En este fascinante documental titulado "Mentes Brillantes: Los Secretos del Cosmos", te invitamos a adentrarte en el maravilloso mundo del universo y sus misterios. Exploraremos las curiosidades del universo y descubrimientos astronómicos que han cambiado nuestra comprensión del espacio. Desde los secretos del universo hasta las teorías más intrigantes de la ciencia del cosmos, este documental está diseñado para educar y asombrar a quienes desean aprender más sobre la exploración del espacio. No te pierdas esta oportunidad de expandir tu mente y descubrir los enigmas del espacio que aún nos fascinan. ¡Acompáñanos en esta aventura cósmica!
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TVTranscript
00:00They were unadapted, arrogant rebels.
00:09They highlighted conventional wisdom.
00:12And each of them conceived a radically new vision of the cosmos.
00:17Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
00:26They all had a busy life.
00:29Charged with great triumphs and humble failures.
00:34These are the people who have dared to challenge.
00:37They often come across the opposition of some and do not know how to face it.
00:42There was a kind of demon that did not let them do anything else.
00:46You have to have a very strong ego to say,
00:48I can solve this, decipher a small part of the universe.
00:53Who were those rebellious geniuses?
00:56And what secrets hid their minds to allow them to conceive the inconceivable
01:01and to make manifest the beauty and uniqueness of the universe.
01:12Bright minds.
01:17The secrets of the cosmos.
01:21In the 16th century Europe,
01:23there is a certainty that later generations can only envy.
01:29Everyone knows that the earth is the center of the universe.
01:34But that encouraging vision of our world is beginning to crumble.
01:40And one of the main causes of this is the self-proclaimed genius Galileo Galilei.
01:47Galileo was a conceited man who had his character.
01:51That kind of person who has very intimate friends and many enemies.
01:56He had a very sharp mind, a privileged mind,
01:59and that allowed him to examine some of the most secret mysteries of the universe.
02:05That ambitious scientist, too sure of himself,
02:09will give a turn to the world, although he will pay a very high price for it.
02:14Galileo was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy.
02:21His father, the Buddhist, is well known for rejecting the conventions
02:25to create a new form of musical harmony.
02:32Galileo inherited that rebelliousness from his father.
02:38At the age of 25, Galileo was born.
02:42At the age of 25, he became a professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa.
02:50But he is increasingly more insolent with his colleagues,
02:53who still teach in the scientific theories of the Greek philosopher Aristotle,
02:57almost 2,000 years after his death.
03:03Let's not forget the fact that before Galileo there was no science as we know it.
03:09According to the Aristotelian philosophy, for example,
03:12moving bodies stopped not because of friction, but because they were tired,
03:17and they fell to the ground not because of gravity,
03:20but because they longed to be united to the earth.
03:26Galileo finds such absurd examples.
03:31Those great characters who propose to discover the truth
03:34and never find it make me sick.
03:37Write later.
03:41They can not find it because they always look in the wrong place.
03:51Galileo is about to frustrate an ancient belief.
03:57Intuition tells him that bodies do not move by desires,
04:00but by mathematical laws underlying the movement.
04:07And he takes a step beyond that is unthinkable.
04:12He tries to discover them by means of experiments,
04:14something that few people had done before.
04:18He begins by studying the fall of bodies.
04:24Next, the physicist Stephen Hawking.
04:28Galileo claims that simple observations,
04:31such as dropping weights from certain heights,
04:35show that things do not work as the ancient Greeks had said.
04:39Many people should have realized it,
04:42but they had carried out imperfect observations.
04:49For the first time in history,
04:51Galileo begins to establish some basic laws of motion,
04:54such as the fact that speed is determined by time and acceleration.
05:00One of the geniuses of Galileo
05:02was to reduce the acceleration of gravity.
05:05A inclined plane was made to drop a ball.
05:08In this way, it was possible to clearly observe
05:11how a body picks up speed as it descends.
05:14So he introduces the concept of acceleration.
05:19To us it seems very obvious and logical,
05:22but it was a key mathematical advance
05:25to understand the movement in those terms.
05:29For being the first to use experiments,
05:32Albert Einstein would later call him
05:35the father of modern physics.
05:40Galileo will open the way
05:42that later Newton and Einstein will follow.
05:46The search for mathematical laws
05:48that are hidden behind any movement.
05:52But their progress is slow.
05:54They will not be published until the end of their lives.
