
01:15:4210 million dollars
01:15:43to the CIA
01:15:44backed Contra
01:15:45army in Nicaragua.
01:15:47It's the first
01:15:48public indication
01:15:49that the cartel
01:15:50was connected
01:15:51to the CIA's
01:15:52secret war.
01:15:57The hearing
01:16:00will come
01:16:01to order please.
01:16:03What is
01:16:04the definition
01:16:04of national
01:16:05security
01:16:06which permits
01:16:07us to sacrifice
01:16:08the war
01:16:09on illegal drugs
01:16:10to support
01:16:10the illegal
01:16:11war of the
01:16:12Contras?
01:16:13After the
01:16:13Iran-Contra
01:16:14hearings
01:16:14Senator John
01:16:15Kerry conducts
01:16:16a separate
01:16:17and often
01:16:17secret investigation
01:16:18of the government's
01:16:20involvement with
01:16:20drug smugglers
01:16:21during the 1980s.
01:16:24Right on the heels
01:16:25of the Iran-Contra
01:16:25scandal you had
01:16:26John Kerry,
01:16:27the lone politician
01:16:28willing to try
01:16:29to take this on.
01:16:30In testimony
01:16:31before this committee
01:16:32last year
01:16:32we heard how
01:16:33it's possible
01:16:33to literally
01:16:34rent an island
01:16:35overnight
01:16:35so that drug
01:16:36planes can land,
01:16:38unload,
01:16:38and transfer
01:16:39their drugs
01:16:39to boats
01:16:40that come
01:16:40into Florida.
01:16:42We will hear
01:16:42testimony
01:16:43about the
01:16:44destabilization
01:16:45of whole countries,
01:16:46regions,
01:16:47the support
01:16:47for terrorism,
01:16:49and the subversion
01:16:49of our own laws
01:16:50and institutions.
01:16:53Contra pilots
01:16:54testify under oath.
01:16:56After the guns
01:16:58were unloaded,
01:16:59was something
01:16:59loaded into
01:17:00the airplane?
01:17:01Yes,
01:17:02I loaded about
01:17:0217 duffel bags
01:17:04in five or six boxes.
01:17:06What was in
01:17:07the duffel bags?
01:17:08Coke,
01:17:09cocaine.
01:17:10And in the boxes?
01:17:11Cocaine.
01:17:13Did anybody
01:17:13explain to you
01:17:14what you were loading
01:17:15or did you know?
01:17:16I knew.
01:17:18So we stand
01:17:19in recess
01:17:19for ten minutes.
01:17:20Despite the emission,
01:17:22Contra pilots
01:17:22were running drugs
01:17:23to finance
01:17:24an illegal CIA war,
01:17:26few in the media
01:17:27pick up on the story.
01:17:29In 1992,
01:17:30Contra supporter
01:17:31Danilo Blandone
01:17:32is charged
01:17:33with conspiracy
01:17:33to distribute cocaine.
01:17:35But to reduce
01:17:36his sentence,
01:17:37he agrees
01:17:37to help the government
01:17:38in a sting operation
01:17:39to bring down
01:17:40his old customer,
01:17:41Rick Ross.
01:17:43It's not until 1996
01:17:44that a little-known
01:17:45reporter named
01:17:46Gary Webb
01:17:47will expose
01:17:48Blandone's
01:17:48Contra connections.
01:17:49I think the public
01:17:52is always ready
01:17:53for answers on this.
01:17:54We've got all
01:17:54the DEA undercover tapes,
01:17:56we've got the FBI reports.
01:17:57What we found
01:17:58that it was connected
01:17:58to this Nicaraguan
01:17:59cocaine pipeline.
01:18:05With controversy
01:18:06swirling,
01:18:07the CIA director
01:18:08himself,
01:18:09John Deutsch,
01:18:11agrees to a town hall
01:18:12meeting with the citizens
01:18:13of South Central L.A.
01:18:17You, the president,
01:18:18and everybody else,
01:18:19to be highly upset
01:18:20and say,
01:18:21how did this cancer
01:18:23get here?
01:18:24How did it happen?
01:18:26The African-American
01:18:27community really
01:18:28picked it up
01:18:29and felt that
01:18:31this was confirmation
01:18:32of what they had been
01:18:33suffering through
01:18:34the war on drugs
01:18:35and the epidemic
01:18:36of addiction.
01:18:37The drugs have been
01:18:39coming in this country
01:18:40and they have been
01:18:41sanctioned by our government.
01:18:45Rick Ross'
01:18:46co-defendant
01:18:47confronts the CIA director.
