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Bettany Hughes Treasures the World Season 4 Episode 1
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00:00I'm on a global voyage of discovery to explore our shared heritage and how our past shapes all
00:09of our lives. This time I'm heading to southern Croatia. Through time this stunning landscape
00:19has inspired people to do incredible things. This story is waiting for us. Great.
00:30I can't quite believe they've kept me down here. A place glittering with traditions. Jivoli! Jivoli!
00:42And where the gifts of the sea made history.
00:49That's Stone Age 9! I mean, how awesome is that?
01:00Nestled on the eastern edge of the Adriatic, Croatia boasts a stunning shoreline stretching
01:11across 1,700 kilometres with over 1,000 islands.
01:18You can come here and take the rudder. We're going to be the captain.
01:22OK. Unexpected, but, er, all righty.
01:27On its southern coast, the history-rich region of Dalmatia, where waterways have shaped lives
01:34for millennia.
01:37This is the way to live. Am I doing OK, Alec?
01:42You don't need me anymore. I'll go to swim.
01:44I definitely, I definitely, definitely need him.
01:47Welcome to the wonderful treasures of Croatia.
01:59First, the intriguing island of Korcula.
02:04A luxurious setting for the TV blockbuster Succession, where local legend claims medieval explorer Marco Polo was born.
02:15Korcula is home to layers of history.
02:22Some long lost to the waves of the Adriatic.
02:27Dalmatia is made by the sea.
02:29But my investigations are actually going to start under the water, because I've been tipped off.
02:35There is the most incredible excavation that's happening just over there.
02:40Marte Perida and his team have been working here since 2021,
02:50when they discovered a mysterious, underwater, stone-age world.
02:57This white area, this is the probes that we find a road.
03:17The road is going in that direction.
03:19A stone-age road?
03:25Marte, why have they got a road in the stone-age?
03:28Yeah, because they made artificial island with the coastline,
03:33and that road connects this settlement to the coast of Korcula.
03:38So it's a settlement, and they've made an artificial island in the stone-age,
03:43but for protection, or because they're trading here, or...?
03:48We suppose that some kind of protection.
03:51Probably this settlement is focused on the maritime trading.
03:56They bring some stuff from Italy, from other destinations,
04:02and trade in the eastern Adriatic.
04:07So that's...
04:09You're marking out where it is?
04:11That is the marking.
04:13This story's waiting for us.
04:18Great.
04:19Great.
04:19What a great day.
04:27Okay, ready?
04:28Let's go.
04:28Let's go.
04:43It's incredible to think that in 5000 BCE,
04:52all this would have stood above water.
04:55A stunning feat of engineering.
04:59The seabed is absolutely littered with clues.
05:02He's putting us up.
05:26I think he might have something.
05:27Have you got something?
05:29Look.
05:30Yeah.
05:31We find some flint blades.
05:32Oh.
05:33Is that okay to hold?
05:34Yes, yes.
05:35Carefully.
05:36No way.
05:37So this is...
05:38Yes.
05:39For cutting.
05:40Yeah, for cutting.
05:41Yeah, for cutting.
05:42It's a characteristic for a Neolithic.
05:43Yeah.
05:44And this...
05:45Hang on a second.
05:46So this I'm holding is probably around 7,000 years old.
05:47Yes, yes.
05:48Seven thousand years old.
05:49Look, look, look, look.
05:50So they have used this maybe for slicing meat or leather or...
05:52Yeah, everything.
05:53Everything.
05:54Yeah.
05:55Wow.
05:56Oh, that is awesome.
05:57That's awesome.
05:58And there's a lot of this stuff down there.
05:59Yeah.
06:00Where is the flint coming from?
06:01Probably it's from the Monte Gargano in Italy.
06:02That's what shows you that they're traveling and trading.
06:03Yeah.
06:04Yeah.
06:05Yeah.
06:06Yeah.
06:07Yeah.
06:08Yeah.
06:09Yeah.
06:10Yeah.
06:11Yeah.
06:12Yeah.
06:13Yeah.
06:14Yeah.
06:15Yeah.
06:16Yeah.
06:17Yeah.
06:18Yeah.
06:19Yeah.
06:20Yeah.
06:21Yeah.
06:22Yeah.
06:23Yeah.
06:24Yeah.
06:25Yeah.
06:26Yeah.
06:27Yeah.
06:28Yeah.
06:29Yeah.
06:30Yeah.
06:31Yeah.
06:32Yeah.
06:33Yeah.
06:34Yeah.