06:03At the age of 45,
06:05Galileo continues to be a badly paid mathematician.
06:10But ambition and arrogance
06:12catapult him soon to fame and also to perdition.
06:20In 1609, Galileo,
06:22hears about a catalogue,
06:24a device like a toy
06:26that makes distant objects seem close.
06:31Decided to take advantage of the invention,
06:34he learns quickly to make glasses.
06:39In a few weeks, he arrives in Venice
06:42with a telescope that he presents as his own invention.
06:47He impresses the Venetian Navy in such a way
06:50that his superiors double his salary.
06:53Galileo did not bother to tell them
06:55that that instrument was already being presented
06:58and sold in many other places.
07:02In fact, they were greatly disillusioned
07:05to discover that it was not an exclusive invention of Galileo.
07:12But, well, you can not blame him for anything,
07:15he was just a good businessman.
07:21For the free thinker who was Galileo,
07:24the telescope also offers the possibility
07:27to raise issues that others do not dare to name.
07:3260 years ago, the astronomer Copernicus
07:35had proposed the radical idea
07:37that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
07:42But Copernicus had little evidence for his theory.
07:47A theory that contradicts passages of the Bible.
07:52In the time of the Inquisition,
07:54such speculations are considered heresy.
08:03However, Galileo does not stop.
08:07He will be the first astronomer
08:09to observe the sky with a telescope.
08:13And he sees the universe as it had never been seen before.
08:19He is fascinated by the fact
08:21that the telescope can open totally new worlds.
08:25He makes drawings and diagrams
08:27with the feeling that he does not do it fast enough.
08:34Night after night, Galileo works hard at his work.
08:38And he makes an amazing discovery.
08:41He discovers four moons orbiting around Jupiter.
08:46Galileo's proof that not all celestial bodies
08:49are in the orbit of the Earth
08:51serves as a great support for the theory
08:54that the Earth itself could rotate around the Sun.
08:59But to contradict the Bible is to play with fire.
09:10Galileo is impatient
09:12before those who doubt his new theories.
09:17He has seen the universe in a new way,
09:19with his own eyes.
09:24How can I do this without it being a waste of time?
09:27he writes,
09:28when those peripatetic to whom you have to convince
09:31are unable to follow
09:33the simplest and easiest of arguments.
09:37Galileo used his cunning to attack people.
09:42And that certainly did not give him many friends.
09:49In 1615, at the age of 51,
09:52Galileo goes to Rome to expose his case.
09:57And maybe that was his biggest mistake.
10:02The Church orders him to stop teaching
10:04that the Earth rotates around the Sun.
10:08But Galileo again tempts luck.
10:13Nine years later,
10:14he asks them to listen to his case again.
10:18This time, the new Pope is a close friend.
10:22And Galileo gets permission to write a book.
10:28Following his custom of disdaining opponents,
10:31Galileo writes a dialogue in which characters,
10:34vaguely disguised,
10:36offer arguments in favor and against his theory.
10:40In his books it is very clear who is the smart one,
10:43who is the one who plays the role of Galileo.
10:46While the Aristotelians present themselves as fools.
10:54In 1633, the Inquisition orders Galileo to be arrested.
10:58The Church accuses him of heresy.
11:04But perhaps the real reason why they judge Galileo
11:07is that he has gone too far in his efforts to persuade.
11:14In his dialogue, he has put the favorite argument of the Pope
11:17in the mouth of a ridiculous character.
11:22People close to the Pope warned him that in his book,
11:26Galileo had tried to look like a fool.
11:31And to systematically persecute Galileo
11:33and keep him under house arrest for the rest of his life
11:36was a personal decision of the Pope himself.
11:40In reality, it was not the idea of the Church.
11:43It was a personal decision of the Pope
11:45out of a deep anger towards a friend.
11:51Galileo expects a simple agreement.
11:56Instead, they threaten to torture him.
12:03Surrendered to the inevitable, he kneels and retreats.
12:14During his last eight years of life,
12:16Galileo will live under house arrest.
12:19He is a destroyed man.
12:22His defense that the Earth revolves around the Sun
12:25will make him eminently famous.
12:30But for the scientists who follow him,
12:32his greatest achievement is another.
12:39In his last years of life,
12:41he writes a book with which he completes
12:43the work he started as a young man.
12:46In it, he shows that it is possible to use mathematics
12:50to analyze movement.
