When Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds into its flight on the morning of 28 January 1986, it represented one of the most shocking events in the history of American spaceflight. A Presidential Commission was immediately convened to explore what had gone wrong, but with the vast complexity of the space shuttle and so many vested interests involved in the investigation, discovering the truth presented an almost impossible challenge. A truly independent member of the investigation was Richard Feynman. One of the most accomplished scientists of his generation, he worked on the Manhattan Project building the first atom bomb and won the Nobel Prize for his breakthroughs in quantum physics. Feynman deployed exceptional integrity, charm and relentless scientific logic to investigate the secrets of the Shuttle disaster and in doing so, helped make the US Space Programme safer.
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00:00:00Tonight's Space Shuttle Challenger on launch pad 39B as the Mammoth Space Center in Florida.
00:00:20It accounted and continues for tomorrow's launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger with its crew of seven, including New Hampshire school teacher Kristen McAuliffe.
00:00:27The Challenger mission L-51 has been the 51L mission ready to go.
00:00:45Seven o'clock, the Challenger crew met with their traditional pre-flight breakfast.
00:00:49Roger, thanks Randy, and they're sitting out too slow.
00:00:52Okay, everybody, cab's in.
00:00:54Copy for your crew.
00:00:55The price is gone.
00:00:57The price is gone.
00:00:59Ladies and gentlemen of the faculty, students, quiet please.
00:01:08Please welcome our esteemed guest lecturer, winner of the Einstein Award, one of the ten most significant physicists of all time, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Dr. Richard Feynman.
00:01:25I bribed him to sell the nice stuff.
00:01:43Clearly, I just escaped from jail.
00:01:45Energy from potential to kinetic gives you...
00:01:55You see that?
00:01:57No.
00:01:57Don't write it down.
00:02:03I'll tell you you know what it means.
00:02:05This will not hurt you.
00:02:17It might hurt me.
00:02:18It might hurt me.
00:02:18Why didn't I have you write down the equation?
00:02:40You'd write it out.
00:02:41La-de-da-de-da.
00:02:42You feel pretty smart, right?
00:02:45But now you understand it.
00:02:47Mom, hurry up!
00:02:49Coming.
00:02:50Just getting down in about three minutes and they think they can do it.
00:02:52They are counting.
00:02:53The ice is cleared away and Challenger should be going away very soon.
00:02:58Let's get down to the Kennedy Space Center and take a look at Challenger sitting on the pad as they continue the countdown.
00:03:04Challenger's launch will be the 25th space shuttle mission.
00:03:07It's estimated over 30,000 people involved in the world.
00:03:10Yeah, I'm just going to some coffee.
00:03:11I'm down there.
00:03:12At a total cost of nearly $40 million.
00:03:15Okay, I'm ready, Captain.
00:03:16I'm ready, Captain.
00:03:17I'm ready, Captain.
00:03:17I'm ready, Captain.
00:03:19There goes Crystal McAuliffe, first teacher in space.
00:03:22During the mission, McAuliffe will be conducting scientific experiments which will be beamed live to children in schoolrooms across America.
00:03:29The New Hampshire teachers describe Challenger as the ultimate field trip.
00:03:33What is science?
00:03:34Science is a way to teach how something gets to be known.
00:03:41In as much as anything can be known, because nothing is known, absolutely.
00:03:52It's how to handle doubt and uncertainty.
00:03:57We have main engine starts.
00:04:054, 3, 2, 1, liftoff of the 25th space shuttle mission, and it has cleared the tower.
00:04:14Yes!
00:04:15Yes!
00:04:16Yes!
00:04:16Yes!
00:04:17Yes!
00:04:17Yes!
00:04:18Yes!
00:04:19Yes!
00:04:20Yes!
00:04:21Yes!
00:04:22Yes!
00:04:23Yes!
00:04:24Yes!
00:04:25Yes!
00:04:26Roger!
00:04:27Challenger!
00:04:28Challenger, go and throttle up.
00:04:31Science teaches us what the rules of evidence are.
00:04:36We mess with that at our peril.
00:04:40I've been driving down, bring it to the elevator before we start.
00:04:451 minute 15 seconds for us.
00:04:52We will report more as we have information available.
00:04:57Checking with the recovery forces.
00:05:06Obviously a major malfunction.
00:05:10We have no downlink.
00:05:14We will report more.
00:05:26So we will report more.
00:05:27We will report more.
00:05:28The Space Agency NASA has not yet confirmed the deaths of the school teacher and six other astronauts
00:05:34who were on board the shuttle Challenger when it exploded on takeoff this morning in Florida.
00:05:38But there seems little doubt that there were any survivors.
00:05:41NASA is conducting a news conference at this moment.
00:05:45Challenger exploded into a fireball and pieces came down in the Atlantic.
00:05:50Never in 25 launches of the space shuttle had a life been lost.
00:05:55Today, that record went down in flames.
00:05:58Tonight, the search for survivors turned up none.
00:06:01The search for answers is just starting.
00:06:03Bruce Hall begins our coverage of a spaceship that became a fireball and a national tragedy.
00:06:09...for launch and liftoff.
00:06:12...to the cheers of the young students of the first ever U.S. teacher astronaut.
00:06:16Moments later, a massive explosion.
00:06:19The cheering stops.
00:06:21I'm sorry, I can't watch this stuff.
00:06:28Seven Americans with the highest hopes.
00:06:31A million dollars worth of the highest technology.
00:06:34Gone in suckers.
00:06:36The worst disaster in the U.S. space program ever.
00:06:40Hello? Hold on, not...
00:06:48Wait!
00:06:49Food!
00:06:51MENUGERIE!
00:06:52Sorry, how was it... scoot on, hold on.
00:06:55What was the virus nagging?
00:06:59Don't drop a booty of their own, calm down, and falling off.
00:07:01You talk fatlifting.
00:07:03I'm sorry, who is it? Hold on, hold on.
00:07:10Yeah, who's this? Bill. Bill who? Bill Graham.
00:07:18I've got 15,000 former students. Listen pal, how did you get a hold of my home number?
00:07:26You're ahead of what? NASA?
00:07:32You got your results back here? Nope.
00:07:57What's booking you?
00:08:00A phone call this morning. They want me to go to Washington.
00:08:08To sit on a presidential inquiry thing. What?
00:08:12Find out why the shuttle exploded.
00:08:15Did you say yes?
00:08:17I'm not even that end of the space program.
00:08:20I know people died, and I'm very sorry about that, but...
00:08:24Gwen, I do my work, my teaching. You guys, they just wanna say that they bag the famous physicist guy.
00:08:36They're a bunch of bureaucrats and generals with pokers up their asses, you know?
00:08:44What?
00:08:45You just said it. They wouldn't know where to look. You would.
00:08:49You can't pass up a puzzle. You're not as important as this.
00:09:01I'm sorry, love. You're right. I wasn't thinking.
00:09:06Write and explain that you're not fitting.
00:09:08I'm fit. I'm fit.
00:09:10Who are you kidding? I'm fit as a fiddle.
00:09:12What do you Yorkshire folks say? I'm fit as a flea.
00:09:16You want the proof?
00:09:17Yeah, especially.
00:09:18You smell so good.
00:09:20Okay, but then you'd have no excuse.
00:09:26Damn you, woman.
00:09:32I'll have to wear a tie.
00:09:38Let's get a tie.
00:09:59Taxi!
00:10:08It's cold.
00:10:11NASA headquarters.
00:10:12NASA, you got it.
00:10:15Cold.
00:10:19With America still in shock after the world's worst space disaster,
00:10:23the address given by President Reagan in the hours following the accident
00:10:26now seems to have captured the mood of a nation.
00:10:29We mourn seven heroes.
00:10:31We mourn their loss as a nation together.
00:10:33So, sir, are you something to do in the inquiry there?
00:10:35Yeah, I'm on the Presidential Commission.
00:10:38Ah.
00:10:39Alongside some super important people.