06:35Yeah.
06:36Yeah.
06:37Yeah.
06:39Yeah.
06:40So they're like, choosing to get this material and that shows how sophisticated they are,
06:427,000 years ago.
06:44Yeah.
06:45Yeah.
06:47Yeah.
06:48Yeah.
06:49Yeah.
06:50Yeah.
06:51Yeah.
06:52Yeah.
06:53I really do not want to drop those.
06:59Nice, eh?
07:03This unique site completely alters our understanding
07:07of how Neolithic people in the region lived
07:10and what they were capable of.
07:13You've got beautiful, decorated pottery
07:16and bones that are being worked.
07:18And look at this, it's a little tiny...
07:20It's an arrowhead, isn't it?
07:21Yeah, we find a lot of them.
07:23Where on the boat you described it as an artificial island.
07:27But I mean, that's incredible.
07:28That's in the Stone Age, in prehistory.
07:31Yes, it's a very good organisation.
07:34And how did you find it?
07:35How did you know it was here?
07:36We saw that on the satellite image.
07:40We saw something, but we didn't know, is this natural?
07:44Yeah.
07:45Or is it artificial?
07:46And after we died, we said, okay, yeah, this is something.
07:51Totally.
07:52This is something, yeah.
07:53Neolithic people are often thought to be nomadic hunters,
07:57but this site points to them living in sophisticated settlements
08:01and creating international trading networks.
08:04The evidence also reveals a taste for the finer things in life.
08:10My eye is being caught by these two things.
08:13And they're in water.
08:14This is seawater.
08:15Or is this desalinating them?
08:17Yes.
08:18So it's taking the salts out?
08:19Yes.
08:20Yes.
08:21But what are these two beautiful things?
08:23This is head of a needle.
08:24It's very good work, very precision work.
08:26You say a needle, but it looks more like something you'd use to decorate your hair.
08:30Yeah.
08:31More like a hair pin.
08:32There's a food find that's totally unexpected.
08:36And these, I mean, I just almost dare not ask about these,
08:39because it looks to me like this is...
08:41Almonds.
08:42Because these layers are without oxygen.
08:46Yeah.
08:47And we can find all organic things.
08:50So we find a lot of pits of shells of the almond.
08:55Find three olive pits.
08:58Olive stones?
08:59Olive stones, yeah.
09:00There are two of them.
09:01Yeah?
09:02Yeah.
09:03You see that?
09:04Because this is rewriting the story.
09:05Yeah.
09:06Because what we're told is that olives don't arrive here until...
09:08From the Greek time.
09:09From the Greek time.
09:10Yeah, but it's not true.
09:11No.
09:12But I think that the trade and communication was a bigger deal than we think.
09:18Yeah.
09:19But isn't that amazing to think of them here?
09:21With their beautiful paved roads.
09:23Yeah.
09:24Enjoying almonds, olive oil.
09:26Yeah.
09:27A little fresh, fresh olive.
09:29Wearing something beautiful in their hair.
09:30You know, decorating themselves.
09:32Oh, yeah.
09:33And they send it to Radio Carbondate.
09:35Yeah.
09:36They're also 7,000 years old.
09:39It's just incredible.
09:40Because all of this put together, all these bits of evidence, it really is...
09:46It's rewriting the story of what we think of civilization.
09:52Because it's starting much, much, much further back.
09:54Yes, yes.
09:55It's for the first time in Adriatic Sea.
09:57Yeah.
09:58Prehistoric seafarers.
09:59Yes.
10:00Well, honestly, I'm so grateful that you've let us come here and see all this as it's
10:06happening.
10:07And it's just, you know, it's astonishing.
10:09It's truly astonishing seeing this and seeing the place where it came from.
10:15There's one other prehistoric treasure on the island I just have to show you.
10:28It's just so awe-inspiring here, isn't it?
10:45So, archaeologists who are working here, this is called the Great Cave, have discovered
10:51evidence of women and men living here as long as 18,000 years ago.
10:58So, that's right back to the Ice Age.
11:01Which would have meant there'd have been people here at the same time as that community who
11:05are creating that beautiful settlement under the sea.
11:08So, isn't that fabulous to think about that?
11:11Women and men carving out a prehistoric life for themselves, both ends of the island.
11:19The people who lived here were Stone Age communities, actually going right the way back to the Ice Age.
11:30And they were really pioneering.
11:33So, you know, they obviously traded in ships.
11:36They developed these amazing settlements for themselves.