12:57Ironically, the year Galileo dies,
13:001,300 kilometers away,
13:03a child is born who will complete his ideas.
13:07He will also be one of the strangest scientists of all time.
13:12ISAAC NEWTON
13:19Surely there has not been any other scientist
13:22who has worked so hard,
13:24without stopping to eat, sleep or relate to others,
13:27like Isaac Newton.
13:29Isaac Newton was a much darker figure.
13:32He was a loner,
13:33a person pathologically unable to talk.
13:37We could say he had an obsession.
13:39I would say that it is the clearest example
13:41that I can think of of a person consumed by his work.
13:47Possibly, he will also be the greatest scientist of all time.
13:53At his birth,
13:54physics is a practically unexplored field.
13:58Before dying, he decrypts with accuracy
14:00the laws that describe any type of movement,
14:03from the fall of an apple
14:05to the orbits of the planets.
14:09We simply do not know
14:11that there has been any other man like Newton.
14:22In 1642, Isaac Newton was born in a remote town in England.
14:29His childhood will be unfortunate.
14:32His father dies before his birth,
14:35and at only three years old,
14:37his mother sends him to live with a strict and puritan grandmother.
14:42When his mother remarried
14:44and left him with his grandmother,
14:47Newton felt betrayed and alone,
14:50and I think he never got over that.
14:57Later he will write that,
14:59among his sins of childhood,
15:01it includes threatening to burn his mother
15:03and his stepfather in the house of these.
15:08Newton is not always doing well at school.
15:13But he arouses curiosity in the town,
15:15because he builds extraordinary mechanical devices,
15:18like windmills.
15:22A school teacher convinces his mother
15:24to send him to college.
15:29At the Trinity College of Cambridge,
15:31most students are more dedicated to drinking
15:34and gambling than studying.
15:37Newton prefers to isolate himself and remain alone.
15:41Around him there were a lot of people
15:43who had no interest in books at all,
15:46people who came from wealthy families,
15:48they must have felt totally out of place,
15:51and knowing how students act,
15:53I suppose they considered him the weirdo.
15:58Newton is a puritan obsessed with sin.
16:01He imposes himself a strict emotional and sexual control,
16:04and has a lonely existence, monacal.
16:08Newton was very different from Galileo,
16:10because he was the most private person
16:13you could ever know about.
16:17He did not bother to try to make friends,
16:19and it was difficult for him to relate,
16:21he just stayed away from people.
16:24Throughout his life,
16:26he did not have romantic adventures,
16:28nor just friends.
16:32Some scholars speculate
16:34about a possible homosexuality of Newton.
16:36Others think that perhaps,
16:38he simply decided that he did not have time for anything
16:41that was not work.
16:43It is believed that he died a virgin.
16:47In the 19th century,
16:49there was a revolution in the world
16:51that killed a virgin.
16:58In college,
17:00Newton dedicates all his passion to studies.
17:05Like Galileo,
17:07mathematics fascinates him.
17:11He acquires an advanced level
17:13in this science on his own,
17:15and then,
17:17he begins to create new mathematics
17:19to analyze the movement.
17:22He is the one who invents the calculus.
17:26Newton is fascinated by the way
17:28the sun rises and sets,
17:30forming a complete arc.
17:34One of the most brilliant observations of Newton
17:37was the fact that when the bodies move,
17:39their trajectory can be seen little by little,
17:41gradually,
17:42with a tiny little displacement,
17:44progressively.
17:45And when you make this movement converge,
17:47you get beautiful spirals,
17:49you get ellipses, circles.
17:51And let's not forget that,
17:53when writing his notes,
17:55Isaac Newton was creating the calculus
17:57at the same pace as university students
17:59learn it.
18:04If he had shared it with someone,
18:06he would have obtained the recognition
18:08of being the greatest mathematician in Europe.
18:11But Newton keeps his discoveries
18:13for himself.
18:15He prefers to work on the details himself.
18:25Some years later,
18:27at the age of 24,
18:29Newton is living in his mother's house.
18:33In it,
18:35he will have the inspiration
18:37that will revolutionize physics.
18:40It will reveal the mystery
18:42of the movement of the planets.
18:45Isaac Newton saw the world
18:47graphically, geometrically.
18:49And one day, while he was walking
18:51around the farm,
18:53he saw an apple fall.
18:55And then he looked up
18:57and saw the moon.
18:59And then he asked himself
19:01the key question,
19:03the question that unlocks
19:05the mystery of the celestial sphere.
