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00:00The End
00:30In part one of the Battle of Russia, you saw the Russian people's historic defense of their
00:37land against centuries of unsuccessful invaders.
00:41You also saw how after five and a half months of Nazi blitz, the Russians stopped Hitler
00:53at the very gates of Moscow, and how in spite of Hitler's prediction that by December of
00:581941, the swastika would fly over the Kremlin towers.
01:03December had come, but it wasn't the swastika that flew over the Russian capital, and it
01:08wasn't the Nazi conquerors who marched through the streets of the ancient city, but fresh
01:13reserves of the Red Army on their way to reinforce and relieve the front lines.
01:28The Russians read this appeal and knew what it meant.
01:35They remembered that in their past history, the time always came when they could turn and
01:39strike back.
01:41The time had come.
01:45Their old ally, the Russian Winter, had carpeted the Russian land.
01:49And while in the churches of Russia, men of God prayed for victory against the invaders.
02:08In the front lines, the men of the Red Army listened to the long-awaited order of the day.
02:27The whole world is looking to you to destroy the German hordes.
02:41The war you are fighting is a war of liberation, a just war, death to the German invaders.
02:48Fighter command ready, bomber command ready, parachutists ready, artillery in position, tanks
03:02man, cavalry in position, infantry ready, beyond those hills is the enemy.
03:14counterfe kings.
03:15Why?
03:16They're shinning right, troops salaulsed武 means�asse this Lizen.
03:19And here
03:29come.
03:29Come!
03:31Very soon.
03:32We are with the S.B.,assung.
03:33Come on.
03:34Come!
03:36Let's do this.
03:37Come!
03:38Come!
03:38There must of course climb.
03:40They are the only ones inсем Fold.
03:41One Oxford was perhaps they wanted to fightproof their Loadout.
03:42Take over.
03:43He has nothing that şehpe.
03:44Oh, my God.
04:14Oh, my God.
04:44Now, it was the Germans' turn to fight for their lives.
04:51Now, for the first time, it was the German army that retreated.
05:09Now, it was for the Germans to learn the terrors of scraping.
05:12Now, it was for the Germans to learn the terrors of the Germans.
05:19Now, it was for the Germans to learn the terrors of the Germans.
05:26Now, it was for the Germans to learn the terrors of the Germans.
05:33Village after village, town after town, on the Red Army swept through the country, which
05:50for days and weeks had been under the invaders' yoke.
05:53Let's go.
05:54Oh, my God.
05:55Oh, my God.
05:56Oh, my God.
05:57Oh, my God.
05:59Oh, my God.
06:00Oh, my God.
06:01Oh, my God.
06:02Oh, my God.
06:04Oh
06:34Oh
07:04Oh
07:26Out of the cellars out of the forest out of only they know what hiding places
07:32Come the men and the women and the children that at once called these towns home
07:39Soldiers and guerrillas find wives and mothers
07:44Friends are reunited
07:46There is thanksgiving in their streets
07:49Thanksgiving in their hearts
07:51There is also something else, something they will never forget
07:55Their ruined homes
07:57The shattered towns they once have known as thriving and prosperous communities
08:03They stand gutted now
08:05Ghostly relics of what they once have been
08:08Nothing has been spared
08:17This was a museum
08:19The former home of Peter Tchaikovsky
08:21A man who wrote music for Russia
08:24Music that sought the heart of his own people
08:27And because they found that heart, found the hearts of people everywhere
08:31This piano concerto
08:42The fifth symphony
08:43The sixth symphony
08:53The sixth symphony
08:55Music
08:56Music
08:57Music
08:58Music
08:59Music
09:00Music
09:01Music
09:02Music
09:03Music
09:04Music
09:05His work was, is, and always will be
09:07Inspiration to countless millions
09:08Inspiration to countless millions
09:11But it brought only one inspiration for the Nazis
09:14Vandalism
09:19Music
09:21Music
09:22And this is the home of Leo Tolstoy
09:23The author of the immortal novel, War and Peace
09:28His home too was a museum, until the Germans came
09:33Music
09:35Music
09:36And this is Tolstoy's grave
09:38If the Nazis buried nearby had read his famous book
09:42They would have learned their fate beforehand
09:44But there were other dead the Nazis didn't bury
09:48Russian dead
09:50Music
09:51Music
09:52They weren't soldiers and they weren't killed in back
09:54Music
09:55Music
09:56Music
09:57Music
09:58Music
09:59Music
10:00Music
10:01Music
10:02Music
10:03Music
10:04Music
10:05Music
10:07Music
10:08Music
10:09Music
10:10Music
10:11Music
10:12Music
10:13Music
10:14Music
10:15Music
10:16Music
10:17Music
10:18Music
10:19Music
10:20Music
10:21Music
10:22Music
10:23Music
10:24Music
10:25Music
10:26Music
10:27Music
10:28Music
10:29Music
10:30Music
10:31Music
10:32Music
10:33Music
10:34No, these aren't dogs, these are children, mass murder by orders of the high command.