11:40You know, they were, it was tough to live back then.
11:43But they're developing these rich, nourishing lives for themselves.
11:49And in many ways, leaving us the foundations of the lives that we live today.
11:55My next treasure on Croatia's Dalmatian coast is one of the best preserved defence systems in the world.
12:17The walls of Ston, designed to protect a natural wonder.
12:23700 years ago, the Republic of Ragusa thrived in Dalmatia.
12:30Their land territory was modest, but Ragusa became a maritime power.
12:36Punching above its weight, combining cosmopolitan diplomacy with commerce across the waves.
12:44In 1399, the Republic acquired Peldrishak, a slender mountainous peninsula.
12:51The rugged hills are dotted with ancient local burials, Roman villas, and some of the world's steepest vineyards.
13:01Famous since antiquity for their potent red wines.
13:05But for medieval Ragusa, Ston was a vital source of a particular income.
13:12Because the shallow bay here provides what they called white gold.
13:19These have been in use since Roman times, which makes these salt pans the oldest working salt pans anywhere in Europe.
13:40Hello.
13:41Hello.
13:42Hello.
13:43Hello.
13:44Yeah.
13:45Is this your, uh, salt pan cat?
13:47Are you a Croatian salt pan cat?
13:49Yeah, I bet there have been cats here in Roman times as well.
13:50What a nice scoop and a fork.
13:51You cannot overstate how important salt was in pre-modern times.
14:05Without fridges, it was how you preserved everything.
14:09Salt alone brought in one third of all income to the Republic of Ragusa.
14:16Our bodies don't produce salt, but we can't live without it.
14:21These salt pans yield 500 tons every year.
14:26So, although this fruit of the sea represented a lot of cash, one pool was always reserved for the poor.
14:35So, they too could access this life essential.
14:45You've got to come and have a look at this.
14:47Isn't it awesome?
14:49So, this is where all the salt is stored.
14:53And there were piles of salt like this going right back 2,000 years here.
14:58And do you know what?
15:00There's actually a direct connection between the Roman salt industry and our own lives
15:05because the Latin word for salt is sal.
15:10And there's another word that they used, which was salarium.
15:13And a salarium was either money that was given to Roman soldiers to buy their salt rations,
15:19or a salarium was when Roman soldiers were actually paid in salt.
15:24And it gives us our word salary.
15:26So, it's like the ancient world reaching out across to us.
15:31And it's lovely here.
15:32It's really beautiful.
15:33It's very sort of timeless and calming and magical for some reason.
15:40It's lovely.
15:43By luck, the day we're here, there's a festival celebrating local food and wine.
16:06In vino veritas, in vino veritas, in vino veritas.
16:23something else the um romans did here was start oyster farms because the oysters uh
16:35oh thank you very much thank you very much oh well that's big flattering not after i've had
16:45too much wine here i won't be thank you hi hello can i um can i get a glass of wine
16:52thank you valla thank you cheers are these your oysters
16:58because i'm a lifelong vegetarian so i'm definitely not gonna eat those oysters but
17:06our producer johnny just behind us loves an oyster thank you look at this johnny so i've
17:16never eaten meat or fish in my life but these are supposed to be exquisite and special
17:22can i try one yes go go for it well yeah oh my gosh
17:27absolutely delicious yeah they are supposed to be absolutely delicious right but juicy
17:39grimy everything you want from the most is it never having had one but they are supposed to be amazing
17:45here because there's um a river it's that mineral rich river that runs down to the salty water and
17:52combines and they're supposed to be are those the best oysters you've ever tasted
17:56roman emperors adored stone oysters taking them on campaign but for me there's another treat
18:07cake now you're talking this this one yeah yeah yeah why not
18:14oh i've heard about this thank you oh my god okay i am not going to be able to move this afternoon so this cake
18:25is traditional to stone and it's a mixture of pasta almonds other nuts and chocolate
18:33and it's probably got about 450 000 calories per forkful go for it
18:40it's like eating pasta covered in chocolate so i just want to wash that down with another little sip of wine
18:52time to walk off all that indulgence
18:57the twin towns of stone and marley stone or little stone carefully controlled access to the wealth of the peninsula
19:12a crucial pinch point kept safe by some of the most gravity defying fortifications in europe
19:24the twin towns of stone and marley stone及 какие-то where the planet is
19:36you're not just a big fan of a big fan of a little bit of a little bit of a small tube
19:42not a little bit of a big fan of anything you saw earlier but this is the wonderful
19:44and the world is missing place and the world is still a big fan of a big fan of a big fan of a big fan of a big fan of the건
19:47is still a big fan of the whole town here but as she is not made up in the big fan of a big fan of like
19:51These walls, which are quite an adventure to climb,
20:08were built to protect the white gold
20:10that was produced in the salt pans down there.
