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00:00Transcription by ESO. Translation by —
00:16Surely, one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed,
00:22and certainly one of the most famous, is a dinosaur.
00:27Tyrannosaurus rex.
00:30An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.
00:36What kind of an animal was it?
00:38What did it look like?
00:40How did it live?
00:42Now, scientific research has answered such questions,
00:46and not just about T. rex, but the other species that lived alongside it.
00:52And the latest imaging technology enables us to bring them all to life.
01:01Planet Earth 66 million years ago.
01:05The skies are filled with flying giants.
01:09In the seas, monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
01:23And on land, dinosaurs of every kind.
01:29All facing the struggle to survive.
01:32To survive.
01:39We now know so much about a world that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
01:45This is their story.
01:46This is their story.
01:51The forests in South America contain some of the world's tallest trees.
01:52The forests in South America contain some of the world's tallest trees.
01:53The forests in South America contain some of the world's tallest trees.
02:20They can grow to a height of over 300 feet.
02:25They can grow to a height of over 300 feet.
02:33But there are animal giants here, too.
02:36Plant-eating dinosaurs.
03:03These are Ostro-Poseidon.
03:13They're 80 feet long.
03:16And they have colossal appetites.
03:29Their teeth are used not to chew, but simply to cut.
03:44A herd like this one can consume 10 tons of vegetation every day.
03:50They prefer the tender young leaves that grow on the tips of the branches.
04:03But if they find trees that are even taller than they are, they're not defeated.
04:08They use their great weight and their eight-inch-thick breastbone to simply push the trees over.
04:28Entry is over.
04:37Entry is over.
04:39Let's go.
05:03Success.
05:04But life in the forest is always a battle,
05:08especially when new space is created.
05:14Plants race to claim the light,
05:35and use every kind of method to gain the upper hand.
05:42The gap in the canopy is soon closed.
05:57Over three-quarters of the world's land is covered by plants and trees.
06:09This prehistoric planet is a green planet.
06:17Many different species of dinosaur live in forests.
06:24Triceratops, one of the biggest in North America.
06:31They can be 26 feet long.
06:38The huge frills on their heads are used for protection when they fight.
06:51But plants have defenses too.
06:59Poisonous toxins.
07:09These are particularly dangerous for youngsters.
07:12This calf weighs only a fiftieth of the weight of his mother.
07:19And the plant's toxins could make him very sick indeed.
07:26But triceratops have a way of dealing with such poisons.
07:42They use an antidote.
07:54One source of it lies in a cave to which they pay regular visits.
07:58This youngster, however, has never been in here before.
08:16They have to find their way along the passage that, over many millennia,
08:34has been eroded by an underground river.
08:37They have to find their way along a passage that, over many millennia,
08:39has been eroded by an underground river.
08:44They are now beyond the reach of light.
09:10They can't see a thing.
09:17The calf must stick close to his family.
09:25But not too close.
09:35Now, one wrong turn could be disastrous.
10:00The name Kantai's this axe is for the fire.
10:04Let on earth stop минут 6 hours.
10:05In the 1995-1988-11923-327-11943-11980-11922-3150!
10:06In the 1990- eternity, the
10:26At last, the herd reaches the place they need to visit.
10:44This is the antidote, a special clay.
11:02These are known as clay licks, and they're visited time and again.
11:11But someone is missing.
11:32Where is her calf?
11:39Look was on the youngster's side.
12:08Once he's lined his stomach with clay, he too will be protected from the poisons in the leaves on which he feeds.
12:35Soon, they will all head back to the forest and daylight.
12:42In fact, very little of the sun's light reaches the floor of these dense forests.
12:55In Patagonia, the thick vegetation stretches unbroken for hundreds of miles.
13:04But occasionally, there are mysterious clearings, like this one.
13:11It's the work of a two-ton, twelve-foot-tall carnotaurus, a male.
13:26Clearing this patch has taken him a long time.
13:41And it needs constant attention if it is to remain tidy.
13:57It's a stage on which he can show off to females.
14:04All is ready, and he announces the fact.
14:08His calls are low-pitched and travel much farther through the dense vegetation than higher-pitched ones would do.
