Helicobacter_Pylori_Infection___Gastric_ulcer___Causes,_Signs_and_Symptoms,_Diagnosis_and_Treatment.(360p)

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00:00In this video we'll talk about the Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori is a

00:06bacteria and it infects the stomach that can cause ulcers. About half the world population

00:12has Helicobacter pylori in their stomach but not all of them show symptoms. So let's understand

00:20what are the symptoms of Helicobacter pylori infection. So the general symptom is ache and

00:26burning sensation in the abdomen and it worsens when the stomach is empty. Other than that nausea,

00:35loss of appetite, bloating and weight loss is kind of other symptoms of Helicobacter pylori infection.

00:44Let's talk about the transfer route of Helicobacter pylori. It could be fecal oral,

00:50gastric oral, it could be waterborne and in rare cases it could be oral oral or zoonotic

00:58mediated transfer. So once Helicobacter pylori enters our body it survives the harsh environment in the

01:05stomach and it kind of erodes the lining of the stomach and ultimately it leads to formation of

01:13an gastric ulcer or a duodenal ulcer. Now let's try to understand the ulceration process in bit more

01:21details and how Helicobacter pylori can survive in the harsh environment inside the stomach. Here is

01:27the gastric mucosa and you can see the mucosa lining which contains of several epithelial cells

01:32and several other cell types. Now this is the thick layer of mucus and even beyond the layer of mucus

01:40there would be gastric HCL in the stomach. Gastric HCL actually kills other bacteria

01:46but Helicobacter pylori can survive in this extremely low pH environment and let me tell you how.

01:54Helicobacter pylori actually produces one enzyme known as urease which actually buffers the

02:01acidic environment inside the stomach and let me tell you how. So the urease enzyme can convert urea

02:08into ammonia and ammonia being basic can buffer the immediate surrounding of the Helicobacter pylori

02:16and it can create a somewhat basic environment that allow the Helicobacter pylori to survive.

02:22Other than that Helicobacter pylori expresses some adhesion molecules known as adhesins.

02:29This helps the bacteria to attach to the epithelial cells and infect them. Helicobacter pylori has

02:38tufted flagella which helps in chemotaxis and penetrate this thick layer of mucus. Other than

02:46that Helicobacter pylori secretes VAC-A and CAG-A which are two cytotoxins which are responsible for

02:55the infection and the pathogenicity of this bacterium. So VAC-A can bind to the membrane of the bacteria

03:05and work as a adhesion molecule. So it allows the surface adhesion of this bacteria. VAC-A

03:12can also bind to specific receptors on the gastric mucosal cells and ultimately lead to an inflammatory

03:19signal and it leads to production of inflammatory cytokines which brings out inflammation in this local

03:26region. VAC-A can also bind to the mitochondrial membrane and allow the leakage of cytochrome C.

03:34So when cytochrome C is released apoptosis is kind of triggered. Now we understand in the gastric

03:42mucosa there would be apoptosis of the cells, there would be inflammation and all these lead to further

03:48inflammation and leaking of the gastric HCL into the mucosa which ultimately leads to the ulcer

03:55formation and it gives you that pain sensation where you when your stomach is empty.

04:03Now let's talk about the diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori how it is diagnosed.

04:08There are a few tests such as blood test which checks the antibodies of against H pylori in your

04:15blood. There is breath test. There are several biomarkers in the breath which can give us a sense

04:21that whether you are infected with H pylori or not. There could be also stool test where you provide

04:27your stool samples and the antigen test looks for Helicobacter pylori antigen in the stool

04:35but the best test for Helicobacter pylori is endoscopy. Here the doctor enters a endoscope through

04:45your alimentary canal and try to visualize what happens in the stomach and he takes a small

04:52portion of the stomach and that is then sampled for or acid for Helicobacter pylori. So there are

05:00small strips available and which is used to perform urease test. As I have mentioned already that

05:08Helicobacter pylori has urease enzyme. So obviously here in this particular spot there is

05:15urea. So if there is urease there would be ammonia production and the indicator which is present in

05:21this spot will change the color. That simply boils down to if you have red coloration that means you

05:28have Helicobacter pylori infection and it's positive. But if the color comes to yellow that means you

05:35don't have any infection. This is how we can rapidly understand whether there is an infection of

05:42Helicobacter pylori or not. Let's talk about treatment option. So obviously it's a bacteria then the

05:48treatment option is antibiotics but along with antibiotics a proton pump inhibitor can reduce

05:55the acidity in the stomach and it can relieve the symptoms of ulceration. Among the common choice of

06:03antibiotics amoxicillin then clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline are some of the

06:14mostly used choices. But obviously it's important to consult a doctor for his or her opinion in this

06:22situation. So I hope this video summarized the basics of Helicobacter pylori infection. If you like

06:28this video give it a quick thumbs up and you can get the notes and flashcards in the facebook page.

06:34As usual don't forget to like share and subscribe. Do let me know in the comment whether these are

06:38useful for you. You can support my channel on patreon. I'm present in an academy which is India's

06:44biggest online learning platform. You can take my courses by using my code AP10 you can get 10%

06:50discount. I'm also present in other social media links. All the links are provided in the

06:54description. Feel free to connect with me and see you in next video.

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