20:13And they were started in the 14th century,
20:15and by the time they were finished,
20:16they were 7,000 metres long.
20:20So they're affectionately known as the Great Walls of Croatia,
20:24which actually isn't a bad name,
20:26because next to the Great Wall of China,
20:28these are one of the biggest defensive wall systems
20:32anywhere in the world.
20:36The walls of Stom held back invaders for over 500 years.
20:43Napoleon's army did breach them in 1806,
20:46but these resilient ramparts still stand strong.
20:53How amazing it's been to witness the natural treasures here in Stom,
20:58and then to experience this extraordinary, monumental,
21:02human-made wonder created to protect it all.
21:06My next stop transports us back to ancient Rome,
21:27and a time when this coastline was pivotal for the Roman Empire.
21:34It's Croatia's second-largest city, split.
21:39I'm just in time for another special day.
21:42So, I'll time my visit here on the feast day of St. Dominus,
21:59who's the patron saint of the city.
22:01So this only happens once a year,
22:04and it celebrates the fact that he was martyred
22:08and was a Christian who supported the church.
22:10But I love the fact they've got incense,
22:12which is a very ancient Roman thing.
22:19Pretty apt, because Split was home
22:22to a game-changing Roman emperor, Diocletian.
22:28You can really get a sense of Diocletian's character
22:34from this exquisite gold coin
22:38that I am incredibly lucky to be allowed to hold.
22:42Just look at his expression.
22:44He's really ferocious,
22:45and he's got this close-cropped military-style beard
22:49with a laurel wreath in his hair.
22:51And then if you just look at the back of the coin there,
22:55there's an image of Jupiter,
22:57the king of the gods,
22:59brandishing a spear and holding Victoria,
23:03who was the goddess of victory,
23:05in his hand.
23:06And this was minted in the year 290 CE
23:09in what's now modern-day Turkey.
23:12And this was the time when Diocletian
23:14was also associating himself with Jupiter.
23:18So basically he was telling the world,
23:21like the king of the gods,
23:23I am super-powerful,
23:25I'm indomitable,
23:27I'm pretty much omnipotent.
23:31He ruled the empire with an iron fist for 20 years,
23:36strengthening borders
23:36and unleashing a ferocious persecution of Christians.
23:40He also established the Tetrarchy,
23:44splitting the Roman Empire into east and west.
23:48Two emperors,
23:49the Augusti,
23:50shared rule,
23:51assisted by two junior leaders,
23:54the Caesars.
23:57In his early 60s,
23:59Diocletian did something extraordinary,
24:02something no emperor had ever done before
24:04or would do again.
24:06He voluntarily retired
24:09to this mega palace.
24:12This is the Golden Gate
24:17and it gives you access
24:19inside Diocletian's original palace.
24:25His seaside retirement home
24:28was completed in 305 CE.
24:31Its design,
24:37rectangular,
24:38with towering walls,
24:39four entrance gates
24:40and 16 defensive towers,
24:43echoes the structure
24:43of a Roman military camp.
24:46With the empire under threat,
24:48the fortified palace
24:49was a safe haven,
24:51evolving into a city
24:52that still thrives today.
24:54In Diocletian's time,
25:03the palace was a fusion
25:04of luxury and military might,
25:08where he etched his legacy
25:09in stone.
25:11This is basically
25:21a grand entrance hall
25:23where Diocletian
25:25would welcome visitors
25:26from right across the empire
25:27and be raised on the podium
25:29underneath a canopy.
25:31And it's really interesting
25:32because obviously
25:32I'm here in Croatia,
25:34but just look at where
25:35the materials come from.
25:36So these granite columns
25:38are from Asia Minor.
25:40What's now?
25:41Turkey.
25:42And over there,
25:43there's a sphinx in Egypt.
25:46So even though
25:47he wasn't emperor anymore,
25:49it's all a reminder
25:50of Diocletian's
25:52enduring power
25:53within a vast,
25:55interconnected empire.
26:00Diocletian was not shy
26:02about coming forward.
26:04He'd wear purple robes
26:05and a golden crown.
26:07And he hated being in Rome
26:09because there,
26:10they treated him
26:11like a human being,
26:13whereas here,
26:14they treated him
26:15like a god.
