- 3 months ago
1997 | Επ. 1/3 | HD
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Το πρώτο επεισόδιο ερευνά τους λόγους πίσω από τον πόλεμο και γιατί η Βρετανία συμμάχησε εναντίον της Ρωσικής Αυτοκρατορίας.
Οι μάχες του Bomarsund, της Alma και της Balaklava και οι Πολιορκίες της Silistra και της Sebastopol.
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Το πρώτο επεισόδιο ερευνά τους λόγους πίσω από τον πόλεμο και γιατί η Βρετανία συμμάχησε εναντίον της Ρωσικής Αυτοκρατορίας.
Οι μάχες του Bomarsund, της Alma και της Balaklava και οι Πολιορκίες της Silistra και της Sebastopol.
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00:00Μουσική
00:30Ωουσική
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00:41«At dawn 150 years ago,
00:43…'an army of British, French and Turkish soldiers landed on Russia's southern shore.»
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07:29Admiral Slade was a British officer serving with the Ottoman Navy.
07:33His report of the massacre was rushed back to London.
07:38The shore of the bay was littered with wrecks and strewn with corpses.
07:43Havoc had done her worst.
07:45Not a mast was standing, not a timber was left whole.
07:48We found above a hundred wounded in every stage of suffering, some in agony, many of them disfigured by explosions.
07:56The exploding shells at Sinop sent a warning to all the wooden warships of Europe.
08:04It was a victory which Britain, the leading naval power, could not ignore.
08:08It is a major triumph for the Russians who destroy the Ottoman fleet at virtually no loss to themselves.
08:15In political terms, it isn't so much of a triumph, because it plays into the hands of the war party, particularly in London,
08:21and it does bring the British and the French fleets into the Black Sea.
08:32The Russian warships had sailed from Sebastopol, headquarters of Russia's Black Sea fleet.
08:37From this moment, Britain's naval chiefs started to make plans for attacking Sebastopol and destroying Russia's naval power.
08:46For the British, Sinop was a national humiliation.
08:49Britannia's rule over the waves had been called into question by the Russians,
08:53the Turkish fleet had been destroyed, and the popular press termed it a massacre.
09:02In France, too, the call to war was sounded.
09:07Earlier that year, Napoleon III had proclaimed himself emperor.
09:16His ambition was to match the military glory of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte.
09:25The British commander-in-chief was Lord Raglan.
09:28His right arm had been shot away at the Battle of Waterloo, and he still referred to France as the enemy.
09:34The French and British now buried centuries of rivalry and formed an alliance.
09:40In March 1854, they declared war on Russia.
09:45From Glasgow, Birmingham and Norwich, young men were in a hurry to enlist and see some action.
09:52Timothy Gowing was one of the first.
09:54I was fast approaching my 20th year, a dangerous age to many, and thrilling accounts of war in the newspapers worked me up to try my luck.
10:07In marching out of the barracks at Manchester, we could have walked over the heads of the people,
10:11who were wrought up to such a pitch of excitement as almost amounted to madness.
10:15And then the band struck up, Cheer Boys Cheer, which seemed to have a thrilling effect on the multitude
10:25and gave fresh animation to the men.
10:27The British army headed for Constantinople to join their French and Turkish allies.
10:41This was the city they had come to defend, the crumbling capital of Turkey's Islamic empire.
11:02Fanny Jubilee, the 24-year-old wife of a cavalry officer, was one of several women who accompanied their husbands to war.
11:23Turkish dogs, lazy and dirty, were lying about in all directions,
11:28while horrible, filthy beggars were hovering everywhere.
11:32The little harbour is filled with refuse of every description.
11:37I was never more completely disillusioned in my life than with my first day in Constantinople.
11:46As French and British troops strolled around the unfamiliar streets,
11:50it began to dawn on them what a strange venture they had embarked on.
11:54We had nothing particular to note, except that we were going out to defend a rotten cause,
12:02a race that almost every Christian despises.
12:05The Turks struck me as a queer lot,
12:08particularly the women, who did not seem to put themselves out in the least,
12:12but were dirty and lazy looking.
12:15Private Timothy Gowing.
12:16The British and the French armies treated their Turkish allies with a quite remarkable degree of racial arrogance.
12:27It's noticeable that they commandeered most of the major buildings in the capital,
12:34most of the major barracks, most of the major military hospitals.
12:37The Turks had to make do and mend with whatever they could scrounge in their own capital.
12:44The biggest building commandeered by the British was the huge barracks at Scutari.
12:49This was where Florence Nightingale would lead her team of nurses
12:55and create the legend of the Lady with the Lamp.
12:59But Fanny Jubilee was not impressed by the facilities.
13:02The barracks appear from the outside to be a very fine building.
13:07But the inside, the dilapidation, the dirt, the rats, the fleas,
13:13these last are really so terrible that several officers have been fairly routed by them.