00:10:41And slipped to the surly bonds of Earth
00:10:44to touch the face of God.
00:10:46Focus now turns to the cause of the tragedy
00:10:49as the Presidential Commission...
00:10:50We gotta get back up there.
00:10:53Something went really wrong.
00:10:56And right to the city.
00:10:57And right to the city.
00:10:58And right to the city.
00:10:59Keep that.
00:11:01Sir, could I trouble you for an autograph?
00:11:16Sure.
00:11:17Who do I make it out to?
00:11:22Oh.
00:11:23Not you, sir.
00:11:24I meant Mr. Neil Armstrong.
00:11:26First man on the moon.
00:11:27Oh.
00:11:28You can mail it.
00:11:29That's my driver number at that address.
00:11:32Okay.
00:11:33I promise.
00:11:36Professor.
00:11:37Sir, what do you expect to find?
00:11:38What do you expect to find?
00:11:39What do you expect to find?
00:11:40What do you expect to find?
00:11:41Oh, yes.
00:11:47Oh, yes.
00:11:48Pardon me.
00:11:49Mr. Armstrong.
00:11:50Excuse me.
00:11:51I think we met.
00:11:52I'm Bill Rogers.
00:11:53I'm Chairman of the Commission.
00:11:54We're very fortunate to have you with us.
00:11:57Hey, I got somebody who wants to meet you.
00:11:59Dr. Sally Ride.
00:12:01Dr. Sally Ride.
00:12:02Oh.
00:12:03Our first woman in space.
00:12:04Oh, wow.
00:12:05Nice to meet you.
00:12:06You, too.
00:12:08Good journey?
00:12:09I took the red eye from L.A.
00:12:12I'll never do it.
00:12:14Dr. Alton Keel.
00:12:16Our executive director.
00:12:17Nobel laureate Richard Fein.
00:12:19Your name I recognize, too.
00:12:21Fellow physicist.
00:12:22Yeah, formerly I've been in Washington several years.
00:12:25Oh.
00:12:26How is your integrity?
00:12:28Yeah.
00:12:31That's just insulting.
00:12:32No.
00:12:33Don't take me seriously.
00:12:35I don't...
00:12:40Commissioner, I appreciate you all coming together at short notice.
00:12:45We have a huge, vital task ahead of us.
00:12:48Upon which might depend the future of manned space flight in this country.
00:12:53Now, I intend for this investigation to follow an orderly and proper procedure.
00:12:58We are not going to conduct it in a manner that is in any way unfairly critical of NASA.
00:13:05Because we believe, and certainly I believe, that NASA has done an excellent job.
00:13:10And I believe that the American people think so, too.
00:13:14Anyway, we have to accept the fact that this shuttle is the most complex machine that's ever been built.
00:13:23I understand it has more than two and a half million parts.
00:13:26It may be after due consideration.
00:13:29It's just not possible to identify the cause.
00:13:32Now, in terms of scheduling...
00:13:34That's nothing.
00:13:35I'm sorry, Dr. Feynman?
00:13:37Two and a half million.
00:13:38Small potatoes.
00:13:39No, really.
00:13:40Look, I don't know much about space rockets, but I know a little something about probability.
00:13:47Something I developed called, um, path integral formulation.
00:13:52It's quantum mechanics, yuck, yuck.
00:13:57But, um, basically what it means is that you can figure out the probability of something occurring,
00:14:06not just when you've got two and a half million events, but an infinity of possibilities.
00:14:13You know, over-large, the number of causal paths for whatever happened to Challenger, an explanation can be found.
00:14:26What are we doing here if we don't think it's possible?
00:14:30All right?
00:14:34Uh, Chairman Rogers, I headed an investigation into the failure of a Titan rocket,
00:14:39and I suggest I outline the procedure we used there.
00:14:42I appreciate the offer, General Coutinho, but I think in this case there's far less collectible evidence.
00:14:48I don't like to contradict you, sir, but in the case of the shuttle, as there were human beings aboard,
00:14:53it generates far more database material.
00:14:55Mr. Rogers, what the General said is the case.
00:14:57There are external cameras, there are black box recordings, there are telemetry sensors.
00:15:01There's a great deal of information.
00:15:03Thank you, General Coutinho, and Mr. Armstrong.
00:15:06I'm certain we can get back to this.
00:15:08Please, anyone?
00:15:09Chairman?
00:15:10Yes?
00:15:11I don't know about anyone else, but coming in I got some major press attention.
00:15:16I'd like to know what we're to say for the sake of the astronaut families.
00:15:22What are we saying at this point?
00:15:24Well, this is very important.
00:15:25Any and all inquiries from the press are to be directed to Chairman Rogers' office.
00:15:30So, the plan is, ladies and gentlemen, we will reconvene in five days' time.
00:15:39But for the President, enjoy your stay in Washington.
00:15:42What?
00:15:43What?
00:15:44What?
00:15:45We're not gonna press it.
00:15:46Chiu, we don't start right away.
00:15:47Great.
00:15:48Dr. Feynman.
00:15:49Bill Graham.
00:15:50At a NASA.
00:15:52You're the guy that got me into this.
00:15:53Well, I took your physics acts lectures way back, never forgotten.
00:15:57I think you're gonna bring something unique to the commission.
00:16:02You know, I abandoned my teaching and a lot of important consulting to come here.
00:16:03I didn't imagine I was gonna be told to sit on my tush for a week.
00:16:07So, here's what I'm gonna need.
00:16:08I'm gonna need a copy of you.
00:16:09I'm gonna need a copy of you.
00:16:10I'm gonna need a copy of you.
00:16:11It's okay.
00:16:12You know, the guy that got me into this.
00:16:15You know, the guy that got me into this.
00:16:16You know, the guy that got me into this.
00:16:17You know, I took your physics acts lectures way back and never forgotten.
00:16:21I think you're gonna bring something unique to the commission.
00:16:24You know, I abandoned my teaching and a lot of important consulting to come here.
00:16:28I didn't imagine I was gonna be told to sit on my tush for a week.
00:16:32So, here's what I'm gonna need.
00:16:36I'm going to need a crash course.
00:16:38I'm a shuttle designer.
00:16:39I need to know everything when how this thing was put together
00:16:42so you can start supplying me with technical manuals and so forth.
00:16:45And most of all, you've got to get me straight on the factory floor.
00:16:48I'm pretty new to NASA myself.
00:16:50We actually only took over two months ago.
00:16:52That's a bad topic.
00:16:53We're based here in Washington,
00:16:55but the shuttle engines and systems are all out of the Marshall Space Flight Center.
00:16:59It pretty much takes care of itself.
00:17:01Get ahead of the whole schmear.
00:17:02I mean, you can get me in this Marshall place, otherwise I'm a busy fellow.
00:17:05I'll do my best.
00:17:06I'll get on it right away.
00:17:08All right, thanks.
00:17:13I like that you didn't live up there on the mighty chairman.
00:17:19You take it.
00:17:20I don't care for limousine.
00:17:21Well, neither do I.
00:17:22I'm just a two-star general.
00:17:24Don't get assigned limousine.
00:17:26Take the subway.
00:17:29Pleasure.
00:17:30You too.
00:17:34Maxie!
00:17:35Oh, and there was a phone call for you, sir.
00:17:41Please call your doctor.
00:17:46Dr. Weiss?
00:17:50The elevator's just to your right, sir.
00:17:52To begin what may be a lengthy process,
00:18:21Millions of Americans who watched our heroes perish only 73 seconds after takeoff
00:18:26on that cold January morning are waiting for answers.
00:18:30Nancy and I are paying to the core for the tragedy of the shuttle challenge.
00:18:34We know we've shared this.
00:18:35Hello.
00:18:37Graham.
00:18:38The future doesn't belong to you.
00:18:39Oh, you got me in.
00:18:40Great.
00:18:41Don't take a plane down in the morning.
00:18:43Challenger crew was pulling us...
00:18:45Thanks.