19:07If an apple falls,
19:09does the moon also fall?
19:11And he realized
19:13that gravity,
19:15in the same way that attracts an apple
19:17and makes it fall to the earth,
19:19could be the same force
19:21that attracted the moon,
19:23that moon that is in the sky,
19:25and that made it fall
19:27around the earth.
19:29While Galileo began
19:31to study how gravity
19:33acts on the earth,
19:35Newton is the first to realize
19:37that gravity also moves
19:39planets and stars.
19:43This was a revolutionary change.
19:47Basically,
19:49Newton demonstrated
19:51that the laws of the heavens
19:53are the same as the laws
19:55down here on earth.
19:59But when he tries
20:01to decipher the details,
20:03some very complex mathematical problems
20:05get in his way.
20:07And he will keep in secret
20:09his great discovery
20:11in the last 20 years.
20:19Soon, Newton becomes
20:21a professor of mathematics
20:23at the University of Cambridge.
20:25His teaching responsibilities
20:27are reduced,
20:29and he spends 24 hours a day
20:31researching in the field
20:33of mathematics and physics.
20:35His colleagues do not take long
20:37to repair his genius,
20:39and he is very proud of it.
20:43In 1672,
20:45thanks to the invention
20:47of a new telescope,
20:49Newton is admitted
20:51to the Royal Society,
20:53the English association
20:55of the most prominent scientists.
20:57He is flattered,
20:59and allows them to publish
21:01a brilliant article on optics.
21:03However,
21:05when the great physicist
21:07is summoned,
21:09he doubts his theory,
21:11Newton gets angry,
21:13and threatens to leave the association.
21:15His reaction to the critics
21:17is almost always
21:19to explain carefully
21:21why what the other person
21:23has just said
21:25is a complete stupidity.
21:27He had an extremely fragile personality.
21:29As one of his biographers said,
21:31he either sent
21:33or got angry.
21:35And he spent
21:37a lot of time sulking.
21:41Some historians
21:43speculate
21:45whether the vengeful character
21:47of Newton,
21:49his extreme susceptibility
21:51to criticism,
21:53and his obsessive work
21:55could be symptoms
21:57of a mental illness
21:59like a manic-depressive disorder.
22:01We will never know.
22:03However,
22:05this mental illness
22:07does not stop him in his work.
22:11At the age of 42,
22:13he is asked to solve
22:15a problem that keeps
22:17the best physicists
22:19of England disconcerted.
22:21How to mathematically describe
22:23the orbit of the planets
22:25around the sun?
22:29Invaded by inspiration,
22:31Newton locks himself
22:33in his room
22:35and begins to work
22:37on his great masterpiece.
22:41Like Galileo,
22:43he was guided by a strong intuition.
22:47Now he is willing
22:49to mathematically decipher
22:51the laws of gravity,
22:53a task he had started
22:55in previous years.
22:57For almost two years,
22:59he hardly communicates with anyone.
23:03The only exercise he does
23:05is to walk around the room.
23:09He slept very little
23:11and spent 18, 20 hours a day
23:13working.
23:15He skipped meals.
23:17He only wrote.
23:19He had the power
23:21to sit in the chair
23:23and not get distracted,
23:25focus,
23:27without stopping,
23:29until he solved it.
23:33At the end,
23:35Newton reappears
23:37with a masterpiece
23:39that will transform the world,
23:41the Principia.
23:43Since he is an unbreakable
23:45simplist,
23:47Newton focuses on the basic fundamentals.
23:49He reveals how the mass interacts
23:51with force,
23:53inertia and acceleration.
23:57However,
23:59his greatest achievement
24:01is to define gravity.
24:03He is the first to talk about it
24:05as a force acting at a distance.
24:09And achieving incredible mathematical advances,
24:11Newton establishes
24:13the precise laws
24:15that determine the movement
24:17of all bodies.
24:19The Principia of Newton,
24:21published in 1687,
24:23meant a scientific revolution.
24:25In the work,
24:27Newton gave the first precise description
24:29of the laws that govern
24:31the movement of bodies,
24:33from cannonballs to planets.
24:37If you look at the Principia
24:39and the number of mathematical problems
24:41solved in that work,
24:43and thinking that he wrote it
24:45in a period of 18 months,
24:47it is clear that it is not a normal human being
24:49in any of its exceptions.
24:55Newton has completed
24:57Galileo's search to mathematically
24:59describe the movement.