13:19and are obliged either to pitch their tents on the common
13:22or to sleep on board the ships.
13:26While the Allied fleet anchored off Constantinople and awaited their orders,
13:30another armada set sail from Britain.
13:36In March 1854, the photographer Roger Fenton stood on the shore of Portsmouth Harbour
13:42and took this photograph of a British fleet heading for the Baltic,
13:45commanded by Admiral Sir Charles Napier.
13:49The ocean was Britain's most important battlefield
13:56and the Royal Navy was confident they could teach the Tsar a lesson.
14:00That no part of Russia's huge coastline was beyond her guns.
14:09These sailors would demonstrate Britain's naval superiority
14:13by sailing right up to the Tsar's palace.
14:22The fleet passed through the Baltic and reached the fortress of Kronstadt,
14:26which protected the Russian capital of St. Petersburg.
14:30They anchored in full view of the imperial palace,
14:32but Kronstadt was too well fortified.
14:35After a close look at the city's defences,
14:38the British fleet sailed off in search of an easier target.
14:45Napier now planned an all-out attack on the Tsar's Baltic stronghold of Bombersund,
14:50a group of fortresses bristling with guns.
14:52He had 10,000 French troops on board as military muscle.
15:02His warships were accompanied by several small boats,
15:06battlefield tourists, eager to see some action.
15:10The Reverend Robert Hughes, a fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge,
15:14was in the front line with his brother when the attack began.
15:20My brother was off soon after dawn
15:22and secured an excellent position among the French sharpshooters,
15:26where he got a capital view of everything.
15:28I followed soon after and quickly came into view of the fort,
15:32which was blazing away pretty briskly.
15:35The brightest colours flew in the merry breeze,
15:38which was blowing stinking smoke and burnt gunpowder
15:41into the eyes of our unhappy foes.
15:43This was turning war into a holiday, with a vengeance.
16:00After three days of heavy bombardment, the Russians surrendered.
16:05A chastened Reverend Hughes entered the ruins
16:07to record the human cost of this victory.
16:13We passed into a room which had a cold feeling about it.
16:18I looked round and saw the cold, clean, silent forms of the dead.
16:22The light linen cloths that shrouded the stiffened figures
16:25wavered and flickered in the draught,
16:28as if stirred by the breaths of those who could breathe no more.
16:31What did these poor fellows know about the Turkish question?
16:37And yet they had fought and trembled.
16:40They had writhed in agony.
16:41And now, father and brother, maid and mother,
16:46were weeping and breaking their hearts for them.
16:54The forts of Bombersund were utterly destroyed.
16:57But because the Tsar's capital remained unscathed,
17:00the British public felt let down.
17:02The Illustrated London News wrote sarcastically of how
17:06the Baltic fleet with 50,000 men
17:09sailed up the seas and then sailed home again.
17:13In a series of battles along the Danube,
17:26the Russians found the sick man of Europe
17:28to be a much tougher opponent than they'd expected
17:30when they first crossed the river.
17:32The Ottoman army saw this as a jihad,
17:44a holy war against the Russian infidels.
17:51Leading them into battle
17:52was a renegade Christian from Croatia
17:54who had adopted the Muslim faith
17:56and the name of Omar Pasha.
17:59In a letter to the Sultan,
18:00he sang the praises of his victorious army.
18:04In this battle,
18:05many Russians were killed
18:07while our imperial army sustained 30 martyrs
18:10and 150 wounded.
18:14With the grace of God
18:16and the inspiration of the Prophet
18:18and the sacred power of the most glorious Sultan,
18:22this commencement of war
18:23gave great honour to the sublime state
18:25and to all the people of Islam.
18:30These photographs of Omar Pasha and his men
18:37were taken by the world's first war photographer.
18:42Karol Satmari was an artist based in Bucharest
18:46who taught himself the new science of photography.
18:49He took 200 photographs of the war on the Danlu,
18:53of which only a handful survive.
18:56A faded but unique account of this conflict
18:58between Russia and Islam.
19:00On the front line,
19:07he photographed Turkish soldiers posing in their uniforms.
19:18Afterwards, he slipped away
19:19to photograph some of their camp followers
19:21in the back streets.
19:22To photograph the Russian army,
19:28Satmari packed his darkroom into a wagon
19:30and travelled along the Danube.
19:35Under fire from Turkish artillery,
19:37he reached the Tsar's troops on the other side.
19:39For weeks, these Russian soldiers
19:51had been besieging the Turkish fort of Silistra,
19:54which stood in the way of their advance
19:56on Constantinople.
20:00Among them,
20:01a 26-year-old artillery officer
20:03was busily recording the war
20:05in letters and diaries.
20:06His name was Leo Tolstoy
20:09and his experiences would contribute
20:12to his epic novel, War and Peace.
20:15From his regimental camp,
20:17Tolstoy had a comfortable view of the action.
20:21You could see the town,
20:23the fortress
20:24and the little forts of Silistra
20:26as though on the palm of your hand.