00:18:46Alpha Plus.
00:18:49I've always had great faith in and respect for our space program.
00:18:54We don't hide our space program.
00:18:56We don't keep secrets and cover things up.
00:18:58We do it all up front and in public.
00:19:01That's the way freedom is, and we wouldn't change it for a minute.
00:19:17Oh, it's immense.
00:19:19This is an identical craft.
00:19:20No, it's a training simulator.
00:19:22For your purposes, the flight deck systems, the payload bay, etc., virtually identical.
00:19:35Nice.
00:19:36Want to see the flight deck?
00:19:38Yeah.
00:19:38Yeah.
00:19:44Oh, shit.
00:19:48You have four human beings jammed in this space.
00:20:03Can I sit here?
00:20:04Yeah.
00:20:08Wow.
00:20:11Okay.
00:20:11They got S-band communication links, environmental control systems, cabin pressure gauges.
00:20:21What is that?
00:20:22Emergency oxygen.
00:20:23Don't touch things.
00:20:34Come on.
00:20:34Hey, Dick Feynman.
00:20:42I'm on the commission.
00:20:43I got nothing to hide.
00:20:50If I was to ask you engineers, never mind what the managers say, but you guys, given all your experience, what you thought the probability was of an accident on any single lodge, what would you say?
00:21:04If you don't want to say out loud, perhaps you could write down on a piece of paper.
00:21:27So you're looking at the solid rocket boosters?
00:21:29Okay, so they're not made here.
00:21:34No.
00:21:35They're made by our contractors, Morton, Thiokol, and Utah.
00:21:38Railroaded into Kennedy and Conception.
00:21:40That's a pretty standard Tang and Cleavis joint.
00:21:43Look, there's no ways it was the solid rocket boosters.
00:21:45How so certain?
00:21:46Because they don't fly with holes in them.
00:21:49If it was the SRB, it would have exploded on the launch pad.
00:21:53These kept on flying.
00:21:54You see it in the footage.
00:21:55You watch the footage.
00:21:56Tell me what you saw.
00:21:57What went through your mind.
00:21:59What did you think it was?
00:22:01I thought it was the main engines.
00:22:03Okay.
00:22:04Why?
00:22:04Why the main engines?
00:22:05Because of the complexity.
00:22:07They're working at the outer edge of any experience base.
00:22:10In the blade technology.
00:22:12No, no, no.
00:22:13It's more than the blades.
00:22:14It's...
00:22:15Hey.
00:22:16There is no ways that I'm ratting out my co-workers here.
00:22:18Look, pal, if we're not allowed to find out what went wrong, there will be no more co-workers.
00:22:25All these jobs will be gone, kaput.
00:22:30Won't be another shuttle launch.
00:22:31Of the events on the morning of the 28th of January, the Presidential Commission investigating the accident headed by former Secretary of State William Rogers has met mostly behind closed doors.
00:22:44So far, it's given no hints about what it believes may have been the cost.
00:22:54Meanwhile, off the coast of Florida, the hunt for Challenger wreckage continues.
00:22:57The combined NASA, Naval, and Coast Guard operation involving 14 ships, 4 submarines, and 11 aircraft is combing hundreds of square miles of ocean.
00:23:06Although NASA today released pictures showing recovered debris, they've been unable to confirm if they've found the crew compartment.
00:23:12In the absence of detailed information about what happened to Challenger, speculation about the cause of the accident continues to grow.
00:23:19Recent theories include everything from a computer programming error to unusually strong winds.
00:23:27Dr. Hatred's attention inside the
00:23:56Chairman Rogers, the boat's, uh, just pulled into the crew compartment.
00:24:10Can you tell me, was the oxygen activated?
00:24:15Yes, Dr. Ride. It was.
00:24:20We, uh, maybe won't make that public straight away.
00:24:24Excuse me.
00:24:42Dr. Feynman, it's very important that this team stays together all the time.
00:24:50Why?
00:24:51It's been reported to me that you spent some time at Marshall, alone. That's not very helpful.
00:24:59Oh, well, Mr. Rogers, I don't find it helpful to stand around.
00:25:03The other commissioners are just being respectful.
00:25:07And you're saying I'm not?
00:25:09You understand the implications of the oxygen being activated?
00:25:15I do. The astronauts had to do that themselves, which means that they were alive for at least some of those two minutes and 36 seconds before they slammed into the ocean.
00:25:29Mr. Rogers, I'm an atheist. I personally doubt that they're touching the face of God, so I prefer to show my respect by finding the cause of their appalling deaths and not stand around looking sad.
00:25:39You know, I didn't even want to be on this commission, but now that I'm on it, I got every intention of finding out what went wrong.
00:25:47You know, I don't know that NASA did an excellent job.
00:25:53The group will be leaving in 30 minutes, except for General Kutina, who's made his own arrangements.
00:26:08I also may have my own arrangements.
00:26:13I can't force you to go.
00:26:15Nope.
00:26:35Are you gonna work all night?
00:26:38Uh, if necessary. I don't know.
00:26:44How do you plan to get back to Washington?
00:26:46Uh, I got myself on kind of a pickle.
00:26:49I want to go back to Marshall.
00:26:52Guess I'll hire a car, but it's hundreds of miles.
00:26:56Well, I can give you a lift. I'll drop you in Alabama.
00:26:58Oh.
00:27:01Here, 0600.
00:27:03Okay.
00:27:08Well, I may not get a limo, but occasionally I get the use of a government jet.
00:27:20No.
00:27:21You imagine I was gonna drive you 400 miles?
00:27:23This is tremendous.
00:27:27New for you?
00:27:29You serious?
00:27:30No.
00:27:31No.
00:27:32No.
00:27:33Oh.
00:27:34Oh.
00:27:36Oh.
00:27:38It's okay.
00:27:39No.
00:27:40No.
00:27:41No.
00:27:42No.
00:27:43No.
00:27:44No.
00:27:45No.
00:27:47No.
00:27:48You know, what you have to realize is that you are uniquely independent.
00:27:52Yeah, how is that?
00:27:54Well, everyone on the commission has strong associations.
00:27:58True?
00:28:00Well to NASA, Armstrong, Ride, the government, Keele, Rogers was Secretary of State, and Bill Graham's even a personal friend of President Reagan's.
00:28:10And you?
00:28:11Me, the Air Force.
00:28:14How does the Air Force...
00:28:15Air Force, 3-9-2-6-5.
00:28:17Level 4-2-0.
00:28:19Head in 3-2-0.
00:28:222-6-5.
00:28:24How does the Air Force...
00:28:26You're the only independent.
00:28:27I'm independent.
00:28:29I'm invincible.
00:28:31Yeah, but check 6.
00:28:34What check 6?
00:28:35That's a fighter pilot's expression at 6 o'clock.
00:28:38The blind spot.
00:28:41Directly behind you.
00:28:44Watch my ass.
00:28:50Okay, watch your ass here.
00:28:52What?
00:28:52It's a little steep.
00:29:08That's what we call the diamond.
00:29:19Wow, now that is very beautiful.
00:29:30What the hell?
00:29:31You happy with that?
00:29:32With that vibration?
00:29:34Don't worry, it steadies again after 65%.
00:29:36But to get to 65%, you gotta go through that?
00:29:43Sometimes, yeah.
00:29:44Can I see components?
00:29:52The blades?
00:30:01What is that?
00:30:04It's a crack in this blade.
00:30:06Yeah, it is an obvious crack.
00:30:19Yeah.
00:30:20The blades often get those after a flight.
00:30:23But that's not a flight safety problem.
00:30:25Well, what is it, then?
00:30:27We were told to lock it as a maintenance problem.
00:30:28Only if it develops into a full fracture,
00:30:31that would be a failure.
00:30:32So a failure only happens if it actually shears off?
00:30:35Uh-huh.
00:30:38Bull.
00:30:40Failure is the crack.
00:30:41Well, you could argue that...
00:30:43Failure is the crack.