25:01However,
25:03200 years later,
25:05another arrogant rebel
25:07will discover that at very high speeds
25:09Newton's laws do not comply
25:11and that the universe
25:13is stranger than
25:15anyone had ever imagined.
25:17Albert Einstein
25:23At the age of 16,
25:25Albert Einstein asks himself
25:27a very simple question.
25:29What would happen
25:31if he ran at the speed
25:33of a wave of light?
25:35Would the light seem to be still?
25:37When he focuses
25:39his attention on that image again,
25:41less than 10 years later,
25:43our conception of space-time
25:45He loved to imagine
25:47worlds that did not exist.
25:49And that was his power,
25:51to be able to see physically,
25:53in an image,
25:55things that other people could not see.
25:59The man who makes
26:01such important advances
26:03is a distracted cathedral,
26:05a great lover of humanity
26:07with bright eyes.
26:09But he is also selfish.
26:11He has had two marital failures
26:13and has caused a disaster
26:15in the emotional sphere.
26:19Albert Einstein
26:21was born in 1879
26:23in southern Germany,
26:25in the bosom of a Jewish family
26:27middle class.
26:29As a child, he is quiet and introverted.
26:33His parents began to think
26:35that maybe he was retarded,
26:37because it took a long time
26:39to start talking.
26:41But apparently he was just busy
26:43thinking apparently.
26:47As a child, he is fascinated
26:49by puzzles and games
26:51and shows a remarkable perseverance.
26:57At 9 years old,
26:59he builds a tower of cards
27:0114 floors high.
27:03They say that as a child
27:05he was always frozen,
27:07so the other children
27:09lived isolated
27:11in the world of books,
27:13in the world of ideas.
27:17In 1896,
27:19at the age of 17,
27:21Einstein is admitted to the ETH,
27:23a polytechnic university in Switzerland,
27:25a pioneer in research
27:27around the world.
27:29Like Galileo, he is ingenious and smart,
27:31he has a sense of humor
27:33and he is also a rebel.
27:35Einstein has decided
27:37to become a theoretical physicist,
27:39but he feels that he finds
27:41obstacles in his way.
27:43His physics teacher,
27:45Mr. Weber,
27:47is not interested
27:49in the latest avant-garde
27:51theories about light and electricity.
27:55He passes the exams
27:57with the notes left by a friend
27:59and graduates with very normal grades.
28:05His behavior has not gone unnoticed.
28:09He applies for some jobs
28:11at universities
28:13and everyone denies him.
28:15Once his university studies were over,
28:17Einstein became a failure
28:19in all areas of the word.
28:23His teacher, Weber,
28:25professed a great antipathy
28:27to young Einstein.
28:29He wrote him letters of recommendation
28:31that now we know
28:33what kind of academic position he had.
28:35Even before starting to work as a physicist,
28:37his career as such was already over.
28:45Two years after leaving the university,
28:47Einstein finally finds
28:49a job as an employee
28:51in a Swiss patent office.
28:53The position has nothing to do
28:55with theoretical physics,
28:57but that job,
28:59apparently without coming,
29:01has no meaning.
29:03In Bern,
29:05he establishes himself as an office worker
29:07and at the age of 23
29:09he leads a bourgeois life.
29:11He marries Mileva Maric,
29:13a classmate of the university.
29:17Fortunately,
29:19the job does not require much effort
29:21and allows him to dedicate time
29:23to analyzing avant-garde questions
29:25about physics,
29:27such as the nature of light.
29:29Others would have thrown the towel
29:31and would have abandoned the idea
29:33of a career as a physicist.
29:35It seems as if it were someone
29:37who was possessed by an intellectual demon
29:39that did not allow him to do anything else.
29:45Now Einstein
29:47thinks again about that simple image
29:49that came to his mind for the first time
29:51at the institute.
29:53What would happen if he ran
29:55at the speed of a wave of light?
29:57Both Isaac Newton and Einstein
29:59had that amazing ability
30:01to create simple images
30:03that even a child could understand
30:05and extract images
30:07that would change our vision of the universe.
30:11According to Newton,
30:13the speed of a ray of light
30:15should be slower than someone running by.
30:17However,
30:19light does not seem to obey
30:21Newton's laws.
30:23Einstein says that a ray of light
30:25moves away from you at the speed of light.
30:27No matter how much you run,
30:29you will never reach it.