26:16archaeologists who are working here
26:34have lent me this awesome
26:36graphic map
26:38that they're producing
26:39of the city beneath the city.
26:41So this is the bay
26:43where I came in by boat.
26:45This is the whole city here
26:46and they're literally
26:47mapping the city
26:48beneath the city.
26:49Look.
26:49So this is Diocletian's palace.
26:52Amazing.
26:53I spent the night
26:55just here
26:57next to the vestibule.
26:58to where I'm heading
27:00to where I'm heading
27:00is this little white mark here
27:02which I think
27:03is just around this corner.
27:11This is right.
27:11I can't quite believe
27:30they've kept me down here.
27:31So what I'm standing in
27:34right now
27:35would have been
27:35a furnace,
27:37a huge kind of oven
27:38for heating hot air
27:41to go in here.
27:44Look.
27:44Look at this.
27:45I mean,
27:45look at that.
27:46That is just pure
27:47Diocletian period.
27:49Here we go.
27:51So these are part
27:52of this hypercore system
27:53so they're the bases
27:54of pillars.
27:55So actually the floor
27:56would have been above me
27:57and it heated air
27:59for the baths,
28:01Diocletian's bath.
28:03So where I'm standing
28:04right now
28:04is basically
28:06in his private apartment
28:07in his private chambers.
28:09So I'm experiencing
28:11the sensual pleasure
28:14enjoyed by a Roman emperor
28:171,700 years ago.
28:22And today
28:23is my home too.
28:34And if you're lucky enough
28:36to stay here
28:38then you get to spend
28:39the night
28:39surrounded by the walls
28:41of a Roman emperor's palace.
28:44Spending a night
28:47within the palace walls
28:49gives you
28:49a unique connection
28:51to the past
28:52while the bustling streets
28:54outside
28:55keep it alive
28:56with a big dose
28:59of Croatian hospitality
29:00thrown in.
29:03Hi.
29:03Hi.
29:04You need to try this.
29:05Typical from Persia
29:06from this part of the zone.
29:08Yeah.
29:08And also you need to try
29:09this later.
29:10Okay.
29:11Also typical from Croatia.
29:13Yeah, yeah also.
29:14Okay.
29:15You are very kind
29:16and I feel incredibly
29:18welcome here in Split.
29:20What do you say?
29:20Jivili.
29:21Jivili.
29:21Jivili.
29:22Jivili.
29:22Jivili.
29:23Hmm.
29:26Nice.
29:27Lovely.
29:28Like this, sir?
29:29Yeah, I haven't got a hand
29:30but I'll go and put it down.
29:33You have just two hands, sir.
29:34I think just two hands,
29:35just one mouth.
29:36Yeah, it's very tight.
29:37Ciao.
29:37So, this happens a lot
29:40in Croatia.
29:41Randomly, people come out.
29:43I think they've seen the programmes
29:44so it's because they love history
29:45and they just kind of
29:45fly us with food and drink.
29:47So I actually know about this.
29:48This is a walnut liqueur.
29:51It's very delicious
29:51for my number of us.
29:52Sneaky soup.
29:55Mmm.
29:56And I might give this to the crew.
30:06So this extraordinary building here
30:09was originally Diocletian's mausoleum
30:11but the incredible irony
30:14is that after his persecution
30:16of all of these Christians
30:18that burial place
30:20has been changed into a church.
30:22To add insult to injury
30:27it now honours
30:29St. Dominius
30:30once the local bishop
30:32who was killed
30:33on the orders
30:34of Diocletian himself.
30:37Diocletian's plans
30:38for a powerful
30:39pagan Roman empire
30:41soon fell apart
30:43and his tetrarchy
30:45descended
30:46into brutal
30:47civil war.
30:49What a city
30:52this is.
30:54There's a great story
30:55because we're told
30:55that towards the end
30:56of his life
30:57Diocletian became
30:58really keen
30:59on growing vegetables
31:01and when imperial officers
31:03came to try
31:04to persuade him
31:04to become an emperor
31:05once more
31:06he said
31:07just tell all that
31:08to my cabbages.
31:10How can I possibly
31:11exchange
31:12a never satisfied greed
31:15for all this peace?
31:19He may not have been able
31:21to save the old
31:22Roman religion
31:23or keep his empire
31:25together
31:25but his palace
31:27and the extraordinary
31:29city that now lives
31:30within it
31:31are a legacy
31:32to be proud of.