00:30:44I mean, because it's not in the design.
00:30:46You know what I know is not supposed to crack.
00:30:53Who has the rest of the test data?
00:30:59Is that it?
00:30:59I don't know.
00:31:29I think we should start this
00:31:59discussion on the
00:32:01step-by-step process, so...
00:32:04Concentrate the investigation
00:32:05on the main engines.
00:32:07There are cracked turbine blades.
00:32:10As early as 1,375
00:32:11seconds equivalent to full power level.
00:32:14Also, at 4,000
00:32:15hertz, there's some nasty vibrations.
00:32:18So you think the cause lies
00:32:19within the engine?
00:32:21I bet my last dime on it. I just got back from
00:32:23Marshall. I just heard an interesting new definition
00:32:25of the word failure.
00:32:27Well, it's interesting that you should say that,
00:32:29Doctor. We've just received the
00:32:31telemetry data from NASA,
00:32:33and the sensors on
00:32:35the engines show that they
00:32:37performed absolutely
00:32:39perfectly. Get out of here.
00:32:42The engines began to
00:32:43shut down as fuel
00:32:45pressure decreased
00:32:46exactly as designed.
00:32:50That's extremely lucky,
00:32:51because I'm telling you those engines have profound
00:32:53problems. Now, there is a step-by-step
00:32:56process for us
00:32:58all to follow.
00:33:00And I respectfully request
00:33:01that from now on,
00:33:04you abide by it.
00:33:06We're all trying to find the answer.
00:33:11All right.
00:33:12Shall we begin?
00:33:17Step
00:33:17by step
00:33:18by step.
00:33:20All right.
00:33:27Prof.
00:33:30Don't let the chairman
00:33:31put you off.
00:33:34Look, you should come by the house
00:33:36tonight for a bite,
00:33:37if that appeals.
00:33:39Yeah?
00:33:40Okay.
00:33:40Good.
00:33:41Excuse me for a second.
00:33:42Listen, I brought that stuff.
00:33:43Graham,
00:33:44why didn't I know
00:33:45that we had the results
00:33:46from the sensors on the engines?
00:33:49NASA drip-feeding us
00:33:50information to suit itself?
00:33:52I hear you.
00:33:52Doing this with one hand
00:33:53tied behind my back.
00:33:55I hear you, but...
00:33:56Richard?
00:34:04You okay?
00:34:05No.
00:34:05I'll see you tomorrow.
00:34:27I goofed.
00:34:30I thought I had the answer.
00:34:32It was way off.
00:34:33So what are you going to do?
00:34:34Are you going to stick with that?
00:34:37I don't know.
00:34:41Listen, there's a knock on the door.
00:34:43I'll call you later.
00:34:44All right.
00:34:44I'll go.
00:34:45I'll go.
00:34:46I'll go.
00:35:11i'm not sure why they chose to just lay them out in this order
00:35:19but this is this is half that
00:35:22chairman rogers those would be the same
00:35:26analysis failure analysis team supplies still from camera e207 trained on flight
00:35:34seems like it took a long time for this photograph to appear well it's here now what is that
00:35:44a flame coming from a position on the side of the solid rocket booster did we know that did we know
00:35:54that already we get stills from other angles am i right they had cameras all around yes some
00:36:08of the cameras that were looking directly at the area were not working on the day i'm told
00:36:13well that's unfortunate
00:36:20and how'd that play of course
00:36:28you're my super late i had to pick this up at the lab
00:36:48no no it's not a problem nice car you like it i like it i love it i don't know if that
00:36:56enlargement's gonna tell us anything let's see
00:36:59no it's somewhat clear no no that just makes the whole thing wider the flame is sharper but that
00:37:06flame where is it originating and perhaps what we're seeing is the tip of a larger flame on the
00:37:10side where there's no damn camera flame is not a cause a flame is an effect it's a symptom
00:37:18that doesn't tell us which component split sheared off cracked it shows us nothing
00:37:24takes us nowhere
00:37:27i want to show you something multiple successful launches identical components and launch locations
00:37:35so what made that day special what were the variables take a break prof
00:37:45you lucky fella yeah i'd be lucky if i could get it running it's out of commission
00:37:59yeah the carburetor's season this weather
00:38:02this must be how you stay calm roger the dodger has got me going crazy with that process of his
00:38:15he's a lawyer working it through the way he knows
00:38:19yeah well maybe some others are kind of working it through the way they know
00:38:23what you think somebody's working it for themselves do you it's washington after all
00:38:30yeah well i can't believe i got myself back in this world government politics
00:38:35and military guys like me you're surprisingly okay
00:38:39i guess you had your fill of military personnel through the 40s
00:38:45what was your role back then
00:38:52when during the war with the abon
00:38:59i did the theoretical figuring
00:39:05it was the math
00:39:08i calculated how much fissionable material would be necessary to make an effective weapon
00:39:15it's not a good use of science
00:39:20you helped end the war
00:39:30yeah
00:39:30wow
00:39:34this is beautiful
00:39:36should we try that bordeaux
00:39:39you go ahead i i no longer drink i drink i can't think
00:39:51oh sir we have maintenance look at your heating
00:39:56oh thank you let me know if you still feel chilly
00:39:59could you help me find the number of the national weather service
00:40:12can i borrow this sure
00:40:21yeah please um not a forecast uh temperature at cape canaveral nearby yeah jacksonville florida on the morning of the 28th of january
00:40:34january
00:40:42thank you
00:40:43that's the variable
00:40:55i got the variable
00:40:59it was freezing cold in the morning of the launch we need to focus our questioning of the nasa managers on stuff to do with temperature
00:41:06temperature temperature you're talking about ice i don't know perhaps out of weight of ice perhaps some metal component becoming brittle i don't know which component
00:41:13there are only two and a half million possibilities
00:41:16i'm pretty certain
00:41:18as certain as you were about the engines
00:41:20oh
00:41:22oh
00:41:24oh
00:41:26oh
00:41:28oh
00:41:30oh
00:41:31oh
00:41:32oh
00:41:33oh
00:41:34oh
00:41:35oh
00:41:36oh
00:41:37oh
00:41:38oh
00:41:39oh
00:41:40oh
00:41:41oh
00:41:42oh
00:41:43oh
00:41:44oh
00:41:45oh
00:41:46oh
00:41:47oh
00:41:48oh
00:41:49oh
00:41:50oh
00:41:51oh
00:41:52oh
00:41:53oh
00:41:54oh
00:41:55oh
00:41:56oh
00:41:57oh
00:41:58oh
00:41:59oh
00:42:00oh
00:42:01oh
00:42:02oh
00:42:03oh
00:42:04oh
00:42:05oh
00:42:06oh
00:42:07oh
00:42:08oh
00:42:09oh
00:42:10oh
00:42:11oh
00:42:12oh
00:42:13Dr. Weiss?
00:42:34Dick.
00:42:37What are you doing here?
00:42:40Well, if the mountain won't go to Muhammad,
00:42:42you didn't answer my calls.
00:42:44So you tracked me down all the way across the country?
00:42:47No, no, no.
00:42:48I'm at Washington Hospital Center for a conference.
00:42:50You got an hour to come over there?
00:42:52Now?
00:42:54Yeah.
00:42:57Sure.
00:42:58Hold on.
00:42:59Um, I need to get this delivered.
00:43:03The Dr. Keogh, Presidential Commission, this address.
00:43:07It's extremely important that I get there.
00:43:09Yes, sir.
00:43:12Good to see you.
00:43:16Hi.
00:43:29Are there vengeance?
00:43:31Mm-hmm.
00:43:33It's compromising your remaining kidney.
00:43:38Show me the cells.
00:43:39Sure.
00:43:51Okay.
00:43:54That is not so pretty.
00:43:56I read up my chances if my sarcoma were cured.
00:44:00What's the deal if we add in this lymphoma?
00:44:03It's pretty difficult to calculate, Dick.
