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Jupiter — the largest planet in our solar system and the one that almost became a star. If it had gained just 80 times more mass during its formation, nuclear fusion would have ignited, turning our solar system into a binary star system. Instead, Jupiter became a gas giant — a colossal guardian for Earth.
In this episode, we’ll uncover:
How Jupiter’s massive gravity saved Earth in 1994 by capturing Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, an impact that could’ve wiped out 75% of life.
Why Jupiter’s magnetic field is 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s.
The Great Red Spot — a storm large enough to swallow three Earths, raging for centuries.
Its 95 moons, from fiery Io to icy Europa, which hides more water beneath its surface than all Earth’s oceans combined — and may even harbour alien life.
Jupiter isn’t just the solar system’s heavyweight champion. It might be the reason life on Earth exists at all.
文字稿
00:00By now, I bet everyone knows this guy.
00:02Yes, it's Jupiter.
00:04In our solar system, the Sun's the boss and Jupiter's second in command.
00:09We all know Jupiter is huge, but just how huge?
00:12Put it this way.
00:14If Earth was an 8mm peanut, Jupiter would be a football or basketball,
00:18and the Sun would be a balloon about 1.2 metres across.
00:22Mass-wise?
00:23Apart from the Sun, take all seven other planets,
00:26multiply by 2.5, and you're close to Jupiter's mass.
00:30Despite its massive size, Jupiter is basically a giant gas ball.
00:3590% hydrogen, 10% helium, pretty much the same recipe as the Sun.
00:40But here's the crazy part.
00:42Calculations show that if Jupiter had absorbed just 80 times more mass during formation,
00:47its metallic core could have triggered nuclear fusion.
00:51Jupiter would have ignited, turning our solar system into a binary star system.
00:55But it missed by just that much, leaving Jupiter as a gas giant.
00:59It's like Jupiter was perfectly designed to protect Earth.
01:03Can't become a star, but has this massive body and magnetic field,
01:07sitting right at this crucial sweet spot.
01:10Many of you have heard Jupiter called Earth's guardian.
01:13Why?
01:14How intense is the pressure inside Jupiter?
01:16It's so crazy that hydrogen gets squeezed into liquid metal.
01:19Add Jupiter's insane spinning speed and you've got yourself a giant power generator
01:25with a magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than Earth's.
01:29As carbon-based lifeforms, we can't really sense this powerful field.
01:34But Jupiter's real protection comes from its massive gravitational pull.
01:38Small comets trying to reach Earth through Jupiter's orbit?
01:41Most get caught by Jupiter.
01:44Take the 1994 example.
01:46Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
01:48This comet was half the size of the Chicxulub asteroid that wiped out dinosaurs 65 million years ago,
01:54about 5 kilometers in diameter.
01:56As it headed toward Earth, Jupiter's gravity captured and ripped it apart.
02:01Earth's observatories watched it tear into 21 massive chunks that slammed into Jupiter.
02:06The biggest piece was 4 kilometers across, with impact energy equal to 60 trillion tons of TNT.
02:13All 21 pieces combined.
02:15That's a mind-boggling 400 trillion tons of TNT equivalent.
02:20About the same as detonating 50 Hiroshima bombs every second for a year.
02:25Compared to the dinosaur-killing Chicxulub impact, this was 40% of that energy.
02:30Models show if Shoemaker-Levy 9 had hit Earth,
02:3375% of all species would have gone extinct.
02:36Some humans far from impact might survive,
02:39but they'd face long-term famine and societal collapse.
02:43Impact dust would block sunlight for months to years,
02:45dropping global temperatures 10 to 20 degrees.
02:48If extreme weather lasted decades,
02:50humanity would likely regress to small tribal communities.
02:54Actually, Shoemaker-Levy 9's chance of hitting Earth was basically zero.
02:59Starweaver is just using it as an example here.
03:01I hope you guys understand this correctly.
03:04Over billions of years, Jupiter and our moon have indeed blocked countless impacts from reaching Earth.
03:10Jupiter's powerful gravity doesn't just give it 95 moons.
03:14It also shapes Jupiter's faint ring system.
03:17These dusty rings aren't as spectacular as Saturn's,
03:20but they quietly tell the story of our solar system's gravitational ballet.
03:25Jupiter's moons are fascinating.
03:27Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system,
03:31with over 400 active volcanoes shooting sulfur plumes,
03:35500 kilometers high, basically a giant fireball.