31:34We're sailing right
31:52into Dubrovnik now
31:54and it's really
31:55interesting
31:55because
31:55there's a possibility
31:57that the name
31:58Croatia
31:58comes from a really
32:00ancient route
32:00meaning
32:01one huge gas
32:02and certainly
32:04three times
32:05this coastline
32:06has protected
32:06the really rich
32:07interior of the country
32:08so you get
32:09these amazing
32:10fortified cities
32:11all along the coastline
32:13and arguably
32:14Dubrovnik is the best.
32:16Yes of course.
32:17I'll argue that.
32:19I'll thank you.
32:19my final stop
32:28Dubrovnik
32:28has been called
32:30the Pearl
32:31of the Adriatic
32:32where natural wonders
32:34were proudly protected
32:35and the gifts
32:37of the earth
32:38traded.
32:41I can hear all the swallows
32:42coming in
32:44at the end of the day.
32:46Isn't that beautiful?
32:47If there are any
32:49Game of Thrones
32:50fans out there
32:51this is
32:53Blackwater Bay.
32:56This city's story
32:58begins with the sea
32:59a haven for refugees
33:01from the turmoil
33:02following the fall
33:04of the Roman Empire.
33:05The city thrived
33:07growing into
33:09a great court
33:10Ragusa
33:11the origin of the name
33:13of the medieval
33:14Republic of Ragusa
33:15that would flourish
33:16on the Dalmatian coast.
33:18By the 14th century
33:20Ragusa
33:21or Dubrovnik
33:23as we know it
33:24rivaled its one time
33:25master
33:26Venice
33:27just across
33:27the Adriatic
33:28and the city
33:30is still revealing
33:32new secrets.
33:40This is a place
33:42that's full
33:43of hidden gems
33:45some of Dubrovnik's
33:52most precious
33:52treasures
33:53are hidden
33:54in the Cathedral
33:55of the Assumption
33:56of Mary
33:57raised in 1667
34:00after an earthquake
34:01that devastated
34:02the city.
34:04I'm lucky
34:06to get in
34:06before the crowds
34:07and I'm promised
34:10a bit of a surprise.
34:12Closely guarded
34:20within
34:20are
34:21extraordinary
34:22medieval
34:23relics
34:24many
34:25a thousand
34:26years old
34:27including
34:33the arms
34:34and head
34:35of St.
34:36Blaise
34:36the patron
34:37saint of Dubrovnik
34:39encased
34:40in some
34:41of the silver
34:42and gold
34:42that this
34:43treasure city
34:44traded
34:45helping
34:46to make it
34:47so rich.
35:06Seismic activity
35:08here
35:09uncovered
35:10another marvel.
35:12This cathedral
35:17is just
35:17full of wonders
35:19isn't it
35:19but there was
35:21an earthquake
35:21here in 1979
35:23that revealed
35:24something
35:24truly astonishing
35:26hello
35:27this is Ivan
35:28and Ivan
35:28hi and Bethany
35:29hi
35:30thank you so much
35:31for coming
35:31for coming
35:31so Ivan
35:33has promised
35:33to reveal
35:35it to me
35:35and I've got
35:36a funky feeling
35:36it's down
35:37down here
35:37and let's
35:38go down
35:39and see
35:39archaeologist
35:42Ivan
35:42is devoted
35:44to uncovering
35:45Dubrovnik's
35:46treasures
35:47Ivan
35:48it's incredible
35:48is it okay
35:49for me to come
35:50in
35:50yeah please
35:50do
35:50Ivan
35:53this is
35:54totally
35:55incredible
35:55so we're
35:56kind of what
35:56two meters
35:57three meters
35:57yeah
35:58two and a half
35:58meters
35:59at least
35:59down here
36:03archaeologists
36:04discovered
36:05the cathedral
36:06had been
36:07rebuilt
36:07three times
36:09across the
36:09centuries
36:10with earliest
36:11remains
36:12dating back
36:13to the late
36:14Roman period
36:15so we are
36:16entering the
36:17main site
36:18the main nave
36:19of the so-called
36:20Byzantine cathedral
36:21so they knew
36:23that there was
36:24something here
36:24from the 12th century
36:25so this was
36:26kind of crusading
36:26time
36:27but what we're
36:28standing on now
36:29goes centuries
36:30back
36:30centuries
36:31back
36:31yeah
36:31it's really
36:32cool
36:33is it okay
36:33to try it
36:34here
36:34yeah
36:34just be
36:35careful
36:36about the
36:36curbs
36:36I will
36:37be careful
36:37about
36:37oh thank
36:38you
36:38much
36:38yeah
36:39look Ivan
36:46look at that
36:47yeah
36:47this is the
36:48eps