00:44:05Don't, I don't.
00:44:06Weasel the doc is meth.
00:44:08Look, Dick.
00:44:10It's not something we see.
00:44:12The particular cancers you have, then, they're extremely rare.
00:44:15Chance of having them in conjunction.
00:44:16Yeah, but, uh, given what you were doing during the war.
00:44:20Mm-hmm.
00:44:21It even matters.
00:44:25What do you think?
00:44:26Well, the radiation.
00:44:28A lot of safety precautions were there.
00:44:30For the test, I...
00:44:31For the test, I had a pair of dark glasses, which I never put on.
00:44:37Jeez, they were...
00:44:38They were crazy days.
00:44:42We never slept.
00:44:44And we were on fire, you know, getting the theory and the math and the physics.
00:44:49It was a race.
00:44:50We thought we were saving civilization, but then we found out that the Germans didn't have nuclear capability.
00:44:55And we kept on.
00:44:56Science was so exciting.
00:45:07Should have stopped.
00:45:10We threw a party.
00:45:12Most people struggled and died.
00:45:14We threw a party.
00:45:16Hey, you were young.
00:45:17I wasn't a child.
00:45:21Yeah.
00:45:27Okay.
00:45:34I guess we'll talk on the phone.
00:45:35Sure.
00:45:39I think there are probably worse ways to go.
00:45:43Hey, hands are cold.
00:45:45All the time.
00:45:46What is that?
00:45:48It's, uh, possibly lymphoma.
00:45:51The blood gets gummy.
00:45:53Capillaries lose their flexibility.
00:45:55They can't expand.
00:45:57Thanks.
00:46:02Yeah, I just taught me components that are flexible.
00:46:06Like, what about a solid rocket booster?
00:46:11Go ahead.
00:46:12Thank you, Louie.
00:46:18Thank you, Louie.
00:46:19Hey.
00:46:21I thought this might be helpful.
00:46:23It's a section model of the SRB joint.
00:46:25I don't want to see a model.
00:46:26I don't want to see a model.
00:46:27I want to see the real thing.
00:46:30Okay.
00:46:39So there are two O-rings, and they squidge in here.
00:46:43Correct.
00:46:44Correct.
00:46:44Has there ever been a history of problems with them?
00:46:48Well, there has been some erosion.
00:46:50Even some blow-by.
00:46:52Blow-by is what?
00:46:53So, getting past the first O-ring.
00:46:56No, I mean that the seal is incomplete.
00:46:59Right.
00:46:59But the manufacturer said that...
00:47:01Morton Thiokol.
00:47:02Right.
00:47:02Thiokol said that the blow-by never got past the second O-ring.
00:47:05Never.
00:47:06But if something prevented the O-ring from doing its job,
00:47:11if it became rigid,
00:47:14because, for example, it was cold...
00:47:16I think what we're looking at is the O-rings within the seal of the SRB.
00:47:33Lower temperatures would diminish the flexibility.
00:47:36Rubber would get harder, less malleable.
00:47:38At a certain point, it would be too rigid to move into the gap.
00:47:43Bill, I need any data.
00:47:46NASA had, on the timings of springback,
00:47:50resilience of the SRB O-rings in response to temperature.
00:47:55Ladies and gentlemen, good morning.
00:47:57Just a reminder that we have many witnesses today,
00:48:00and the press will be in the room.
00:48:03Yeah.
00:48:05Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to call the commission to order,
00:48:08so please take your seats, make yourselves comfortable.
00:48:12Pilot to co-pilot.
00:48:16Fix your hair.
00:48:18Our first witness is Mr. Malloy.
00:48:21Mr. Malloy, would you come forward and identify yourself, please?
00:48:25I am Lawrence Malloy,
00:48:26Solid Rocket Booster Project Manager for NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
00:48:31All right, commissioners, anyone?
00:48:38Dr. Wright.
00:48:40Mr. Malloy, in your position at the Marshall Space Flight Center,
00:48:46you'd be aware of correspondence, memos, etc.
00:48:50I guess I'm wondering whether memos exist relating to problems of launching with the O-rings at low temperatures.
00:49:00I understand the morning the launch was exceptionally cold.
00:49:04I'm not aware of such documents at Marshall.
00:49:06It's not correspondence, but on the evening before the launch, as a matter of routine,
00:49:15those of us from NASA asked our technical people and our contractors
00:49:19if there were any concerns about low temperature.
00:49:24Morton Thiokol, who make the Solid Rocket Boosters,
00:49:27presented us with the fact that the lowest temperature we had ever flown in O-ring
00:49:31was 53 degrees, and they wanted to point out that we would be outside of that experience base.
00:49:39But having heard the discussion,
00:49:41we all concluded that there was no problem with the predicted temperatures.
00:49:46And I have a document from the management of Morton Thiokol to that effect.
00:49:52Well, thank you. Thank you, Mr. Malloy.
00:49:54You may stand down for the time, V.
00:49:56Some guy in the back who wants to say something.
00:49:59I have something to add.
00:50:01I beg your pardon, I need to add to what he said, please.
00:50:04All right, sir. Please, step forward. Step forward.
00:50:07Identify yourself.
00:50:16My name is Alan McDonald.
00:50:18I work for Morton Thiokol.
00:50:21I'm the director of the Solid Rocket Motors project.
00:50:24So I was at the launch at Kennedy.
00:50:27I'd like to say something about the meeting the night before the launch that
00:50:30Mr. Malloy talked about.
00:50:32Our Thiokol engineers warned NASA.
00:50:41They recommended NASA not to launch below 53 degrees, and I agreed with them.
00:50:46That was the coldest that we knew was safe.
00:50:49So you said not to launch below 53 degrees, and what was the actual temperature that morning?
00:50:58We believed that at launch it was going to be much colder, below 32 degrees, below freezing.
00:51:06NASA wasn't happy with that.
00:51:09Larry Malloy said, my God, fire call.
00:51:14When do we launch?
00:51:16April?
00:51:18Let me understand this.
00:51:20Now, are you saying that NASA applied pressure to change the launch recommendation?
00:51:29Yes, sir, there was pressure.
00:51:32They said, go review the data.
00:51:34Our people in Utah came back, recommended to NASA to launch.
00:51:40I refuse to sign.
00:51:41It is important that NASA be given the opportunity to respond.
00:51:51Watch us for the ledge.
00:51:52We must allow NASA.
00:51:53What the hell is going on here?
00:51:56We.
00:52:02Some people say McDonald's going to CYA.
00:52:05CYA, what is that?
00:52:06That stands for cover your ass.
00:52:08But if they were warned.
00:52:09We astronauts, you weren't.
00:52:11I want to know what's happening right here between NASA and the contractors.
00:52:14We need to talk more to him.
00:52:16Richard.
00:52:18Richard.
00:52:18The data you wanted and the resistance time of the over-
00:52:21Okay, thanks.
00:52:21We need to hear more from him.
00:52:22Can you stop, Mr. McDonald, from-
00:52:25Man.
00:52:41Hi, I need to contact Alan McDonald with NASA's Challenger failure analysis team.
00:52:56I phoned, but I was told he's no longer in Washington.
00:53:11That information is restricted.
00:53:13He was on the team, but he's been removed.
00:53:18I can't answer that, sir.
00:53:26Look, all I want to do is speak to Alan McDonald.
00:53:30What?
00:53:31So there's no one I can talk to in the whole entirety of Morton Fire call.
00:53:36There's no one who can answer my question?
00:53:40Well, have a nice day.
00:53:41Okay.
00:53:41Oh, my God.
00:53:45I don't know.
00:54:15General, I tried to find MacDonald.
00:54:26No luck, but it's clear why his bosses wanted to please NASA.
00:54:30Very big money at stake.
00:54:33I'll catch you later.
00:54:34Hey, Graham.
00:54:46That spring back on the O-ring was measured over two hours.
00:54:51It's useless information.
00:54:53I'm really sorry. That's what I got from Marshall.