20:28You could hear the cannon fire
20:29and the rifle shots,
20:31which continued night and day.
20:33And with a field glass,
20:35you could make out the Turkish soldiers.
20:39Down below,
20:40the ordinary soldiers died
20:42in skirmishes
20:43or under bombardment from the cannon.
20:46But for artillery officers like Tolstoy,
20:49it was a faraway spectacle,
20:51something to enjoy.
20:54It's true,
20:55it's a funny sort of pleasure
20:57to see people killing each other.
20:58and yet,
21:01every morning
21:02and every evening,
21:03I would get up on my cart
21:04and spend hours at a time watching.
21:09The spectacle
21:10was truly beautiful,
21:13especially at night.
21:15The top priority for the Allies
21:22was to relieve the siege of Silistra,
21:25so they embarked for Varna
21:26on the Black Sea coast.
21:29For Private Harry Blishan
21:31in the rifle brigade,
21:32the glamour of war
21:33was wearing thin.
21:34We were drilled incessantly
21:38during this time
21:39to give the young generals
21:40an insight of what they would
21:42have to do in the field.
21:43And I'm sorry to say
21:44we lost several men
21:46through the effect.
21:48That is why the French
21:50have such an advantage over us.
21:52You'll never see
21:52an inexperienced young officer
21:54in their service.
21:55Another man to see the difference
21:59was William Howard Russell,
22:00the most famous journalist
22:02of the war.
22:03Russell wrote
22:03for the Times of London
22:05and his reports
22:06would do much
22:07to dispel any illusion
22:08that British
22:09was automatically best.
22:11The French manage
22:13these things
22:13better than we do.
22:15Where is the English post office?
22:17No one knows.
22:18Where does the English general live?
22:20No one knows.
22:21Does anyone want to find
22:22General Canrobert?
22:23Ask the first Frenchman
22:25you meet
22:26and he will tell you
22:27to go up the Corso,
22:28turn to the right
22:28by the end of the Rue L'Hôpital
22:29and you will see
22:30the name of the general
22:31printed in large letters
22:32over the door of his quarters.
22:35The French were
22:36much more prepared
22:37than the British
22:38but there are
22:39very good reasons for that.
22:42One reason,
22:43probably the main reason,
22:44is that the French army
22:46was a permanent army
22:48with permanent services
22:50such as health,
22:53clothing,
22:53weapons,
22:55equipments.
22:57Don't forget
22:57that the French army
22:59had been at war
23:01in Algeria
23:03since 1830.
23:05They were,
23:06well,
23:06the soldiers
23:07and the officers,
23:08all of them
23:09were very much experienced
23:10on the ground.
23:11on the Danube,
23:19the Russian High Command
23:20stepped up the pressure
23:21on the Turkish
23:22stronghold of Solistra
23:23before British
23:24and French reinforcements
23:25could arrive.
23:27The period that precedes
23:29an engagement
23:29is the most unpleasant.
23:32It's the only moment
23:33when you have time
23:34to be afraid.
23:35towards three o'clock
23:40we were waiting
23:41to see the Shah of Rockets
23:42let off
23:42as the signal
23:43for an attack.
23:45All of a sudden,
23:46an aide-de-camp
23:47of the field marshal
23:48arrived
23:48with the order
23:49to cancel the attack
23:50and end the siege.
23:52The entire Russian army
23:55felt betrayed.
23:57Austria had intervened
23:58and forced the Tsar's troops
23:59to abandon their advance
24:01into Turkey's European provinces.
24:03The gates of Solistra
24:05would remain closed
24:06to the Russian army.
24:09I can say
24:10without fear of error
24:11that this news
24:12was received by us all
24:13soldiers, officers
24:15and generals
24:16as a terrible misfortune.
24:22The whole venture
24:23had been a fiasco
24:24for the Russians
24:25who retreated back
24:26across the Danube.
24:31They had unleashed events
24:33they could not control
24:34a war
24:35that would soon engulf
24:37their homeland.
24:40The allied army
24:42of 60,000 men
24:43had not yet fired
24:44a single shot
24:45but if any of them
24:46believed this war
24:47would be easy
24:48they were in for a shock.
24:50In two months
24:51one man in every six
24:53would be dead.
24:54One man in every six
24:56would be dead.
25:21It was now
25:23the height of summer.
25:25The water was contaminated
25:26and the soldiers
25:27were living in cramped
25:28conditions
25:29which would quickly
25:30turn murderous.
25:39These watercolours
25:40are part of a visual diary
25:42kept by a talented officer
25:43in the rifle brigade.
25:45Captain Henry Clifford
25:46was 28 years old
25:48and came from
25:49an aristocratic Catholic family.
25:51In August
25:52he reported
25:52the onset of the disease
25:54all soldiers dreaded.