14:27At last, a female arrives.
14:55She's bigger than the male, and more powerful.
15:02Now, somehow, he must impress her.
15:09And he may only get this one chance.
15:16She watches him carefully.
15:21If he is going to impress her, he must do so in the most extraordinary way.
15:36He doesn't have huge antlers, nor a spectacular tail.
15:39He doesn't have huge antlers, nor a spectacular tail.
15:43But he does have a pair of tiny, apparently useless arms.
15:50And each has a ball-and-socket joint at its base that enables him to escape.
15:57And each has a ball-and-socket joint at its base that enables him to escape.
15:59He doesn't have huge antlers, nor a spectacular tail.
16:05He doesn't have huge antlers.
16:06He doesn't have huge antlers.
16:07But he does have a pair of tiny, apparently useless, arms.
16:12And each has a ball-and-socket joint at its base that enables him to move them independently.
16:26Not today.
16:56How could he have done better?
17:01Who knows?
17:03For now, it's back to litter picking.
17:11This is East Asia.
17:22In these mountain forests, autumn arrives early.
17:37This is when many trees produce their fruit.
17:44And amongst the most highly prized are the nuts of the ginkgo tree.
17:49A bonanza for dinosaurs called Corythoraptors.
18:05Although they have feathers, they're flightless.
18:12These have found a particularly abundant fall of fruit.
18:17But such gatherings can attract unwelcome attention.
18:23The Injynosaurusaurus is the top predator in these Asiatic forests.
18:34This is a female, over 30 feet long.
18:35This is a female, over 30 feet long.
18:48If she is to catch a Corythoraptor, she'll have to get close.
19:00There's not much cover here.
19:05But her prey has still not noticed her.
19:35She has failed.
19:47She has failed, but then most hunts throughout the history of life fail most of the time.
20:09As the seasonal winds strengthen, many of the trees in these temperate forests start to lose their leaves.
20:28Winter will be a time of hardship.
20:31Nevertheless, a storm does create a brief opportunity for hunters.
20:45She's trying again.
20:46She's less conspicuous in the gloom.
20:53And the gusting wind is distracting.
20:57So, let's call her.
20:59Shotswirts.
20:59Gl胆 and creed.
21:00My heart is building.
21:01It's a great deal.
21:01I'm gonna be living in here.
21:02Isn't this a great deal?
21:02Let's call her.
21:04It's a great deal.
21:06I'm gonna find her as a neighbor.
21:07And the sun was very good.
21:07And I'm gonna be in here.
21:08So, let's go.
21:08Let's go.
21:09Let's go.
21:09And the sun does it.
21:10Let's go.
21:10Let's go.
21:11Let's go.
21:11Let's go.
21:12Let's go.
21:13Even if it's not that light.
21:15Let's go.
21:16Let's go.
21:16Let's go.
21:17Let's go.
21:21Let's go.
21:22Let's go.
21:22Let's go.
21:23Let's go.
21:23An 80-pound prize.
21:53All the more valuable since winter is now closing in.
22:06In the forests of North America, there is an additional annual hazard for forest dwellers.
22:23Fire, started by a strike of lightning.
22:37As it spreads, temperatures rise to over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
22:43The flames rise several hundred feet into the air.
23:00Most animals flee.
23:17But this Edmontosaurus has a family to care for.
23:23She doesn't abandon them.
23:29Now, they must keep one step ahead of the blaze until it burns out.
23:35This may look catastrophic.
23:49But remarkably, some plants must be burnt if they are to complete their life cycle.
24:07The intense heat is needed to open the cones of the pine trees
24:12and release their seeds.
24:28And only a few hours after the fire has passed, animals begin to return.
24:35Beetles are among the first.
24:45They start to lay their eggs.
24:48When they hatch, the larvae will be the first to feast
24:52on the near limitless supply of dead wood.
24:55This Atrocyraptor is an opportunist.
25:18Quick to return when there's food on offer.
25:25And there's something else to be gained here.
25:28And there's something else to be gained here.
25:40Smoke is an insecticide.
25:47And it can help an animal to get rid of its parasites.
25:50But you do have to be careful.