00:54:55Remember what it was to be a scientist before government got to you?
00:54:58You don't think I gave you on purpose?
00:55:02No.
00:55:04Look, I have this grand title.
00:55:07The NASA old guard, they handed me a list of who should be on the commission.
00:55:11It was tough to persuade them to take you.
00:55:15I'm sorry to have gotten you into this.
00:55:16Well, when you read my notes that I sent, you'll see the crap that goes down at Marshall.
00:55:23Notes?
00:55:25In my write-ups.
00:55:27Those analyses of my examination of the crazy engineering.
00:55:31Richard.
00:55:38Richard.
00:55:39Richard.
00:55:43Sally.
00:55:44Did you get a set of notes?
00:55:48My observations?
00:55:50No.
00:55:51Well, I'm not into it.
00:55:52I'm not into it.
00:55:53I'm not into it.
00:55:54I'm not into it.
00:55:55I'm not into it.
00:55:56I'm into it.
00:55:57I'm into it.
00:55:58I'm into it.
00:55:59I'm into it.
00:56:00What the hell happened to my notes?
00:56:08Sally Ryan says she didn't get them.
00:56:10Did the others?
00:56:16Okay.
00:56:17I had sent over from my hotel a stack of typed-up notes wrapped in brown paper,
00:56:23proper analyses of all my observations of the engineering so far
00:56:26with a request to you to have copies made for each of the commissioners.
00:56:28I have no knowledge of this.
00:56:29There's no such notes ever arrived on this desk.
00:56:31Perhaps you can have them read down.
00:56:32I don't have time for this.
00:56:33You trusted your hotel to deliver something so important.
00:56:37Yeah?
00:56:38Yeah.
00:56:39Thanks, Farman, please.
00:56:42As you can see, NASA is now cooperating fully with all of our requests for information.
00:56:48And then have copies made of everything and have it sent away to my hotel.
00:57:01I don't know what's going on, honey.
00:57:02I landed myself right back in a load of political crap.
00:57:16People seem to know a lot more than what they're saying.
00:57:19And I finally got a ton of stuff from NASA.
00:57:23It's full of anomalies.
00:57:26How can that be?
00:57:27Critical one moment and safe to operate the next.
00:57:33Honey, I'm sorry.
00:57:35It's best for me to call you later.
00:57:37Are you all right?
00:57:38I'm fine.
00:57:39Honestly?
00:57:40No.
00:57:41I feel very well.
00:57:42All right.
00:57:43Speak tomorrow.
00:57:44Ivy is so cold.
00:57:45Ivy, so cold.
00:57:46Ivy, so cold.
00:57:47Ivy, so cold.
00:57:49Ivy, so cold.
00:57:50And you got to go.
00:57:51I got to go.
00:57:57disk suck.
00:57:58Yeah, yes.
00:57:59I'll see you later.
00:58:00I have to go.
00:58:01I got to go.
00:58:02I'm sorry, yes.
00:58:04Can you hear me?
00:58:05I got to go.
00:58:07I got to go.
00:58:08Bye.
00:58:09I got to go.
00:58:10I got to go.
00:58:12I got to go.
00:58:13Come on.
00:58:43Okay, look, this is driving me crazy.
00:58:45I got a room full of NASA bullshit that just makes me more sure certain what caused the explosion, the cold.
00:58:51Okay, we got a guy who agrees with us.
00:58:54He gets shoved off the inquiry.
00:58:56We both know why, but none of it answers.
00:58:59There's a logic thing here that I'm just not getting.
00:59:02It's about what is at the heart of this thing.
00:59:05Why did NASA need to launch so bad?
00:59:09Okay, stop, Prof.
00:59:10I can't answer this here.
00:59:13Um, I'll pick you up in the morning, 8.15, and bring full ID.
00:59:20Okay.
00:59:21Good night.
00:59:22Good night.
00:59:28Where are we going?
00:59:29We're going to the Pentagon.
00:59:47I need you, please.
00:59:58We're all right.
01:00:01I'll go.
01:00:02Sergeant?
01:00:02Yeah.
01:00:05I'll go.
01:00:05Yeah.
01:00:27Thank you, Sergeant.
01:00:28Stand by outside.
01:00:29Prof, why don't you go have a seat down here?
01:00:35Right there.
01:01:07Over and above civilian scientific research and discovery, okay?
01:01:10So park that for a moment.
01:01:13The Air Force, meanwhile, wants to upgrade Titan,
01:01:17an efficient fleet of unmanned rockets to deploy spy satellites into space.
01:01:21Parent, no, yeah.
01:01:22Okay.
01:01:23Whatever you civilians are told, we are still deep in the Cold War.
01:01:26What's it got to do with NASA?
01:01:28NASA approaches Congress with a deal.
01:01:30That seems to make great economic sense.
01:01:33The government can stop funding Titan and instead divert the money to NASA and the shuttle becomes a sole access into space.
01:01:41NASA knocks out the Air Force and gets a funding boost?
01:01:44Exactly, yeah.
01:01:45And the shuttle secures its raison d'etre.
01:01:49Carrying spy satellites?
01:01:51And NASA convinced Congress that by 1986 they'd be able to launch twice a month, every month.
01:01:59And on each of these flights, payload will be made available to the Department of Defense.
01:02:05Titan was my project.
01:02:12But NASA reneges on its obligation.
01:02:15And instead of giving DOD priority, they started taking senators up there in just PR stunt after PR stunt.
01:02:24And then launches start getting canceled.
01:02:26The press is beginning to notice.
01:02:28Congress is getting jumpy.
01:02:29And the administration is asking questions.
01:02:32And then last December, the launch is delayed six times.
01:02:36And remember, NASA had promised Congress to launch at any time, under any conditions.
01:02:40And then January 28th...
01:02:43January 28th launch.
01:02:47It's cold.
01:02:50It's very cold.
01:02:52And NASA feels under extreme pressure.
01:02:57It took the risk.
01:03:00They took the risk.
01:03:05And why did you tell me all this?
01:03:08Do you wish you didn't know?
01:03:12Downstairs, you made me sign the classified information thing.
01:03:15That's right.
01:03:17So what's going on, Katina?
01:03:19I mean...
01:03:21When you got me trapped, I can't spill any of this crap.
01:03:25If they would jeopardize national security, the Soviets would know.
01:03:29The U.S. can't launch a damn thing in cold weather.
01:03:35You've been playing me the whole time.
01:03:37From the beginning.
01:03:38That weird thing in the garage.
01:03:41With the carburetor.
01:03:42The carburetor.
01:03:43The O-ring and the cold.
01:03:46I was supposed to take a hint.
01:03:47What is this, some kind of game to you?
01:03:48No, it was a nudge.
01:03:51I heard about the O-ring by an astronaut friend of mine who was tipped off in secret by a NASA engineer.
01:03:57This astronaut's career has to be protected.
01:04:00I had to let you get there on your own, Prof.
01:04:02Prof, don't prof me.
01:04:03You don't play me.
01:04:04You don't screw around with me.
01:04:05No, listen to me.
01:04:07And you'll understand why I'm telling you.
01:04:08I can't do anything with it.
01:04:10That's the point.
01:04:11Don't ever tell me anything.
01:04:13I can't open my mouth and blab to the whole world.
01:04:15I gotta...
01:04:19I gotta get out of here.
01:04:22Just listen.
01:04:27Richard.
01:04:29No one plays me.
01:04:30What is this?
01:04:31You check six?
01:04:32Remember, I told you that only you are independent on this commission.
01:04:36Do others on the commission?
01:04:40Do they know stuff?
01:04:41Everyone knows some.
01:04:43Or all.
01:04:44But they're all bound.
01:04:45It's Washington.
01:04:46What can be acknowledged?
01:04:48How?
01:04:48By whom?
01:04:49You go drag me into this?
01:04:50No, it's absolutely not.
01:04:52You're coming at it completely differently.
01:04:54I told you.