01:18:50Rick looking at life.
01:18:51It's my first offense.
01:18:52I'm looking at 20.
01:18:53Ed Blandone is out of jail
01:18:55and you paid him
01:18:55$166,000.
01:18:56The co-defendant
01:19:03of Ricky Ross.
01:19:04Ricky Ross
01:19:05is doing
01:19:06George Bush's time.
01:19:10The purpose
01:19:11of the investigation
01:19:13that I described
01:19:14to you
01:19:14was exactly
01:19:15to find out
01:19:16whether CIA
01:19:17officers
01:19:19allowed that
01:19:20kind of traffic
01:19:21to take place
01:19:22knowingly
01:19:23or conspired
01:19:24to do so.
01:19:25That is the purpose
01:19:25of the investigation.
01:19:27If we find
01:19:27anybody who did it,
01:19:28we will bring them
01:19:29to justice.
01:19:30After the town hall,
01:19:32the CIA's
01:19:33inspector general
01:19:33launches
01:19:34an internal investigation.
01:19:36He finds
01:19:37numerous allegations
01:19:38the CIA-backed
01:19:39Contras
01:19:40were involved
01:19:40in cocaine trafficking,
01:19:42but he concludes
01:19:43the operations
01:19:44were never sanctioned.
01:19:46No CIA official
01:19:47is ever indicted
01:19:48for the Contra
01:19:49cocaine allegations.
01:19:50The U.S. media
01:19:52just completely
01:19:52ignored this story.
01:19:54They portrayed
01:19:55Kerry as a
01:19:56conspiracy theorist.
01:19:58Gary Webb
01:19:59loses his job
01:20:00and then his career
01:20:02over the backlash
01:20:03to his story
01:20:03and later
01:20:05commits suicide.
01:20:08Rick Ross
01:20:09served 13 years.
01:20:12I'm sitting in prison
01:20:13and here they are
01:20:14saying that I was
01:20:15connected to the CIA.
01:20:16How can I be tied
01:20:17to the CIA,
01:20:18you know,
01:20:19little old me?
01:20:20Ricky Ross.
01:20:21It was just a crazy
01:20:22situation to find
01:20:23myself in.
01:20:29Cocaine lives
01:20:30parallel lives
01:20:30throughout the 1980s.
01:20:31It starts
01:20:32this fun player drug
01:20:34in the early 1980s
01:20:35and by the end
01:20:36of the 1980s
01:20:36it's a fun player drug
01:20:38for a lot of fun players
01:20:39who mostly happen
01:20:40to be white
01:20:41and rich.
01:20:43The Reagan
01:20:43war on drugs
01:20:45had really been
01:20:47dominated by the idea
01:20:48of these foreign
01:20:49boogeymen
01:20:49who were harming
01:20:51America
01:20:52even though there's
01:20:53this long history
01:20:54since the very beginning
01:20:55of the CIA
01:20:56of operating in countries
01:20:58where they
01:20:59ally themselves
01:21:00with people
01:21:02that are involved
01:21:03in drugs.
01:21:04If you took
01:21:05every single cartel leader
01:21:06Pablo Escobar
01:21:08Carlos Leda
01:21:08line them up on the walls
01:21:10and you killed them
01:21:11there would be
01:21:12a line tomorrow
01:21:13of a hundred
01:21:14to replace each one.
01:21:16There's never been
01:21:17and there will never
01:21:18be a war on drugs
01:21:20because America
01:21:22is more addicted
01:21:24to drug money
01:21:25than they are
01:21:25to drugs.
01:21:32As America's war
01:21:33on drugs
01:21:34enters its third decade.
01:21:36He was owned
01:21:37locked stock
01:21:37and barrel
01:21:38by drug dealers.
01:21:39You know who's
01:21:40supporting the enemy?
01:21:41The casual drug use.
01:21:44The militarization
01:21:44begins in Los Angeles.
01:21:47Is it good?
01:21:48We've been partying
01:21:48like a week straight.
01:21:50Got FBI,
01:21:51I got DEA.
01:21:52I said,
01:21:52where's ACDC at?
01:21:53I experimented
01:21:54with marijuana
01:21:55a time or two
01:21:56and I didn't like it.
01:21:57The perfect answer
01:21:58became I didn't inhale.
01:21:59Roads is big money
01:22:01and NAFTA
01:22:01was big money.
01:22:04I'm gonna stick
01:22:05with a strategy
01:22:06that's working
01:22:06and keep the crime rate
01:22:08coming down.
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