36:48yeah
36:49and the
36:50bishop's
36:50chair
36:50the bishop's
36:51cathedra
36:51yes
36:52and the
36:52fresco
36:53paintings
36:53because this
36:54all this
36:55cathedral
36:55was completely
36:56covered in
36:56frescoes
36:57but they're
37:03so fresh
37:05those colours
37:06yeah they are
37:06really
37:06but this is
37:12at least a
37:13thousand years
37:13at least a
37:14thousand years
37:14exactly
37:14it's really
37:16fascinating this
37:16because this
37:17pushes back
37:18the dating of
37:19Dubrovnik
37:19it completely
37:20changes
37:20the story
37:21it was said
37:21that these
37:22refugees came
37:22here and
37:23founded it
37:23but this
37:24would have
37:24been earlier
37:25than that
37:25yeah this
37:25goes centuries
37:26back and
37:27it's still an
37:28open question of
37:29debate among
37:30scholars about
37:30this first
37:31centuries of
37:32Dubrovnik
37:32yeah but don't
37:33you love that
37:34about history
37:35you get these
37:35little secrets
37:36that are revealed
37:37and then the
37:39whole story of
37:40the place
37:40yeah it's like a
37:41circle of questions
37:42and answers all
37:43over again yeah
37:44because every
37:44answer gets you
37:45another question
37:47yeah amazing
37:48thank you so much
37:49for letting me down
37:50here
37:50you're welcome
37:51yeah
37:51awesome
37:52Dubrovnik has
38:02been forged by
38:04its dynamic
38:04geography and
38:06has benefited
38:07from it too
38:08all in abundant
38:10evidence on the
38:11tiny island of
38:13Lokrum a short
38:15ferry ride from
38:16the city
38:17it's just so peaceful
38:45here and the
38:47plants are nuts
38:48aren't they
38:49and there's a
38:50reason for that
38:51the Benedictine
38:52monks who were
38:53once here
38:54nourished foliage
38:56as a kind of
38:57act of worship
38:58to God
38:59and then
39:00centuries later
39:01this island
39:02sort of became
39:03a botanical
39:04scientific experiment
39:05when plants
39:06from Europe
39:07Asia and Africa
39:08were all
39:09grown together
39:10and now
39:11they're
39:12beautifully
39:13entwined
39:13in this
39:14kind of
39:14glorious
39:15hymn
39:16to life
39:17over the
39:27centuries
39:27many
39:28household
39:29names
39:29from history
39:30have found
39:30their way
39:31here
39:31one of the
39:36people to
39:37experience all
39:38of this
39:38was a medieval
39:40king of England
39:41no less
39:42Richard the
39:43Lionheart
39:43who came here
39:44in 1192
39:45on his way
39:46home from the
39:47Crusades
39:47and the story
39:49goes
39:49there was a
39:50terrible storm
39:51and his boats
39:52were shipwrecked
39:53along these shores
39:54that the islands
39:55gave him sanctuary
39:56and so in
39:58thanks
39:58he decided
39:59to found
40:00a church
40:01in this
40:02lovely place
40:03it's just
40:10incredible
40:11thinking about
40:12everybody who's
40:13come here
40:14because it was
40:15such a thoroughfare
40:16and I'm loving it
40:18just sitting and
40:19looking at this
40:19now
40:20other people
40:20tourists and
40:21travellers
40:21and you know
40:22adventurers
40:23and crusaders
40:25even
40:25would have had
40:26the same experience
40:27so yeah
40:28it's lovely being here
40:29it's a beautiful
40:30place but it's got
40:30beautiful memories
40:32this place too
40:33Dubrovnik's freedom
40:45was ferociously
40:46protected
40:46for over 500 years
40:49the city's
40:50intimidating walls
40:51almost 2km long
40:54and up to 6m thick
40:55in places
40:56kept its people
40:58safe
40:58and this inscription
41:12which by the way
41:14is on what was
41:14the red keep
41:15in the game of thrones
41:16pretty much says it all
41:17so it translates as
41:20freedom cannot be bought
41:22for all the gold
41:24in the world
41:25that freedom
41:28was solely tested
41:29from 1991
41:31when Dubrovnik
41:32was besieged
41:34by the Yugoslav
41:35people's army
41:36during the
41:37Croatian war
41:38of independence
41:39Mihaila Skuric
41:41who lived through
41:42that siege
41:43is a champion
41:44of the city's
41:45heritage
41:46you could not
41:47have a better