01:04:56Because I believe that you and only you can use what you have.
01:04:59You can use the science to cut through the bullshit to ensure that the real reason for those deaths gets out.
01:05:07That it's made completely clear to the public.
01:05:10NASA's forced to admit it and has to reform.
01:05:14I wish.
01:05:18Why can't people just say things the way they are?
01:05:21Because it's politics.
01:05:22It's dirty.
01:05:23But you can drive through that.
01:05:25You can...
01:05:26What's that?
01:05:27Have your arm, please.
01:05:30Oh, my...
01:05:31What's going on?
01:05:32Oh, my...
01:05:34Oh, my...
01:05:35Oh, God.
01:05:36Not now.
01:05:41Not yet.
01:05:48Just get a medic.
01:05:49You get a medic right now.
01:05:50I see you, sir.
01:05:51Yes, sir.
01:05:54Yes, sir.
01:05:56Yes, sir.
01:05:57I don't know.
01:06:27I don't know.
01:06:57It's the mulch shop on the corner.
01:06:59To Grandpa, it's the front porch.
01:07:01To his mother and her family, it's church.
01:07:06I'd like to make you clear that all procedures were proper.
01:07:10This is the same process that was used in 24 successful shuttle launches, as well as previous moon landers.
01:07:15I know that all of the things based on the data are up to January 27, right through the launch countdown until the liftoff.
01:07:23All those actions were proper.
01:07:25Do you believe you exercised good judgment on the evening before the launch regarding the temperature?
01:07:29Absolutely.
01:07:30I thought I'd drop these to the cleaners in the morning.
01:07:37Use ivory soap.
01:07:3999.4% pure.
01:07:43What?
01:07:43What'd you say?
01:07:44Well, it's just that old ivory soap ad.
01:07:47Use ivory soap.
01:07:4999.4% pure.
01:07:52Forget about the cleaners.
01:07:53I got notes and stuff in the pockets.
01:07:56Sure.
01:07:57Yeah.
01:07:58Perhaps it's time to revisit the possibility that the shuttle was a victim of an act of sabotage or terrorism.
01:08:06NASA will present at Wednesday's televised television, along with members from Morton Thiokol.
01:08:11Both parties will detail...
01:08:13Only 99.4% you bastards!
01:08:16It is unclear whether we will ever have answers as to what caused this disaster.
01:08:22Gwen!
01:08:24Gwen, Edith!
01:08:26What's the matter?
01:08:27Shut up!
01:08:28Talk all the time!
01:08:30What?
01:08:32I have to go back to Washington.
01:08:37Michelle, go back to bed.
01:08:38Go on.
01:08:39Go on.
01:08:39Back to bed.
01:08:39Sorry.
01:08:43You need to be here.
01:08:45You need to be taken care of.
01:08:47We can't come to Washington with you.
01:08:49She has school.
01:08:51She has no idea how seriously you are.
01:08:53I have to.
01:08:55People died.
01:08:56It will happen again if I don't.
01:08:59What have the weeks been for?
01:09:00I mean, you're the one who persuaded me.
01:09:02And you said it yourself.
01:09:04Let someone else do it.
01:09:06You can't...
01:09:07You don't have to carry on now.
01:09:08Nobody's got the right to ask that of you.
01:09:13I have no one asking me.
01:09:16I have no one asking me.
01:09:17Okay.
01:09:25Okay.
01:09:29Okay.
01:09:30I just wanted...
01:09:32...to have you to myself for as long as possible.
01:09:35Honey, will you help me?
01:09:45I've got to get it all down.
01:09:52My notes, everything I found out...
01:09:55I've got to be one hell of a paper.
01:10:05The original Tang and Cleaver's seal design fail to anticipate the enormous pressure caused
01:10:13by the burning propellant would cause the walls to bow outward, a phenomenon known as joint rotation.
01:10:23Okay.
01:10:24Well, my blood is freshly laundered.
01:10:27Dick, you know, the effects of the dialysis are certainly temporary.
01:10:31Yeah.
01:10:32Life is pretty temporary.
01:10:52You're wasting 2x night time on TVX with 2x.
01:10:56I'm sorry.
01:10:58I'm sorry.
01:10:59I'm sorry.
01:11:00You are definitely our obsession on ten-a-row power play.
01:11:04For all you boats in Washington, coming up next, Miami Sound Machine.
01:11:14Dr. Byman, can you comment on the progress of the commission?
01:11:18What's your take on the sabotage theory?
01:11:21I'm not at liberty to speak.
01:11:30Commission? Through there, sir.
01:11:38I'm sorry, sir, you can't go in there.
01:11:40Who says so?
01:11:41Not without a tie, sir.
01:11:43Give me strength.
01:11:56This is gonna look a lot more dainty.
01:12:00Good evening, gentlemen.
01:12:06My findings.
01:12:08Developed, processed, distilled.
01:12:10I've saved you the trouble of running them off in case the copy machine's broken.
01:12:17Hey, Bill, would you do the honors?
01:12:19Sure.
01:12:20It's all here.
01:12:21Hi, Neil.
01:12:22Would you?
01:12:23Sure.
01:12:24Design flaws in the boosters.
01:12:27Management failure.
01:12:29A cold day.
01:12:30You're okay.
01:12:31I had the flu, but now it's flowing.
01:12:32Let me just take this chair.
01:12:35And thank you.
01:12:36For your fine, patient, methodical work over the last weeks.
01:12:37It's been a difficult period.
01:12:38Especially for Dr. Feynman.
01:12:39Especially for Dr. Feynman.
01:12:40Welcome back, doctor.
01:12:41And doctor, I'm sure that we'll want to include some of your new material in our final
01:12:45review.
01:12:53And thank you for your fine, patient, methodical work over the last weeks.
01:12:57It's been a difficult period.
01:12:59Especially for Dr. Feynman.
01:13:03Welcome back, doctor.
01:13:04And doctor, I'm sure that we'll want to include some of your new material in our final
01:13:09report.
01:13:11Please remember this is a very important hearing.
01:13:14We're expecting a lot of press.
01:13:16And it will be televised, so please do be prompt.
01:13:20Thanks.
01:13:33Prof.
01:13:34It's happening again.
01:13:36Rogers is gonna bury my work.
01:13:38Yeah, and I just got cornered outside by the press.
01:13:41Me too.
01:13:42I think they're ready to go with unproven.
01:13:45Yep.
01:13:46Or a sniper on the grassy knoll.
01:13:49Yeah, I eat a lot of pickled beets.
01:13:54General, I'm in the damn crew we're gonna do.
01:13:59Despite what you may think, I am pleased to see you back.
01:14:05General?
01:14:06Chairman.
01:14:07We have a major difficulty.
01:14:11The people who best understand the shuttle are the people giving evidence.
01:14:17But they have the most to lose by explaining it clearly.
01:14:21The public is simply mystified.
01:14:24Somehow, we need to penetrate the fog.
01:14:30So, welcome back.
01:14:37We know what Marshal's strategy's gonna be.
01:14:40Smoke screen.
01:14:41Manipulate the science.
01:14:43Yeah, don't make it into a fuzzdazzle.
01:14:48That kills me.
01:14:49I have to go.
01:15:09I am fine.
01:15:15Neil?
01:15:19I've been meaning to ask you.
01:15:20Yes, surgeon.
01:15:22Is this for a friend?
01:15:25An admirer?
01:15:26All right.
01:15:27Of course.
01:15:29Thanks so much, Neil.
01:15:31Sorry, embarrassing, but...
01:15:33Anything for you, Richard.
01:15:35Good night.
01:15:36Take care of yourself.
01:15:39Yeah, you asked me for something, now I'm going to ask you for something.
01:15:43No, you picked me up a couple of weeks ago.
01:15:49Good morning.
01:15:49Good morning.
01:15:52That's my end of the deal.
01:15:54All right.
01:15:55Here's what I need from you.
01:15:57A hardware store.
01:15:59A hardware store?