25:57The cholera
25:58came at a time
25:59when we were all
26:00low-spirited
26:01and disgusted
26:02with the tiresome life
26:03we are leading.
26:04So bad has it been
26:05with the French
26:06the medical men
26:07say it is no use
26:08fighting it.
26:09Fine young men
26:10in perfect health
26:11are taken ill
26:12and die in
26:13four and five hours.
26:14I grieve very much
26:16for a young officer
26:17who came out here
26:18from England.
26:19He arrived on Tuesday
26:21was taken ill
26:22on Wednesday morning
26:23and buried that evening.
26:29The indomitable
26:30Fanny Jubilee
26:31had also arrived
26:32with her husband Henry.
26:35We are encamped
26:36on the cholera's
26:37stricken grounds
26:38just vacated
26:38by the heavy brigade.
26:40Here and there
26:41a heap of loose earth
26:43with a protruding
26:44hand or foot
26:45showed where
26:46local inhabitants
26:47had desecrated
26:48the dead
26:48and dug them up
26:50to possess themselves
26:51of the blankets
26:51in which they were buried.
26:59As the cholera
27:01struck the army
27:02at Varna
27:03it also spread
27:04to the sailors
27:05on the warships
27:05which were offshore
27:06and as sailors died
27:09they were sewn up
27:10in canvas bags
27:11which were weighted
27:11at the bottom
27:12and were thrown overboard
27:13but as the bodies decomposed
27:15they rose to the surface
27:17and were bobbing up and down
27:18as if they were looking
27:19at the live sailors
27:20still on board ship
27:21which was extremely
27:22disconcerting for them.
27:27The change
27:28in the physical appearance
27:29of everybody
27:30is most marked.
27:31All seem as if
27:32a dozen years
27:33of hard suffering
27:34had been added
27:35to their lives.
27:36The hospital tents
27:41present a ghastly spectacle
27:43of suffering
27:44beyond all relief
27:45by human aid.
27:47Our detachment
27:48have already begun
27:48what is likely
27:49to be their chief occupation
27:50burying the dead.
27:54Frederick Robinson
27:54assistant surgeon
27:55Scots Fusilier guards.
27:57The British and French
28:01armies had been at war
28:02for four months.
28:03They had lost
28:0410,000 men
28:05but not a single shot
28:07had been fired
28:08at the enemy.
28:11Finally
28:11the crucial order
28:12was given.
28:13They would embark
28:14for the Crimea
28:15to destroy Russia's
28:16Black Sea stronghold
28:17at Sebastopol.
28:19Captain Clifford
28:19finished off
28:20his watercolors.
28:21A thousand pities
28:24our army
28:24did not go
28:25at Sebastopol
28:25on first leaving
28:26England
28:27when in rude health
28:28and full of spirits
28:29and enthusiasm.
28:31All of these
28:32have vanished.
28:33We've been kept
28:34in idleness
28:34with hundreds
28:35falling around us
28:36by cholera
28:37and fever
28:37and everyone
28:38feels the greatest
28:39repugnance
28:40to activity
28:40of any kind.
28:42I hope I may be able
28:43to write in a few days
28:44and tell you
28:45Sebastopol is taken
28:46but I doubt it.
28:49So the Allied fleet
28:51set sail again
28:52but without any clear
28:53idea of where
28:54they were going
28:54to land.
28:57Raglan and the
28:58French Sackling Command
28:59went in Raglan's
29:01steam yacht
29:02and sailed
29:03up and down the coast
29:04looking for a suitable
29:05place to land.
29:06They actually sailed
29:08quite close to
29:09Sebastopol
29:09close enough
29:10so that they could
29:11make out officers
29:12and men
29:13on the forts
29:14at Sebastopol
29:16and as the ship
29:17sailed by
29:18Raglan and his
29:19comrades
29:19raised their hats
29:21to the Russians
29:21on land
29:22which was
29:23a courtesy
29:24which certainly
29:25wouldn't have been
29:26repeated in any war
29:26since.
29:30After exchanging
29:31courtesies
29:32the Allied fleet
29:33sailed north
29:34along the coast.
29:35Eventually
29:36Raglan sighted
29:37a wide bay
29:38with the ominous name
29:39of Calameter
29:40and gave the order
29:41to disembark.
29:43At dawn
29:44on the 14th
29:45of September
29:461854
29:46this barren shoreline
29:48was suddenly
29:49crowded with men
29:50including the Times
29:52war correspondent
29:53William Howard Russell.
29:55From one extremity
29:57to the other
29:57bayonets glistened
29:59and red coats
29:59glinted.
30:01The air was filled
30:01with our English speech
30:02and the hum of voices
30:03mingled with the loud
30:04notes of command.
30:06The familiar address
30:06of Bill
30:07to Tom
30:08or Pat
30:08to Sandy
30:09and an occasional
30:10shout of laughter.
30:11But the excitement
30:14of landing
30:14in the Crimea
30:15could not conceal
30:16the usual
30:17bad planning.