26:15The two-ton ankylosaur.
26:17It also finds something worth eating after a fire.
26:36Charcoal.
26:39It will bind with many of the plant toxins in its stomach
26:43and neutralize them.
26:57The female Edmontosaurus is leaving the forest.
27:08Against the odds, she's led both her babies to safety.
27:14Oof, isт marine andピorents.
27:15They will have to find new pastures until the forest plants recover.
27:20Oof, is the nasty facility that they have removed nanavored forest cm1ному
27:40Even where fires are rare, trees do not live forever.
27:46And after they die, they become food
27:49for a very different kind of organism.
27:56At night, some of them become eerily conspicuous.
28:04Down on the forest floor...
28:10fungi appear...
28:15and start to glow.
28:25They produce their light by chemical reactions
28:28deep within their tissues.
28:34But why they do so is a mystery.
28:41It may be because the light attracts insects,
28:44which then help to spread the spores of the fungus.
28:56Here in Central Asia,
28:58the nighttime forest is filled with strange sounds.
29:09Giant sauropods are asleep.
29:19There are air sacs in their head and neck,
29:21which reduce their weight,
29:23but also amplify their snores.
29:30But not everyone is asleep.
29:37For smaller creatures,
29:38it's safer to be out in the darkness than during the day.
29:42These Therizinosaurus hatched just six months ago.
29:55Barely three feet long,
29:57they are only a tenth of their adult size.
30:03Their claws may look like daggers,
30:05but they're used more like salad servers.
30:12Because these are plant eaters.
30:18This forest, however,
30:20has all kinds of food,
30:22if you know where to look.
30:26Honey.
30:27It's dripping from a bee's nest up in the branches.
30:36Bees usually build their nests
30:38beyond the reach of ground dwellers.
30:42But this one is lower than most.
30:47And it's too good to miss.
30:57Unlike most dinosaurs,
31:10young Therizinosaurus can climb.
31:19Although they're not exactly experts.
31:21Old Weevil.
31:49When have you disappeared?
31:50Angry bees produce a Mexican wave to warn intruders to keep away.
32:07Or suffer the consequences.
32:20An adult Therizinosaurus.
32:41It's huge.
32:48Needed 30 feet tall, and weighing five tons.
33:12Nothing the bees can do deters this one.
33:18At last, a little treat.
33:23And a few more stings.
33:27At last, a little treat.
33:34And a few more stings.
33:39Even by day, it's still dark in the understory of the dense forests.
33:46Such as this one in Europe.
33:55Animals of any kind are difficult to distinguish.
33:58Yet, they're everywhere.
34:08Animals of any kind are difficult to distinguish.
34:18Yet, they're everywhere.
34:20They're everywhere.
34:22They're everywhere.
34:23They're everywhere.
34:24They're everywhere.
34:25Until Mattasaurus, seldom breaks cover.
34:29And, equally inconspicuous,
34:46Zalmoxies,
34:50the last of a very ancient dinosaur lineage.
34:53This forest is one of their few remaining strongholds.
35:04Seven inches tall, baby Zalmoxies are no more than snacks for many predators.
35:11But snacks are nonetheless worth eating.
35:16So they have to be cautious.
35:23I'm going to die.
35:48Patsy Copteryx stands 15 feet tall.
35:53It is in fact a pterosaur, a reptile with wings that here, as it stalks through the trees,
36:10it has to keep tightly folded.
36:23This forest, so rich in small creatures, is one of its regular hunting grounds.
36:38It stands on the southernmost edge of Europe.
36:53This is the heaviest animal ever to fly, and there is nowhere else here where it can open
37:15its gigantic wings, which are over 30 feet across.
37:23Many of the forest's permanent residents regularly come down here because the plants are coated
37:39with sea spray and are a welcome source of salt.
37:53Here, sauropods can meet one another, renewing family bonds, and creating new ones.
38:20But for its sake, Octorix, the beach is a launching pad.
38:38Now his wings will carry him to yet another forest where life proliferates more variously and more abundantly than anywhere else on our prehistoric planet.
39:06To discover the science behind the stories, go now to the Prehistoric Planet show page.
39:29960...
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