01:16:01Why would a super important person want to...
01:16:02It's a general hardware store that opens early.
01:16:04I know a place.
01:16:05All right.
01:16:06Get out of bed.
01:16:17Get out of bed.
01:16:17The astronauts, ma'am, will be seeking clarity on what precisely was the deaths of their locals.
01:16:32NASA witnesses will be answered.
01:16:34Thanks.
01:16:34Where was it?
01:16:35Graham, make sure we have the section model of the SRB joint.
01:16:41Are we late?
01:16:42We're good for time.
01:16:42Shh.
01:16:43Shh.
01:16:43Shh.
01:16:44Shh.
01:16:45Shh.
01:16:47Well, General, I guess this is it.
01:16:52Good luck.
01:16:58Yeah.
01:17:17Would the witnesses please rise?
01:17:32Do you swear the testimony you will give before this commission will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?
01:17:39So I hope you got it.
01:17:40I do.
01:17:41I do.
01:17:41I do.
01:17:46Miss Boyd, did you have any apprehension that a delay in launch would reflect badly on you or NASA Marshal?
01:17:53No, not at all.
01:17:54No, not at all.
01:17:54My decision to proceed with the launches recommended by the Thiacal official was based solely on the data presented by Thiacal Engineering.
01:18:02And here comes the story.
01:18:03And here comes the story.
01:18:04This is a chart right out of August 19th, and the thing of interest here is what we have seen in the O-rings.
01:18:10See, the fact is, before Challenger, we had seen no anomalous O-ring erosion for about a year.
01:18:17Mr. McDonald stated that he thought that what had been said was very important, that the secondary O-ring was in a position to seal during the time of blow-by.
01:18:34Sir, you interpreted Mr. McDonald's comment as a statement in favor of proceeding to launch.
01:18:40Yes, I certainly did, because Mr. McDonald was seated close by, and it was clearly a supportive comment.
01:18:46Sir, I have a question. Can you remind me what NASA calculates the probability of shuttle failure to be?
01:18:57Failure meaning the loss of the vehicle and the deaths of the entire crew.
01:19:04Dr. Loving it?
01:19:06Certainly. That would be 1 in 10, the power of 5.
01:19:13Really?
01:19:16Would you explain that?
01:19:17Yes, that the probability of mission success is 100%.
01:19:21Minus epsilon.
01:19:23Epsilon, that's a pretty fancy word.
01:19:26Well, let's put all that you've said there into English.
01:19:30So that's, um...
01:19:33And that's one failure in every 100,000 flights.
01:19:35So you claim that the shuttle would fly every day for 300 years before there would be a single failure.
01:19:42That's crazy. I mean, how would you ever even test that?
01:19:46NASA arrived at that figure because it was a manned flight.
01:19:49Because there were people on board, but that's not a scientific calculation.
01:19:53That's a wish.
01:19:56And interesting that the figure is very different from that of NASA's own engineers.
01:20:01Based on their direct experience and observation of many known component problems,
01:20:07some of NASA's engineers calculate the probability of success as only 99.4%.
01:20:13In other words, that's roughly one flight in every 200 will fail.
01:20:19I think this would be an appropriate time to take a break.
01:20:41One in 200. Wow.
01:20:44That's not what the astronauts are aware of.
01:20:46It's a potential disaster every three and a half years.
01:20:49It won't convince anybody.
01:20:50There's no proof. People don't get probability. It's mad.
01:20:54But maybe...
01:21:19The second joint test we did, the development of qualification motor test we did,
01:21:20as a basis for understanding what we could expect to happen on the joints.
01:21:24The second joint test we did, the development of qualification motor test we did,
01:21:30as a basis for understanding what we could expect to happen on the joints.
01:21:35The second joint test we did, the development of qualification motor test we did,
01:21:44as a basis for understanding what we could expect to happen on the joints.
01:21:49Mr. Harden.
01:21:50Mr. Harden.
01:21:51Sir, sir.
01:21:52As we see, the temperature at which the O-rings would lose their integrity would be in the
01:21:57minus 40 to 50 degree range.
01:22:00Minus 40 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
01:22:04Sir.
01:22:05Sir.
01:22:06So they'd maintain their integrity down to 80 degrees below freezing?
01:22:10That is correct.
01:22:11Mr. Harden.
01:22:12Please.
01:22:14These O-rings are supposed to expand to make a seal, is that correct?
01:22:30Yes, sir.
01:22:31Mr. Harden.
01:22:32So, for the people to understand, what if we take the O-rings out, not have them?
01:22:40Mr. Harden.
01:22:41Well, then the hot gas would expand through the joint.
01:22:43Mr. Harden.
01:22:44For the seal to work correctly, the O-ring has to be made of rubber, not something like lead,
01:22:52which when you squash it, it stays.
01:22:56Mr. Harden.
01:22:57Yes, sir.
01:22:58Mr. Harden.
01:22:59Now, if the O-ring weren't resilient for a second or two, that would be enough for a
01:23:06very dangerous situation, and that could likely occur at low temperatures.
01:23:09Mr. Harden.
01:23:10No, as Mr. Harden has shown, they are effective down to minus 40 to 50 degrees.
01:23:17Mr. Harden.
01:23:18Well, then I just have one comment for the gentleman, that I have always believed that any scientific
01:23:24concept can be demonstrated to ordinary people, people with no specialist knowledge or even
01:23:30much scientific education.
01:23:32Co-pilot to pilot.
01:23:33Not yet.
01:23:34This way.
01:23:35What?
01:23:36What?
01:23:37All right.
01:23:38Okay, go.
01:23:39See, I took some of this stuff from your seal, and I put it in nothing more than ice water.
01:23:57And I discover that if you put it under pressure for a while, and then undo it, it doesn't stretch
01:24:22back.
01:24:23It stops at the same dimension.
01:24:28In other words, for a second or two, at least, and more seconds than that.
01:24:35There is no resilience in this particular material at the temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit,
01:24:42the temperature of a cold soda.
01:24:45I think that has some significance for our problem.
01:25:12After the eventual commission report, I will be writing up my own independent appendix with
01:25:16all my findings, all the design, the engineering, and management problems, which I will be handing
01:25:21to the president myself.
01:25:23How much did NASA know about the effect of the cold, Dr. Feynman?
01:25:27Look, ask him.
01:25:29Ask him.
01:25:30Let us make recommendations to ensure that NASA officials deal in a world of reality,
01:25:42understanding technological weaknesses and imperfections well enough to be actively trying
01:25:48to eliminate them.
01:25:49NASA owes it to the citizens from whom it asks support to be frank, honest, and informative.
01:25:58For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations.
01:26:04For nature cannot be fooled.
01:26:07And, Mr. President, this appendix has been prepared by Professor Feynman.
01:26:19By the way, I think I figured out who was your source.
01:26:32You said this astronaut, this astronaut.
01:26:35If it was a guy, you would have said he.
01:26:38It's okay.
01:26:40You can keep strong.
01:26:41You ever fancy a ride in that old Buick?
01:26:51Yeah.
01:26:52The weather's warm.
01:26:54And it would have to happen pretty soon.
01:27:00I'm sorry this is taking your time.
01:27:03I'm not sorry.
01:27:05I would have been tremendously sorry if we lost, but as it is, it was...
01:27:09What a good use of science
01:27:11It's a good use of science
01:27:13I'm okay
01:27:16I'm okay with it
01:27:18I guess there is a kind of afterlife
01:27:21The few bits and pieces that we do
01:27:24Might get remembered
01:27:26General
01:27:29Fix your hair
01:27:39Fix your hair
01:27:45Fix your hair
01:27:47Fix your hair
01:27:49Fix your hair
01:27:51Fix your hair
01:27:53Fix your hair
01:27:55Fix your hair
01:27:57Fix your hair
01:27:59Fix your hair
01:28:01Fix your hair
01:28:03Fix your hair
01:28:05Fix your hair
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01:28:08Fix your hair
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