10:53And there were other children, perhaps more fortunate, perhaps less.
10:59Young girls, but not young now.
11:02The attentions of the Nazi soldiers aged them very quickly.
11:08And whoever resisted the invaders met with this.
11:14These are the things the Russians can never forget.
11:21These are the things the Russians will never forget.
11:27These are the reasons why every Russian pledged his life to uphold this sacred oath.
12:03Blood for blood, death for death.
12:33That is the reason the Russians smashed on, deeper and deeper, along the entire front
12:43from Rostov to Leningrad.
12:45Nowhere could the tide of Russian pressure be stopped.
12:48And by spring of 1942, this area was delivered from the Germans.
12:54But this was not the important result.
12:57Not that this town or that village was retaken, but that the whole legend of Nazi and Nazi
13:03invincibility had been shattered.
13:06German armies could retreat too.
13:08German armies could be defeated.
13:11German troops could be captured.
13:27But besides this crushing offensive, there was another factor that shattered the legend
13:30of Nazi invincibility.
13:32That factor, which will live forever in the history of this war, was written by the people
13:38of this city.
13:39A city now called Leningrad, after the leader of the Russian Revolution, Lenin.
13:45And which, before that, was called Petrograd, in honor of its founder, Peter the Great.
13:53A city which today, with the exception of Moscow, is the most important center in the Soviet Union.
13:59Because some of Russia's largest industries are centered here.
14:03And also because it is Russia's principal port on the Baltic Sea, and the base for its Baltic fleet.
14:09Here, as throughout the Soviet Union, on June 22nd, word came of the attack.
14:15But here, the city was only a few miles from German lines.
14:19And while the men of the Red Army and the Baltic Fleet moved out to meet the enemy, behind them
14:29another army was formed.
14:31An army whose weapons were shoveled instead of rifles.
14:35An army of men.
14:37An army of women.
14:39An army of children.
14:41Feverishly, they dug the trenches.
14:43Threw up barricades.
14:45Built defenses.
14:47Prepared themselves for the worst.
14:50They knew that they, too, were in the front line.
14:53They weren't wrong.
14:55The World War
14:57The World War
14:59The World War
15:01The World War
15:03Oh, my God.
15:33Oh, my God.
16:03The mechanism of fire didn't stop with the darkness.
16:33Oh, my God.
16:35Oh, my God.
16:43Finally, the morning comes, and the people of Leningrad dig themselves out from the ruins.
17:34In other cities, there were ruined homes, museums, and other important military objectives, like the Russian Dumbo from the Leningrad Zoo.
17:43But there was one important difference.
17:46Bombing from the air was only one small part of what the people of Leningrad had to face.
17:52In September, the Nazis surrounded the city and announced it was cut off and doomed.
17:57The German commander sent the city an ultimatum demanding its surrender.
18:01He is still waiting for the answer.
18:04Thus began the siege of Leningrad, a siege that was to last for nearly 17 months.