30:20Amid a gathering
30:21of doctors
30:22on the beach
30:22I spied my friend
30:23Alexander
30:24who was very angry.
30:26Do make a note
30:27of this
30:27he said
30:28they have landed
30:29this army
30:29without any kind
30:30of hospital transport
30:31or carts
30:32or anything
30:33with all this
30:34cholera and diarrhoea
30:35about there are
30:36no means of taking
30:37the sick
30:37down to the boats.
30:40Nevertheless
30:40the Russians
30:41were impressed.
30:43The whole
30:45of their light fleet
30:46was anchored
30:46within Kalamita Bay
30:48and at night
30:49their forest of masts
30:50was illuminated
30:51with various
30:52coloured lanterns.
30:55The soldiers
30:56said
30:56behold
30:57the infidel
30:58has built
30:59another holy
30:59Moscow
31:00on the waves
31:01comparing
31:02the masts
31:02of the ships
31:03to the church
31:04spires
31:04of that city.
31:07Captain
31:07Khodasevich
31:08Tarutin
31:09Richard.
31:10The next day
31:16the Russians
31:17saw some
31:1760,000 men
31:19stretched over
31:19the plain below.
31:22Just five days
31:23after landing
31:24the Allied commanders
31:25decided
31:26they were ready
31:27to march
31:27on Sebastopol
31:28and finish
31:29the war.
31:34Cheer boys
31:35cheer
31:36the war
31:36vital sorrow
31:37courage
31:38to march
31:39shall bear
31:40on our way
31:41hope
31:42boys
31:42before
31:43and
31:43shows
31:44bright tomorrow
31:45less
31:45forget
31:46the dark
31:47as of today
31:48so farewell
31:49England
31:50so much
31:51as we may
31:52love you
31:52we'll cry
31:53the tears
31:54that we have shed
31:55before
31:55why should we be
31:58who sail
31:58there to march
31:59after two days
32:05after two days march
32:06the Allies
32:07settled down
32:08to camp
32:08for the night
32:09above the river
32:13Alma
32:13a Russian army
32:15of 40,000
32:16was waiting
32:16for them
32:17their commander
32:20Prince Menshikov
32:21was so confident
32:22of victory
32:23that he'd invited
32:24Sebastopol's most
32:25fashionable set
32:26to join him
32:27on the heights
32:28with champagne
32:29chicken
32:29and opera
32:30glasses
32:31they were treated
32:34to a spectacle
32:35but not the one
32:37they expected
32:37to advance
32:40on Sebastopol
32:41the Allied army
32:42had to cross
32:43the river Alma
32:43and ascend
32:44the bare hillside
32:45under the fire
32:46of heavy Russian
32:47artillery
32:47it looked impossible
32:51but the Allies
32:52had a plan
32:53the crack French
32:55troops
32:55the Zouaves
32:56were sent
32:56along the coast
32:57to scale the cliffs
32:58and seize the heights
32:59above the Russian army
33:00the attack
33:03on both fronts
33:04was scheduled
33:05to start at dawn
33:06a Zouave
33:08called André
33:08wrote home
33:09about what happened
33:10next
33:10the mist
33:13spread a wispy veil
33:14over us
33:14which concealed us
33:16from the enemy
33:16the humidity
33:17of the night
33:18had slightly
33:19numbed us
33:19but we were
33:20full of spirit
33:21suddenly a messenger
33:23arrived
33:23to request us
33:24to call a halt
33:25the English gentlemen
33:27were not yet ready
33:28to leave
33:29so we would have
33:30to await their pleasure
33:31we were not
33:32particularly polite
33:33about them
33:34let me tell you
33:35it was nearly midday
33:41before the British
33:42were ready
33:42Private Timothy Gowing
33:44had to cross
33:45the river Alma
33:46with cannonballs
33:47whistling
33:47towards his company
33:48as soon as the enemy's
33:52round shot
33:53came hopping along
33:54we simply did
33:55the polite
33:56opened out
33:57and allowed them
33:58to pass on
33:59there's nothing
34:00lost by politeness
34:01even on a battlefield
34:01presently they began
34:08to pitch their shot
34:09and shell
34:10right amongst us
34:11and our men
34:12began to fall
34:13I felt horribly sick
34:16cold shiver
34:17running through my veins
34:18down by the sea
34:26the French
34:26were finally given
34:28the order
34:28to scale the cliffs
34:30so voila
34:32we set off
34:34boldly
34:34250 of us
34:36clambering like cats
34:37urging one another on
34:39when our battery
34:43emerged upon the plateau
34:44the guns made terrifying
34:46breaches in the enemy lines
34:47and you could see
34:49whole rows of Russian
34:50infantry
34:50mowed down
34:51by the same cannonball