30:31No matter how much you accelerate,
30:33even if you step on the ground,
30:35the ray of light will continue
30:37to move away from you at the same speed.
30:39How is it possible
30:41that a ray of light cannot be reached?
30:43Now,
30:45like Galileo and Newton before him,
30:47Einstein implacably questions
30:49assumptions that no one else
30:51dares to discuss.
30:53If the speed of light
30:55never changes,
30:57then there must be something else.
31:01He already had it.
31:03Time is relative.
31:05It depends on the speed at which you move.
31:07And that idea
31:09was a real revolution.
31:13Einstein has discovered
31:15that Newton's laws only apply
31:17if they apply to areas
31:19of everyday experience.
31:21When bodies travel
31:23at a speed close to that of light,
31:25the common sense
31:27no longer works.
31:29Distances get longer.
31:33And the clock moves slower.
31:37Newton,
31:39forgive me,
31:41writes Einstein later.
31:43At only 26 years old,
31:45he dismantles Newton's laws
31:47of motion with his
31:49Theory of Relativity.
31:53With questions like those
31:55that a child would ask,
31:57and simple images,
31:59Einstein changed the world's vision.
32:09In 1907,
32:11Einstein tackles new scientific challenges.
32:13But some letters,
32:15recently published,
32:17have a little-known personal side.
32:21While working on his great masterpiece,
32:23he locks himself in,
32:25and his closest ones suffer.
32:33Einstein's wife, Mileva,
32:35was also a physics student
32:37who dreamed of her own scientific achievements.
32:41But now, while Einstein teaches
32:43and collaborates with other scientists,
32:45Mileva hardly sees him.
32:47She fears losing
32:49both her husband and her dream.
32:55Then, in 1914,
32:57Mileva discovers
32:59that she has an adversary
33:01in the sentimental field,
33:03Elsa Lovenhal,
33:05her husband's cousin.
33:07Einstein's marriage is broken.
33:11I'd love to have a beer with Einstein,
33:13but I wouldn't introduce him to my sister.
33:15It's as if the rules
33:17didn't necessarily affect him.
33:21Einstein will marry Elsa,
33:23who is willing to take care of the house
33:25with less expectations.
33:29The scientist has renounced
33:31love in marriage.
33:33Science is above all.
33:35At the age of 35,
33:37Einstein is pursuing
33:39a goal that many physicists
33:41believe impossible.
33:43His intuition tells him
33:45that there must be
33:47a general theory of relativity
33:49that also explains
33:51the force of gravity.
33:55Like Newton,
33:57Einstein is obsessed.
33:59He spends years
34:01immersed in mathematics
34:03of tremendous complexity.
34:07Unsure if he's going
34:09the right way
34:11or is a crazy company.
34:13He spent years
34:15turning around a problem.
34:17He clung to it
34:19almost like a dog
34:21that doesn't let go of its bone.
34:23When he was working
34:25on general relativity,
34:27he was about to suffer
34:29a nervous breakdown.
34:31He focused on the problems
34:33in the same way
34:35Isaac Newton did.
34:43At the end,
34:45in the autumn of 1915,
34:47Einstein realizes
34:49that he has solved it.
34:51His new vision is so strange
34:53that even physicists
34:55will have a hard time understanding it.
34:58It shows, mathematically,
35:00that mass and energy
35:02curve space-time.
35:05An immense body like the sun
35:07deforms space-time so much
35:09that a nearby planet
35:11moves around it
35:13with a curved trajectory.
35:15For Newton,
35:17they seem to be attracted by a force.
35:19But that is
35:21just an illusion.
35:24The same phenomenon
35:26happens on Earth.
35:28The bodies,
35:30which seem to be attracted
35:32by a gravitational force,
35:34are actually traveling
35:36through a deformed space-time.
35:38Einstein's general relativity theory
35:40changed our ideas
35:42about space-time forever.
35:46It is so beautiful
35:48that it has to be true.
35:53Einstein comes up with a series
35:55of equations that govern
35:57the curvature of space-time.
35:59Some simple lines
36:01describe the movement of galaxies
36:03and the destination of the universe.
36:06When we physicists look at
36:08Albert Einstein's equations,
36:10we start crying.
36:12We cry because they are gorgeous.
36:15The fact that the movement
36:17of celestial bodies,
36:19with all its curves,
36:21can be summarized
36:23in a 5-centimeter equation
36:25is impressive.