18:13In Leningrad, as everywhere else in Russia, the winter came early that year.
18:18A cold, hard winter, the hardest in years.
18:23But here, unlike everywhere else in Russia, the winter wasn't an ally, but an enemy.
18:29Here, the 10, 20, 30 below zero temperatures could only mean more suffering, more hardship.
18:36In the trenches outside the city, trenches of snow and of ice, the defenders stuck firm to their own.
18:44To die if necessary, but not to go backward one more step.
18:49And the enemy, in spite of all its efforts, was stopped at the very gate of the city.
18:54A city now facing disease, famine, destitution.
19:03There was no oil for fuel, no power for the electric line.
19:08But the people defied the elements and trudged the necessary miles to lathe and workbench.
19:17The pipes froze, water was shut off.
19:20So they dug holes through the streets until they could get to water.
19:32There was no food, and the whole city went on starvation rashes.
19:37A factory worker got eight ounces of bread a day.
19:41Everyone else, child and adult alike, only four.
19:44And to keep the dread enemy of disease from stalking the streets of their city, an army of women worked with shovels.
19:54Worked with ticks in those streets every day.
19:58Clearing away the rubble, the wreck, the sources of contamination.
20:03Bombs from the air couldn't force the defenders of Leningrad to surrender.
20:10Winter couldn't do it.
20:13Hunger couldn't do it.
20:15So the Germans decided to shell them into surrender.
20:19For days, long-range guns hurled ton after ton of high explosives into the heart of the city.
20:30.
20:40The more the people of Leningrad were shelled, the harder they worked.
21:05Drenched in a rain of high explosives, cut off entirely from the rest of Russia, with
21:34only their own hands to defend on. Their determination never faltered. Every day more people died. Cold, disease, hunger.
21:50This was Leningrad in its darkest south. And then a miracle happened. To the west of Leningrad is the Baltic Sea, and to the east and north is Lake Latika, 7,000 square miles of inland water.
22:08The Finns and the Germans occupied one border of the lake to about this point. And in the south, the Germans controlled the lake to here.
22:17Between these two points was a stretch of lakefronts still in Russian hands. But there was nearly a hundred miles between this shore and the beleaguered city.
22:27A hundred miles of what had been open water and was now snow-covered ice.
22:46Across this frozen surface now went crackers, sledges, carving a road across the lake.
22:53And soon across this highway, from the far side of the lake, poured a stream of trucks, bringing in food, oil, grain, fuel, truckload after truckload of fresh light for the people of the city.
23:17Too late, the Germans discovered that they had left one avenue of rescue over.
23:47Their planes bombed the road, but the trucks kept rolling, by day and by night.
23:57And soon more than trucks would reach the city, so the Russians were now laying a track across the ice.
24:06To the heroes of Leningrad says the inscription on this locomotive as it starts its pioneer voyage.
24:18From the far shore of the lake, it brings food, medicine, supplies of all kinds.
24:24Across the lake and into Leningrad, this train is but the first of many.
24:30Trains that not only brought in supplies, but they could take out the wounded, the sick women, the half-prosen children.
24:42All those that needed better care.
24:45All winter long, the lake traffic continued.
24:50And all through that terrible winter, the men of the Red Army, outside the city, found the strength not only to defend, but to attack.
24:59Time after time, they hurled themselves against the invader, driving him inch by inch back from the city's outskirts.
25:16And then spring came. Spring.
25:20The snow has begun to thaw.
25:21The snow has begun to thaw.
25:22And German bodies are washed from their icebox grave.
25:23Mute evidence of Russian tenacity.
25:24The warm breath of spring is felt too on the frozen surface of Lake Latica.
25:27But the trucks continue to roll, even though the ice is melting beneath them.
25:31And spring, as it invariably does, comes to the city, too.
25:34And spring, as it invariably does, comes to the city, too.
25:38But spring is more than a new season for the people of Leningrad.
25:43It's a new light.
25:44The city begins to breathe again.
25:45It's a new light.