34:52on the main battlefield
35:03Private Gowing
35:05and the Royal Fusiliers
35:06were advancing
35:07straight towards
35:08the big Russian guns
35:09we were only about
35:12600 yards
35:12from the mouth
35:13of the guns
35:13the thunderbolts
35:15of war
35:15were not far apart
35:16and death
35:17loves a crowd
35:18the havoc
35:21among the Fusiliers
35:22was awful
35:23still
35:28nothing but death
35:29could stop
35:30that renowned
35:31infantry
35:31we had to fight
35:34against tremendous odds
35:35at the top of the hill
35:38our colonel exclaimed
35:39when he sounded the assembly
35:40where's my poor old Fusiliers
35:43my god
35:44my god
35:45and he cried like a child
35:48ringing his hands
35:49despite the harrowing losses
35:56the Fusiliers took
35:58the Russian gun position
35:59the gentry on the hill
36:03ran for cover
36:04and Prince Menshikov
36:06ordered the retreat
36:07our army was utterly routed
36:12and beaten
36:13out of an almost
36:14unassailable position
36:15I asked the commander
36:16of our battalion
36:17where we were going
36:18but even the major
36:20didn't know
36:20he had no orders
36:22where to go
36:22we all stared at each other
36:24and wondered
36:25where we should find ourselves
36:26they were like a flock
36:28of lost sheep
36:29without a shepherd
36:29Captain Khodasevich
36:32Tarutin regiment
36:33that evening
36:37William Howard Russell
36:39walked across the fields
36:40above the river Alma
36:41one who has not seen
36:45cannot conceive
36:47the relics
36:47of a great fight
36:48especially on such a field
36:50as that of the Alma
36:50there was an immense
36:52accumulation of camp litter
36:54on the hillsides
36:55there was a sickening
36:56sour fetid smell
36:58everywhere
36:59and the grass
37:00was sloppy
37:01with blood
37:02the exhausted troops
37:22disposed
37:24we went into the vineyards
37:26and got some grapes
37:27these were the first grapes
37:29we'd seen
37:30from there we went
37:31into the village
37:32which the enemy had burnt
37:33here the surgeons
37:36had established
37:36a field hospital
37:37several of whom
37:38were hard at work
37:39amputating limbs
37:40there was a large heap
37:42of detached limbs
37:43lying in the yard
37:44and many poor fellows
37:46waiting their turn
37:47Private Albert Mitchell
37:50the young soldiers
37:53who died at Alma
37:54had opened up the road
37:55to Sebastopol
37:56but the generals
37:58did not take it
37:59they decided to march
38:01their army
38:02in a different direction
38:03a decision that would lead
38:05to hundreds of thousands
38:07more deaths
38:08on the shores
38:09of the Crimea
38:10inside Sebastopol
38:35the Russian garrison
38:36thought it was all over
38:37then to their astonishment
38:40they saw the allied
38:41columns marching
38:42around the city
38:43when the allies
38:45marched around
38:46from the north
38:47to the south
38:48those of us
38:49in Sebastopol
38:50couldn't believe
38:50our rise
38:51as they moved
38:53from their position
38:53beneath the northern
38:54fortifications
38:55we couldn't understand
38:57what they were thinking
38:58of
38:58Pyotr Aljabin
39:00the allied army
39:07had decided
39:07to march
39:08around Sebastopol
39:09and attack it
39:09from the south
39:10using the harbour
39:11of Balaclava
39:12to bring ashore
39:13all the equipment
39:13needed to mount
39:15a proper siege
39:16the man responsible
39:19for this disastrous move
39:20was Raglan's
39:21chief strategist
39:22General Burgoyne
39:24he was 71 years old
39:26and argued
39:26the only way
39:27to take a fortified city
39:29was to do it
39:29by the book
39:30bring up the big guns
39:32and knock down
39:33the fortifications
39:34this would take weeks
39:36some allied commanders
39:38were horrified
39:39by this delay
39:39looking down
39:41on Sebastopol
39:42General Sir George Cathcart
39:44could see
39:44it was an easy target
39:45I'm sure
39:48I could walk into it
39:49with scarcely
39:50the loss of a man
39:51at night
39:52or an hour before day
39:53we could leave our packs
39:56and run into it
39:57even in open daylight
39:57only risking a few shots
39:59from their gun positions
40:01we see people walking
40:04about the streets
40:05in great consternation
40:06in the town
40:13the people were as busy
40:14as ants
