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00:00This is a fire sprinkler head, a key component of a fire sprinkler system.
00:05It releases water when a fire is detected.
00:08In this video, we'll examine the main components and explore the inner workings to see how it operates.
00:15Fire sprinkler heads have evolved significantly since their inception, more than 150 years ago.
00:21In 1874, Henry S. Parmalee patented the first practical automated sprinkler head,
00:27which activated when exposed to heat.
00:30Parmalee was the owner of a piano factory and was looking to permanently lower his company's skyrocketing fire insurance premiums.
00:38After unsuccessful negotiations with his insurer, he took matters into his own hands
00:43and spent years developing a fire suppression system for his factory.
00:48Now let's take a look at the working principle of Henry S. Parmalee's first patented fire sprinkler head.
00:53The sprinkler head was designed with a hollow chamber containing numerous holes,
00:59allowing pressurized water to shoot out in multiple streams.
01:03Below this chamber, there's a valve disc that prevents water from entering the chamber.
01:08The valve stem extends upward to a cap at the top.
01:12The valve is held closed by a tension spring wrapped around the sprinkler body
01:17and attached to the cap through a fusible eye.
01:20This eye is made from a material that melts at a relatively low temperature.
01:25The force exerted by the spring is slightly greater than the force exerted by the water pushing on the valve disc,
01:32ensuring the valve remains closed.
01:34If a fire breaks out, the heat generated by the fire progressively melts the eye,
01:40releasing the spring's pressure on the valve.
01:44This allows water to push the valve up, flow into the chamber, and spray out in streams.
01:51To prevent the water jets from one sprinkler from hitting the fusible eye of an adjacent sprinkler
01:56and potentially delaying its melting, the cap extends downward.
02:02Sprinklers may drip due to valve leaks.
02:04Each sprinkler is equipped with a cup underneath to catch these drips,
02:08which can be wiped off or left to evaporate.
02:12Unfortunately, this first sprinkler head was complicated and never known to have been used.
02:18Now let's return to the modern day sprinkler head.
02:20Before we dive in, can you guess what the biggest misconception about fire sprinklers is?
02:24I'll give you a hint.
02:26You often see that misconception represented in movies.
02:29Watch till the end of this video to find out if you're right.
02:32And in the meantime, drop your guesses in the comments below.
02:35Each sprinkler head is strategically placed throughout a building
02:38and connected to a network of pipes that supply pressurized water.
02:43This is the deflector, a small metal plate at the end of the sprinkler's body.
02:48It dispenses the water in a specific spray pattern to maximize coverage.
02:52There are several sprinkler head types designed for specific applications,
02:57each using a different deflector.
02:59Let's explore the two most common types available.
03:03The pendant sprinkler head is the most common type.
03:06It is installed hanging down from the ceiling pipes
03:08and directs water downward in a conical spray pattern using a convex deflector.
03:13The upright sprinkler head is installed with the deflector up
03:18and directs water upward and outward in a dome pattern using a concave deflector.
03:24Pendant sprinkler heads are used in areas where the ceiling is accessible,
03:28while upright types are commonly used where the ceiling is not accessible.
03:32This is the glass bulb, the active element of the sprinkler head.
03:39The bulb is filled with a glycerin-based liquid that expands when heated,
03:43causing the bulb to break at a certain temperature.
03:45Inside, there's an air bubble to allow for some expansion of the liquid
03:49without immediately causing the bulb to break.
03:52Glass bulbs are most commonly available in two sizes,
03:55the 5 mm diameter for a standard response time
03:59and the 3 mm diameter for a quicker response time.
04:02The liquid inside these glass bulbs is color-coded
04:05to indicate the temperature rating.
04:07Here are the most common colors and their corresponding temperature ratings.
04:14These color codes help in quickly identifying the temperature rating of the sprinkler head.
04:20The most common glass bulb color is red
04:22that breaks at 68 Celsius or 155 Fahrenheit.
04:28This is the plug.
04:29It holds back the water inside the pipe
04:32and is held in place by the glass bulb.
04:36Now let's see how the sprinkler works.
04:39When a fire starts, it quickly increases the surrounding air temperature.
04:46As the hot air rises and reaches the sprinkler head,
04:49the liquid inside the bulb begins to expand.
04:52As the air temperature increases,
04:55the liquid expands until it completely fills the bulb,
04:59eliminating the air bubble.
05:01Once fully expanded,
05:02the pressure exerted by the liquid
05:04causes the glass bulb to burst,
05:06releasing the plug,
05:08allowing water to flow out of the sprinkler head.
05:11The deflector disperses the water,
05:13suppressing the fire.
05:14There are two main types of fire sprinkler systems,
05:20wet pipe and dry pipe systems.
05:22In a wet pipe sprinkler system,
05:24the pipes are always filled with pressurized water.
05:27When a sprinkler head is activated,
05:29the water immediately flows out to extinguish the fire,
05:33providing a fast reaction time.
05:35Wet pipe systems are commonly used in areas
05:37where temperatures do not drop below freezing,
05:40as the water in the pipes could freeze.
05:44Dry pipe sprinkler systems store pressurized air or nitrogen in the pipes instead of water.
05:50When the sprinkler head is activated,
05:52the air pressure drops,
05:54a valve opens and releases water into the pipes.
05:57The water then flows through the open sprinkler head onto the fire.
06:02Dry pipe systems have slower reaction times
06:05and are typically used in areas prone to freezing,
06:08such as parking garages or warehouses.
06:11Both types of systems operate on the same principle
06:14of using heat to trigger the individual sprinkler heads.
06:19As promised,
06:20it's time to reveal the biggest misconception about fire sprinklers.
06:23Contrary to popular belief and what you may have seen in movies,
06:26not all sprinkler heads activate simultaneously when a fire is detected.
06:31As you've learned in this video,
06:32sprinkler heads are designed to activate individually
06:35in response to local heat from a fire,
06:37which helps minimize water damage.
06:40I am so happy we made this video.
06:41Every time I was watching one of those videos,
06:43one of those movies,
06:44where a guy literally just like gets up on a chair with a lighter
06:47and puts a lighter towards the sprinkler
06:49and then basically the entire building just gets flooded with water.
06:53Every time my brain just refused to brain it
06:55and I didn't think about looking in further
06:57and asking the question,
06:59why?
06:59I always wondered,
07:01how come we don't have any systems in place
07:03that will prevent that?
07:04So gladly,
07:04this video kind of clarified it for us
07:06and hopefully clarified it for you as well.
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