03:39Europa is wrapped in thick ice,
03:41hiding more liquid water beneath than all Earth's oceans combined.
03:45Essentially a water world.
03:47It's also the only place besides Earth that might harbor life.
03:50Ganymede is our solar system's largest moon at 5,262 kilometers diameter.
03:57Bigger than Mercury and the only moon with its own magnetic field.
04:01Callisto.
04:02Created diary of 4 billion years.
04:05Virtually no geological activity.
04:07It's like the solar system's notebook,
04:09silently recording billions of years of history.
04:12Once Starweaver finishes covering all eight planets,
04:15we'll circle back to explore these amazing moons in detail.
04:18Earlier I mentioned Jupiter's 10-hour rotation.
04:22Actually 9 hours, 50 minutes.
04:24While Earth completes one rotation, Jupiter does 2.5.
04:27This incredible spin creates super hurricanes
04:30over 600 kilometers per hour on Jupiter's surface.
04:34Various chemicals mix and swirl in these storms,
04:37creating those red, yellow and white stripes we see.
04:40Why different colors?
04:41Still no definitive answer.
04:43One theory.
04:44Light-colored zones form from rising clouds of ammonia ice crystals.
04:48While dark belts form from sinking clouds.
04:51Jupiter's ultra-high rotation makes these cloud bands
04:54race parallel to its equator at hundreds of kilometers per hour.
04:58This relative motion creates cyclones and storms of various sizes.
05:02The biggest is the Great Red Spot.
05:04Big enough to fit three Earths side by side.
05:07This storm has raged for at least 350 years,
05:10sustained by Jupiter's internal heat convection.
05:12But why is it red?
05:14How long will it last?
05:16We simply don't know.
05:17As of May 2025, humans have sent eight probes to Jupiter since 1973,
05:23with Juno and Europa Clipper rewriting textbooks.
05:26Only Galileo, Juno and Europa Clipper are dedicated Jupiter missions.
05:30The others just flew by.
05:32Europa Clipper is worth a special mention.
05:35Launched October 14th, 2024.
05:37Expected to reach Jupiter's orbit in 2030.
05:41Its main goal?
05:41Detecting whether life exists beneath Europa's ice.
05:45It'll also study Jupiter itself.
05:47As mentioned, Europa is an ice-covered water world.
05:50Based on Galileo and Hubble observations,
05:52the subsurface ocean is 50 to 150 kilometers deep
05:56with twice Earth's water volume and Earth-like salinity.
06:00The seafloor has active volcanoes providing energy and minerals.
06:03The ice shell and atmosphere effectively shield
06:05against Jupiter's intense radiation.
06:08These conditions create a long-term stable environment for ocean life.
06:12Most exciting of all?
06:13Probes detected sulfur compounds, organic molecules
06:16and possible biological metabolites in Europa's ice geysers.
06:20If Europa Clipper actually finds life on Europa,
06:23human space exploration will take a giant leap forward.
06:26So far, Starweaver has covered Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter.
06:31Most probes exploring these planets came from ESA,
06:34the United States, the Soviet Union and other countries.
06:38Speaking of Jupiter exploration,
06:40we Aussies haven't been sitting around doing nothing either.
06:43The Parkes radio telescope didn't just help Apollo 11.
06:47It's still tracking Jupiter probe signals right now.
06:50Sure, Australia might not have a huge population,
06:53but when it comes to space exploration,
06:55we never mess around.
06:57From pioneering radio astronomy to today's excellence
07:00in space technology and satellite communications,
07:02Australia proves that small nations can make big noise in space exploration.
07:07If any young friends are watching my videos,
07:09Starweaver hopes you start nurturing great dreams right now.
07:12Every great dream starts with today's hard work.
07:15So keep running.
07:16Keep reaching for the skies, my friends.
07:18Your telescopes, experiment kits,
07:20plus Australia's exceptional stargazing conditions and deep scientific traditions,
07:25might just be the starting point for future breakthroughs in human understanding.
07:29Under these southern cross skies,
07:31let's look up at the stars while keeping our feet on the ground.
07:35The future truly belongs to you.
07:37This is Cosmic Canvas.
07:38I'm Starweaver.
07:40If you love space exploration and unsolved mysteries too,
07:43please like and subscribe.
07:45See you next time.
07:46Love you all.
07:46Bye-bye.
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