25:46The city begins to breathe again.
25:47And it's a new light.
25:48The city begins to breathe again.
26:06a new season to the people of Leningrad, a new life, the city begins to breathe again.
26:15For the first time in months, the trolleys ran.
26:24That first day, it seemed that every man and woman and child in the city had to go for a ride.
26:34This was life again.
26:37Life for the Leningrad children that weren't killed by Nazi bombs by the horrible winter.
26:44Life for the Russian whacks, the women of the Red Army.
26:48And for the Russian waves, the women of the Red Fleet.
26:52And for the sailors of the fleet themselves, the artists of the famous ballet theatre have come to offer entertainment.
27:04I think the Big Day snails discovered children are going to appear in English,
27:06so there will be people in the States who enjoy CPR.
27:07They'll share the Final Cutter.
27:09Absolutely.
27:11We work together, and our особris were here for Nazi we had not a luxury Interviewer Bono at U.S.
27:14It's a history of smoke as Matt guard
27:23and having the industrialized.
27:26This isn't a mystery of the North Korean Russian hair.
27:29Spring is here, summer is coming, and Leningrad is still free, although some Germans did finally
27:41succeed in getting into the city, but under different circumstances than they had anticipated.
27:50Yes, here, too, the legend of Nazi invincibility was shattered against the iron will and courage
28:01of a determined people.
28:04The citizens of Leningrad have proved that generals may win campaigns, but people win wars.
28:19By summer of 1942, new posters were appearing in the streets of Moscow, posters that greeted
28:25and welcomed their allies, allies whose health was already arriving in Russian ports, allies
28:34whose friendliness had sent drugs and food and warm clothing to help sustain them in their
28:39darkest hour.
28:41But in spite of all this, the staff of the Red Army knew that they still faced the most powerful
28:46enemy in history, and that that enemy would attack again.
28:50But when this attack came, the whole German strength was to be concentrated on one objective,
28:56the Caucasus and oil.
28:58The Caucasus Mountains represent one of the toughest military obstacles in the world, towering peaks
29:04rising to heights of as much as 18,000 feet, with only one practical highway traversing them.
29:10And Baku, the biggest oil field, is on the other side.
29:15To reach Baku, the only feasible military route was along the coast of the Caspian Sea.
29:20But the map chose what a dangerously extended supply line this would impale.
29:25To make the operation a success for the Germans, the first necessity was control of the northern
29:30hub of the rail lines of the area and a new base of operation.
29:34That hub was a Volga River port we have come to know well, Stalingrad, named for Russia's
29:40present leader.
29:42The pride of this generation of Russians, for it was their city, built in their time.
29:50With the capture of Stalingrad, the Nazis would have a base from which to launch a flanking
29:54attack on Moscow.
29:57With one master stroke, the Russian armies of the south would be cut off from health.
30:01And in the north, Russian factories, Russian farms, and Russian armies would be practically
30:07cut off from Caucasus oil, and also from American and British supplies, which were shipped to
30:13Russia through Iran and Iraq.
30:16German control of the entrance to the Volga and its two main ports, Aspican and Stalingrad,
30:22would be a crippling blow for Russians.
30:24But the Volga is the vital artery through which flowed the lifeblood of supplies.
30:30Early in May, the German offensive began along the front, extending from course to the Crimea.
30:37Within two weeks, the Nazi steamroller had overrun the Kerch Peninsula, although two months
30:42more were to elapse before embattled Sevastopol finally fell, giving the Nazis complete control
30:48of the Crimea and the southern route to the Caucasian oil field.
30:52Next, they started to drive further north and drove through to the Don River in the area
30:57of Burana, then spread south and east until they occupied the whole area from the Don River
31:03south to Rostov.
31:04This left them in perfect position to strike against Stalingrad.
31:07Further and further south, the drive plunged on.
31:10And by the end of August, they had captured the oil fields at Macon, needless to say,
31:15first demolished by the Russians, and reached the northern Caucasus.