41:48view than this
41:49it's amazing
41:50isn't it
41:51so brilliant
41:52to meet up here
41:53because you get
41:54such a sense
41:54of how the city
41:55is entwined
41:56with nature
41:57yes it is
41:58it's walled
41:59by its
42:00marvellous
42:00city walls
42:01but you see
42:02the gardens
42:03inside
42:03you see
42:04there's even
42:05one vineyard
42:05and the sea
42:07you know
42:08it's all connected
42:09to the sea
42:09you can't
42:10actually picture it
42:12without it
42:13and you know
42:13you're the same as me
42:14because as historians
42:16you can just imagine
42:17all the ships
42:18that would have come here
42:19trading salt
42:20and silver
42:21and silk
42:22yes they brought
42:23so many goods
42:24to the city
42:25and so many news
42:26but what Dubrovnik
42:27kept was always
42:28its freedom
42:29and its legacy
42:31liberty is
42:32on the flag
42:33of Dubrovnik
42:33yes it's the most
42:34important value
42:35that we inherited
42:36from ancestors
42:37for my generations
42:39it's very very important
42:40because you know
42:41that it took
42:42so many skills
42:43and efforts
42:44to protect it
42:45and throughout
42:46the history
42:46people of Dubrovnik
42:48really made
42:49magnificent
42:50task
42:51of preserving
42:52it for future
42:54generations
42:55because you
42:56were a child
42:57here weren't you
42:57during the war
42:58of independence
42:59yes I was just
43:0011 years old
43:01and we all fled
43:02you know
43:02to Dubrovnik
43:03thinking that
43:05it would never
43:05be attacked
43:06but it was attacked
43:08it was shelled
43:09and it was under
43:10siege for several
43:11months
43:12and many of our
43:13greatest monuments
43:14were damaged
43:16back then
43:16you know
43:17any building
43:17it's not just a
43:19building
43:19it carries memory
43:20and history
43:20and identity
43:21it's important
43:23it's important to save
43:23them
43:24to restore them
43:25but for its
43:26cultural value
43:28but what means
43:29to us
43:30being its
43:31inheritance
43:32it's the identity
43:33they give to us
43:35so our city
43:36has provided
43:37so much to us
43:38and it still
43:39is doing
43:39the same job
43:40and it is
43:41the foundation
43:42of our being here
43:44so it's a city
43:45to be cherished
43:46you know
43:46our city
43:47Dubrovnik
43:48has been actually
43:49like a member
43:50of our family
43:51honestly
43:57just look
43:58at that place
44:00Dubrovnik's
44:01a real reminder
44:02that when cities
44:03work with nature
44:05they succeed
44:07and thanks
44:09to the persistent
44:10resilience
44:11of its citizens
44:12even despite
44:14being pounded
44:15by earthquakes
44:16this really
44:18is a pearl
44:18that hasn't
44:20just survived
44:20it's thrived
44:37the Adriatic
44:40has forged
44:42the spirits
44:43and the stories
44:44of Croatia
44:45and it feels
44:46as though
44:47these waves
44:48in this beautiful
44:49sea
44:49have beaten out
44:51this kind of
44:52vibrant narrative
44:53full of optimism
44:54and opportunity
44:55and inspiration
44:57and prosperity
44:58and sheer
44:59enjoyment
45:00that has nourished
45:02this place
45:03from the time
45:03of ancient
45:04seafarers
45:05right up
45:06until today
45:07here in Croatia
45:11natural resources
45:12were celebrated
45:13and respected
45:14fostering
45:16an expansive
45:17interconnectedness
45:18with the wider world
45:20a testament
45:21to harmony
45:22between us
45:23the land
45:24and the sea
45:37and the sea
45:50and the sea
45:51and the sea
45:52and the sea
45:53and the sea
45:54and the sea
45:54and the sea
45:54and the sea
45:55and the sea
45:55and the sea
45:56and the sea
45:56and the sea
45:56and the sea
45:57and the sea
45:57and the sea
45:58and the sea
45:58and the sea
45:58and the sea
45:59and the sea
45:59and the sea
46:00and the sea
46:00and the sea
46:00and the sea
46:01and the sea
46:01and the sea
46:02and the sea
46:02and the sea
46:03and the sea
46:03and the sea
46:03and the sea
46:04and the sea
46:04and the sea
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