40:15working day and night
40:16at their defences
40:17in fact
40:18all seemed to be seized
40:19with a kind of panic
40:21Admiral Karnilov
40:22appeared to have a power
40:23of multiplying himself
40:25for he was everywhere
40:27promising large rewards
40:29to all
40:29if they could only
40:30keep the town
40:31Captain Khodasevich
40:33Tarutin regiment
40:34the problem
40:39facing the Russian
40:40naval commanders
40:41was not just
40:42how to defend
40:42Sebastopol
40:43from the land
40:44but also
40:44how to prevent
40:45the allied fleet
40:46attacking from the sea
40:47the naval commanders
40:51were highly intelligent
40:52they quickly saw
40:53that they had
40:54no role
40:55on sea
40:56once the French
40:57and British navies
40:58had arrived
40:58the allies
41:00were overwhelmingly
41:00superior
41:01so what they did
41:02was to sink
41:03some of their ships
41:04in a way
41:05to block
41:05a direct allied
41:06naval assault
41:07on Sebastopol
41:08and to land
41:09most of the crews
41:10and the crews
41:11from the naval units
41:13excellently commanded
41:14by the admirals
41:16and with morale
41:18very high
41:18formed the backbone
41:19of the defence
41:20the British and French
41:23had travelled
41:242,000 miles
41:25to sink
41:25the Black Sea Fleet
41:26now the Russian Navy
41:28had done the job
41:29themselves
41:30meanwhile the allied army
41:35had completed their march
41:36around Sebastopol
41:37just six days
41:39after storming
41:40the heights of Alma
41:41they arrived in Balaclava
41:42from now on
41:44this cramped harbour
41:45was the centre
41:46of British army activity
41:47in the Crimean War
41:48its name would become
41:50synonymous
41:50with terrible suffering
41:52and extraordinary courage
41:54for the rifle brigade
42:00arriving in Balaclava
42:01meant a well-earned rest
42:03I've been sleeping
42:06in the open air
42:07with my clothes on
42:08now for 19 days
42:09sickness prevails
42:11to a great extent
42:12so our company
42:13is reduced
42:14from 143
42:15to 70
42:17you must tender
42:18my kindest love
42:19to Sarah
42:20and ask her
42:21how she would like
42:21to see her brother
42:22come home with one leg
42:23I fancy I should be a comical fellow
42:25but without joking
42:27I thought I would be shot
42:29in 50 places at Alma
42:30it is curious work
42:33to be dodging cannonballs
42:34all day
42:35I hope I shall be as lucky
42:36in the next affair
42:37your affectionate brother
42:39Harry Blishan
42:40as the British
42:47made their base
42:47in Balaclava
42:48the French
42:49organised themselves
42:50a few miles away
42:51in the more spacious
42:52harbour at Camiche
42:53both armies
42:54got on with building up
42:55their siege operations
42:57clearly the biggest mistake
42:59the Allies made
43:00in the entire Crimean campaign
43:01was to march around
43:02Sevastopol
43:02and attempt to set up
43:04a regular siege
43:05this allowed the Russians
43:06to bring in
43:07their excellent field engineers
43:08to call up the guns
43:10from the naval dockyard
43:11the two armies
43:12then set about
43:13digging themselves
43:13ever deeper
43:14into trench systems
43:15which look remarkably
43:17like the Western Front
43:18the Allies
43:21continued to help
43:22the Russians
43:22by wasting time
43:23it took them
43:27three weeks
43:27to bring their
43:28big guns
43:29into position
43:29by the time
43:32Fanny Jubilee
43:33turned up
43:34the British
43:34hadn't yet managed
43:35to open fire
43:36but they had attracted
43:37the attention
43:38of the Russian gunners
43:39about a thousand yards
43:42from us
43:42lay the forts
43:43of Sebastopol
43:44the shot and shell
43:45came hissing
43:46every two minutes
43:47we were standing
43:49on the brow of a hill
43:50backed by our
43:51magnificent troops
43:53and fronting the enemy
43:54the doomed city
43:55beneath our feet
43:56it was indeed
44:00a moment
44:00worth a hundred years
44:02of everyday existence
44:03the first day
44:14of the Allied bombardment
44:15was a spectacular
44:16affair
44:17but the Russians
44:18had used those
44:18wasted weeks
44:19to very good effect
44:20from six
44:24until nine
44:25a.m.
44:25they were hard
44:25at it
44:26as fast as our
44:27men could load
44:28and fire
44:28it was ding dong
44:29hard fighting
44:30at 9 a.m.
