00:01It's so close to us, at least in terms of space,
00:04but there's still so much we don't know about the Moon yet.
00:08For example, Chinese researchers have collected soil samples from the Moon
00:12and found out there might be billions of tiny glass spheres on the lunar surface.
00:17What's really cool is that they might hold enormous amounts of water.
00:23These tiny spheres form when meteorites hit the Moon at crazy speeds,
00:28sometimes at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour.
00:32When that happens, a strong explosion sends bits of the Moon's crust flying into the air like popcorn.
00:40As these chunks of crust cool down, they create little glass beads
00:44that look like tiny glittering spheres.
00:47These beads are so small that they're like crumbs sprinkled over the Moon's surface.
00:52Scientists call them impact glass.
00:55And it turns out, the soil on the Moon is holding a secret ingredient that can make water, oxygen.
01:03So, these tiny glass balls are like little capsules with oxygen inside.
01:08There's a special type of wind called solar wind, and it's made of protons and electrons.
01:14When protons hit the capsules, they mix with the oxygen inside and finally make water.
01:20But the most amazing part is that some of these glass balls with water inside
01:27get hidden under a layer of the Moon's dust called regolith.
01:31So, if we go on a mission to the Moon, we'll have hidden reservoirs of water underground.
01:36It's as if someone has prepared some canned food for us to survive.
01:42Because you can't drink that water directly from these glass beads,
01:45you're supposed to collect them and then boil them in an oven to extract the water.
01:50When they cool, they release vapor, so you'll have regular liquid water in a bottle.
01:55That way, astronauts on their missions will be able to stay longer up there,
01:59considering these secret stashes.
02:02And the coolest thing is that these glass beads are very common on the Moon.
02:07They're spread from the poles to the equator,
02:10which means there might be enough water even for generations that might come to live there one day.
02:18There are other spots where we can find water in space, too.
02:22For example, scientists found an extremely big cloud of water vapor
02:27that's 12 billion light years away from us.
02:30Not within reach, of course, but it's still good to know.
02:33And we're talking about something bigger than we can imagine.
02:36It's thought the cloud contains at least 140 trillion times the amount of water
02:43in all the oceans and seas on our home planet.
02:46Imagine swimming or scuba diving there.
02:50It's like taking a dip in a giant water balloon that's traveling through space.
02:54I mean, you wouldn't have a way out considering the amount of water in there,
02:58but hey, at least the view would be magnificent.
03:01Water is actually everywhere across our solar system.
03:07It's mostly in the shape of atmospheric gas or ice,
03:11and sometimes even in its liquid form.
03:14And there are probably many water worlds in our galaxy, too.
03:17Scientists from the University of Copenhagen have discovered exciting new evidence
03:22about how planets form in our solar system and beyond.
03:26Their computer models have confirmed the interesting theory of pebble accretion,
03:31which means that planets form from tiny pieces of ice and dust.
03:36This theory is based on the observation of disks around young stars
03:41that are made up of pebbles that come in several hundred Earth masses.
03:45As these pebbles collide and clump together,
03:48they form protoplanets and, eventually, planets.
03:52What's even more exciting is water could be an important ingredient in this planet's making.
03:58It also means that the water may not have come to Earth by chance,
04:02for instance, via icy comets hitting our home planet.
04:06Instead, maybe it was there from the very beginning.
04:09Perhaps planets in our neighborhood, like Mars and Venus, formed with water as well.
04:17Scientists also say we shouldn't assume we're a special case just because we have water.
04:22There could be many planets all over our Milky Way galaxy as big as Earth that have water, too.
04:28That means there could be many worlds in our galaxy with continents and oceans,
04:33which could also mean there is a great deal of life out there waiting to be discovered.
04:40But just because there's water somewhere,
04:43it doesn't mean that place would be a good spot for an interstellar summer vacation for future generations.
04:49Water on many planets is probably embedded in rock or fills underground oceans.
04:56Researchers have checked more than 40 exoplanets we know about.
05:00They're all smaller than Neptune and located around something we call red dwarf stars.
05:06These make up 80% of all stars we're familiar with in our galaxy.
05:11They're cooler than our Sun and also the smallest type of hydrogen-burning stars.
05:17And there could be more planets with enormous amounts of water than we thought.
05:23Plus, this water can take up to half of the total mass of these planets.
05:27Scientists know this because they've been studying the density of these exoplanets.
05:33They have realized they're too light to be made entirely out of rock.
05:40I've mentioned Venus before.
05:42Today, it's a hot, rocky planet a bit smaller than Earth,
05:46with a dry atmosphere and only some traces of water vapor.
05:50It's also very poor in oxygen.
05:53But in its early stages, the planet may have been a completely different world,
05:57with liquid water and even clouds.
05:59Which means it's possible there used to be life.
06:03What if Venus used to be similar to Earth, with oceans and moderate temperatures?
06:10It would be great if it stayed that way,
06:13because these seem like good conditions to develop life.
06:16So we'd probably be writing letters to some of our space friends from there,
06:20or visiting them already.
06:22But the scenario went in a different direction for Venus,
06:26about 700 million years ago or so.
06:28The planet got so hot, it lost all of its oxygen.
06:32That's why it wasn't able to form liquid water on its surface.
06:37Instead, it developed a thick atmosphere, made up of carbon dioxide.
06:42Which made this world even hotter than Mercury,
06:45even though it's twice as far from the Sun.
06:48Even icy comets pelting it couldn't bring water back to its surface.
06:53We can't do it either in some artificial way.
06:56It would be like trying to grow a delicate flower in a desert.
07:00No matter how much you water it, if the conditions are too dry and harsh,
07:05the flower won't survive.
07:07But some people thought the water in the atmosphere of our close neighbor
07:11could be enough for developing life.
07:14Plus, scientists have discovered there is a compound called phosphate
07:18that's often associated with living organisms on Earth.
07:22Maybe in the past, this was enough.
07:25Today, the amount of water on Venus is so small,
07:29even our toughest microbes that are extremely tolerant to droughts
07:32wouldn't be able to stay alive there.
07:36Phosphine is still a cool discovery worth investigating,
07:39but not something that tells us there could be life on Venus.
07:44Jupiter might be a more likely option for that.
07:47The Galileo probe flew through the atmosphere of this magnificent gas giant
07:52to measure the temperature and water activity.
07:55It found out there was enough water for life to exist in the planet's clouds,
08:00but sadly, there are not enough nutrients there.
08:03Plus, there's too much ultraviolet radiation,
08:05so most organisms wouldn't actually be able to survive there.
08:10And everyone knows Europa, one of Jupiter's moons.
08:14It's that very place in our solar system that has the biggest chances to support life.
08:19Its icy crust probably hides an ocean underneath.
08:23And because of Jupiter's gravity that affects Europa,
08:26the ocean is not frozen, but remains liquid.
08:29The ocean might be warm under that icy crust,
08:32probably thanks to hydrothermal vents.
08:35Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons,
08:39probably has even higher chances to host life than Europa.
08:43And it's one of the best candidates to have a beautiful, warm, and salty ocean beneath the surface.
08:49It has the coolest ice geysers that catapult into space about 1,000 tons of water every hour,
08:56together with salt, organic molecules, and some other materials.
09:00Aunty Norman,
09:05々 Sebastian Tom,
09:07I'm the Ranger.
09:08Got a whole page ofopolity.
09:09Just Jetと思елен from us.
09:11We'll see you right behind.
09:12I'll see you in the next one.
09:13That's ready.
09:16Okay, so that is진.
09:18Let's go next to your house all the way it is this dagawans-
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