31:20Yes, the Germans were only a few miles from their goal, the oil fields at Baku.
31:25But two barriers still stood between them, Russian mountains and Russian determination.
31:32The people of the Caucasus joined with the army to form an unshatterable war against the full
31:38onslaught of the attack.
31:44Further north, the Nazi pinces were within 15 miles of Stalingrad.
31:49This city has become the focal point of the whole campaign.
31:55Regardless of the cost, Stalingrad must be captured.
31:59Those with the German orders.
32:02Fire!
32:03Fire!
32:04German guns, German bombs, shattered the city into pieces.
32:19By September 20th, the Germans, after 30 days of grueling and ceaseless fighting,
32:31battled their way into the city's outskirts.
32:42By the end of the month, their driver carried them through the whole northwest section of the city
32:46and into occupation of part of the center, including the railroad station.
32:51On the last day of September, Hitler announced that the fall of the city was only a matter of a few days.
32:58Once more, the world was afraid a Russian campaign was lost.
33:02But once more, the Germans were to stand on the very threshold of victory and still fail.
33:09But now they were to meet a fire of fury such as they had never known.
33:29All that had gone before, the battles waged in the streets of Kiev, Rostov, Odessa, Sevastopol,
33:36these were all preludes to what happened in Stalingrad.
33:48Every inch of the city was a strategic point to be defended as such.
34:06The End
34:08The End
34:10The End
34:27by the end of October snow covered Stalingrad from the air the Germans tried to force the
34:54surrender of the Russian held part of the city same time the battle of the streets continued
35:24but as November dawned the Russians were no longer defending their city
35:54inch by inch inch by inch they were regaining
35:58the
36:05the
36:07the
36:09the
36:10the
36:12the
36:16And now as the whole world spoke in admiration of the city of steel, the ticker tape brought
36:42us breathtaking news.
36:45American and British troops have landed in and occupied North Africa.
36:49Further east, the British Eighth Army was driving westward, pursuing the vaunted Africa
36:55Corps.
36:56And in the northeast, the Red Army had launched its smashing counteroffensive.
37:01The Germans were learning the real meaning of the word, combined operations.
37:06As though a spring had been released, the Russians attacked along the entire front.
37:11In the far north, the Germans felt the first impact.
37:14The Russians recaptured Schlisselberg, breaking the Axis ring around Leningrad.
37:19Soon after, another offensive lashed out further south, bypassing the Germans' defensive position
37:24of Rousseff and plunging down to Veniki-Luki.
37:27Still another Russian blow fell in the Varanish area, pushing a threatening spearhead deep into
37:32the German line.
37:33In the far south, the Germans were moving away from Drozdy, instead of toward it, under the
37:39force of the Russian attack.
37:41At Stalingrad, the Germans were about to meet new opponents.
37:51Fresh reserves were arriving from far Siberia.
37:56They had been stationed there in case of trouble with the Japanese.
38:00Now, these troops had been transported to relieve the embattled defenders of Stalingrad.
38:13And as the reserves entered the city, at headquarters, the commanders of three Russian armies were meeting.
38:20The Germans had fought for Stalingrad as a prize.
38:24The Russians were determined to make it a trap.
38:27Two simultaneous attacks were launched, one from the north, one from the south.
38:32The German armies encircling Stalingrad were now themselves threatened with encircles.
38:37Finally, the two prongs met.
38:40These battle-hardened soldiers of the northern armies and soldiers of the southern were emotional
38:55as children as they greeted each other.
38:58They knew this meeting meant the salvation of Stalingrad and of their country.
39:07On this Christmas of 1942, the people of the Soviet Union can celebrate with happy heart.
39:14They have received the most precious gift from the men of their army.
39:18The assurance of ultimate victory.
39:21Just as in our hometown, it is the children's day in Moscow.
39:26It is a happier Christmas this year.
39:29Today, there are no German bombers overhead.
39:37In other years, the Russians, like ourselves, celebrated on New Year's Eve.
39:57But not now.