44:32one of the French
44:32magazines
44:33went up
44:33with a crash
44:34as far as we could see
44:37it was all fair
44:38give and take
44:39Sergeant Timothy Gowing
44:42the opening bombardment
44:47failed to demolish
44:48Sebastopol
44:48now the initiative
44:50swung to the Russians
44:51they decided
44:52to counter-attack
44:53before the Allies
44:54could secure
44:55their base
44:55at Balaklava
44:56early on the morning
45:00of October 25th
45:02a Russian army
45:03of 30,000
45:04descended from the north
45:05their aim
45:06was to cut
45:07the line of communication
45:08between the siege forces
45:09round Sebastopol
45:10and the supply base
45:12at Balaklava
45:12Fanny Jubilee
45:15was asleep
45:16on board ship
45:17when her husband
45:17sent word
45:18a note was put
45:20into my hands
45:20from Henry
45:21it ran thus
45:22the battle of Balaklava
45:24has begun
45:25and promises
45:25to be a hot one
45:26lose no time
45:28but come as quickly
45:29as you can
45:30do not wait
45:30for breakfast
45:31between these woods
45:39in the foreground
45:40and the hills
45:41at the back
45:42is the valley of death
45:43where the battle
45:44of Balaklava
45:45was fought
45:46at dawn
45:49the Russian army
45:50launched a surprise
45:51attack on Balaklava
45:52first line of defence
45:53allied gun positions
45:55manned by some 900
45:57Turkish soldiers
45:58the Turks held out
46:01as long as they could
46:02before abandoning
46:03their guns
46:04and fleeing
46:04towards the port
46:05galloping the other way
46:08came Fanny Jubilee
46:09heading for the sound
46:10of gunfire
46:11the road
46:13the road was almost
46:13blocked by flying Turks
46:15vociferating
46:16ship Johnny
46:17ship Johnny
46:18while others
46:19came along
46:19laden with pots
46:20kettles
46:21arms and plunder
46:22the Russians
46:23were by this time
46:24in possession
46:25of three batteries
46:26from which the Turks
46:28had fled
46:28what's often forgotten
46:31is that those Turks
46:32probably less than
46:34a thousand men
46:35had been holding out
46:36for a good two hours
46:38against immensely
46:39and mostly superior
46:40Russian forces
46:40men like Lord Raglan
46:42the British commander
46:43Russell
46:44the Times correspondent
46:46arrived on the battlefield
46:48only at the end
46:51of the Turks
46:51to our resistance
46:52and so the initial impression
46:55was one simply
46:57of the Turks
46:57running away
46:58Lord Raglan
47:02and his staff
47:03climbed the hill
47:03above the valley
47:04to get a better view
47:05of the action
47:06they could see
47:09the next line
47:10of defence
47:10guarding the port
47:11of Balaclava
47:12the 93rd Highlanders
47:14commanded by
47:15Sir Colin Campbell
47:16he formed them up
47:18into a thin red line
47:19and gave them
47:20their orders
47:21as an advanced force
47:22of Russian cavalry
47:23rode towards them
47:24men
47:27remember
47:28there is no retreat
47:29from here
47:30you must die
47:32where you stand
47:33William Howard Russell
47:37watched from above
47:38waiting for the Russians
47:39to make a move
47:40the silence
47:43is oppressive
47:44between the cannon bursts
47:47one can hear
47:47the champing of bits
47:48and the clink of sabres
47:50in the valley below
47:51the Russians drew breath
48:00for a moment
48:00and then in one grand line
48:02and dashed at the Highlanders
48:03the ground flies beneath
48:05their horses feet
48:06gathering speed
48:07at every stride
48:08they dash on
48:08towards that thin red street
48:10tipped with a line of steel
48:12the thin red line
48:19had held
48:20the Russian cavalry
48:22retreated
48:22and on the hillside
48:24the onlookers
48:25cheered the Highlanders
48:26but it was a brief respite
48:29the main force
48:30of Russian cavalry
48:31was still advancing
48:32towards Balaclava
48:33Lord Ragland
48:34turned to the heavy brigade
48:36under the command
48:37of General Sir James Scarlet
48:38Scarlet had never been
48:41in a battle before
48:42in his life
48:43now he ordered
48:44his 300 men
48:46to charge uphill
48:47straight into
48:482,000 enemy cavalry
48:50the artist who painted
48:55this battle
48:55tidied up the scene
48:56for the public
48:57back home
48:58but William Howard Russell
48:59would see it was
49:01a vicious struggle
49:02God help them
49:04they are lost
49:05was the explanation
49:06of more than one man
49:08by sheer steel
49:09and sheer courage
49:11Eneskillina and Scott
49:12were winning
49:13their desperate way
49:14right through
49:14the enemy's squadrons
49:15then with irresistible force
49:17like one bolt
49:18from a bowl
49:19the rest of the heavy brigade
49:20rushed at the remnants
49:21of the first line
49:22of the enemy
49:22went through it
49:24as though it were made
49:24of pasteboard
49:25and put them
49:26to utter rout
49:27the British had done well
49:35to have held off
49:35such a large Russian force
49:37the valley was strewn
49:39with the casualties
49:40of battle
49:40and both sides
49:42may have been ready
49:42to call it a day
49:43but fate
49:45had one more cruel card
49:47to play
49:48Lord Raglan
49:51could see the Russian army
49:53towing away the guns
49:54abandoned by the Turks
49:55to lose the guns
49:57was tantamount
49:58to losing the battle
49:59someone had to stop them
50:01he sent an order
50:03to the light brigade
50:04which would send them
50:06charging in the wrong direction
50:08towards death
50:11and immortality
50:24will see the future
50:26to once again
50:39be bralık了
50:40in the wrong direction
50:42should also medications
50:43to the German army
50:44to their vessels
50:46on
50:47this
50:48Ευχαριστώ.
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