39:59The factories are just as busy as on any other night.
40:03The moment comes.
40:05It is the New Year.
40:08And at the front, the greeting is the same.
40:18Up to a point.
40:20From administrators or otherieß particulars are João one minute.
40:29To you will!
40:30From Th committed.
40:31To you will!
40:32Vangirl at the front on this line.
40:33Theancia plan is the same.
40:34I decided to go dead.
40:35They are for business!
40:37I took up to Syria, yes, the family is eventually in the Eastman's терhhh.
40:39Like aór Behёзg, its blackmax heavily!
40:40Sk summer,icos.
40:41Keep up!
40:42Like a 64-year know...
40:43That was my farm.
40:44I took up to the front stairs.
40:45It is the Mongolia of the 1945 compact哪
40:47Outside Stalingrad, the icy winter becomes a fiery hell.
41:02Here are concentrated the latest in Russian equipment, flamethrowers, ice gliders, used
41:11here by shot troops to capture airfields in advance of the main army, rocket guns, Katusha
41:18the Russians call them.
41:41Every last resource of the Red Army was thrown into a crushing offense of ultimate destruction.
42:08This was Kyle and Kessel with a vengeance, but the Nazis were getting Kessel instead of
42:13the Russians.
42:15And on February the 2nd, 1943, after 162 days of the heaviest fighting in the history of
42:23warfare, the last shot was fired.
42:27The peace came to progress.
42:31In the shattered streets, the blasted ruins, the ghastly evidence of their ordeal, the
42:39defenders of the city greet the rescuing army of the dark.
42:46Stalingrad is free.
42:50The Nazis had capitulated.
43:03The German generals who had been ordered by Hitler to take Stalingrad regardless of the
43:07course, and who had obediently promised that the city would be his, these generals, 24 of
43:13them, who had covered themselves with such glory and such metal on the fields of Poland and
43:20Norway and France.
43:22They now had only their past glory to comfort.
43:26This is Field Marshal von Powell, commander-in-chief of the German army at Stalingrad.
43:31This is the man who told his soldiers that if they surrendered, he would see to it that their
43:36families died in reprise.
43:38When he faced his captors, perhaps his worried expression reflected in anxiety that Hitler might
43:44take the same revenge on his family.
43:47For he knew that when he surrendered, Hitler lost not only a Field Marshal, he lost an entire
43:54army, 22 divisions, 330,000 men.
44:01These are the men who had been promised that as conquerors they would winter in Stalingrad.
44:07Well, it was winter, and this was Stalingrad.
44:12Here were the conquerors.
44:14Here were the conquerors.
44:15Here were the conquerors.
44:21Here, depending on what happens.
44:22Here were the coming.
44:23Here were the camps.
44:24He knows what am Iioniiii and isded plays into a special series.
44:26Here's an N-inging trade.
44:28Here is aulano, but
44:48And when another spring broke over the Russian countryside, the results of the winter were
44:56clear.
44:57The invader had been driven back far beyond the lines he had occupied a year early.
45:02185,000 square miles of Russian land had been freed.
45:06And in this winter campaign of 1942, the Axis powers had lost 5,090 planes, 9,190 tanks,
45:1620,360 guns, 30,705 machine guns, more than 500,000 rifles, 17 million shells, 128 million
45:29cartridges, vast stores of other materials, and 1,193,525 men, of whom 800,000 were dead.
45:44That is the story to date of the German attempt to conquer Russia.
45:48In 1941, they tried for Moscow and failed.
45:53In 1942, they tried for the Caucasus and failed.
45:58In 1943, and for as many more years as necessary, they will not only be resisted wherever their
46:05failing power strikes, but they will be attacked, attacked, and attacked by these united people
46:14nations.
46:19The hope will be, shall the peace of the world be found.
46:30Oh, please, Lord, United Nations, will the hope of the world restore.
46:38Through our thoughts, we're here, as the new day appears on the land of the sea.
46:46And in the skies forever, man shall live proud and free.
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