36:27That is incredible.
36:29That is beautiful.
36:32Although Einstein will continue
36:34to work to the day of his death,
36:36at the age of 40,
36:38he has completed his greatest work.
36:46Galileo applied mathematics
36:48to movement.
36:51Newton perfected those laws
36:53in the field of everyday experience.
36:57But Einstein's search
36:59for a more complex theory
37:01revealed laws that govern
37:03the whole universe.
37:05Currently,
37:07another brilliant rebel
37:09is trying to find
37:11an even broader theory,
37:13a theory that includes everything.
37:22No other scientist
37:24has shaken the pillars of physics
37:26like Galileo,
37:28Newton or Einstein.
37:31However,
37:33among those who have expanded
37:35the borders of cosmology,
37:37there is the one who once
37:39was a lazy student, Stephen Hawking.
37:41Currently,
37:43he holds the same position
37:45as Isaac Newton
37:47at Cambridge University.
37:51I was born 300 years after
37:53Galileo's death.
37:55I hold the same position
37:57at Cambridge as Newton
37:59and I work on Einstein's
38:01General Theory of Relativity.
38:04Of the three with whom
38:06I identify the most,
38:08it is with Galileo.
38:10He followed his intuition
38:12and was a total rebel.
38:15Stephen Hawking
38:17was born in 1942
38:19in Oxford, England.
38:21Like Galileo,
38:23Newton and Einstein,
38:25he was fascinated
38:27by how things worked
38:29as a child.
38:33However,
38:35at Oxford University,
38:37Hawking practically
38:39did not study anything.
38:41He trusted his extraordinary
38:43mathematical skills
38:45to pass the exams.
38:47Hawking spent most of his time
38:49going out with friends
38:51and his rowing team.
38:53By all accounts,
38:55Stephen Hawking
38:57was not the kind of person
38:59who seemed to have a brilliant destiny.
39:01At college,
39:03he was not the most applied.
39:05He himself says that
39:07throughout his time as a student
39:09at Oxford,
39:12Hawking was boring
39:14and apathetic.
39:16Apparently,
39:18it was not worth
39:20trying for anything.
39:22But a tragedy
39:24that would turn
39:26a boring intellect
39:28into a passionate mind
39:30was about to happen.
39:32In 1962,
39:34Stephen Hawking
39:36began his postgraduate studies
39:38in cosmology
39:41but some symptoms
39:43of his illness
39:45began to be difficult
39:47to ignore.
39:49A slight speech defect,
39:51problems to serve a beer.
39:56Doctors tell him
39:58that he has ELA,
40:00amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
40:02commonly called
40:04Lou Gehrig's disease.
40:06The regions of the brain
40:08are getting worse
40:10and he has no cure.
40:16The 20-year-old student
40:18knows that his body
40:20will suffer a paralysis.
40:22Over time,
40:24his respiratory muscles
40:26will contract
40:28and he will have respiratory problems.
40:30Doctors predict
40:32only two years of life.
40:34Hawking falls into
40:36depression.
40:38When he was diagnosed
40:40Stephen did not expect
40:42to live more than a year or two.
40:44It did not seem worth
40:46finishing the doctorate.
40:51But inexplicably,
40:53the disease progresses
40:55slower than predicted.
40:57He meets Jane Wild,
40:59the woman who will
41:01become his wife
41:03and finds a purpose
41:05in life.
41:07I dreamed they were going to execute me,
41:09he writes.
41:11Suddenly I realized
41:13that there were many things
41:15that were worth doing
41:17if they granted me a position.
41:27Hawking begins to work hard
41:29for the first time in his life.
41:32And to his surprise,
41:34he realizes that he likes it.
41:39At the beginning of the 70s,
41:41Stephen Hawking is a reputed cosmologist.
41:45He is posted in a wheelchair.
41:49However, he is stubborn.
41:51Nothing will prevent him
41:53from leading a normal life.
41:57He has children
41:59and works hard.
42:03And he is about to make
42:05a great discovery
42:07that will develop Einstein's theory
42:09in an unexpected direction.
42:17Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
42:19predicts the movement
42:21of very large bodies,
42:23like galaxies.
42:25But it cannot explain
42:27the smallest cosmic particles,
42:29which are the angular stones of the universe.
42:33Its movement is predicted
42:35by another theory,
42:37called quantum mechanics.
42:41And to Einstein's and any physicist's frustration,
42:43these two theories
42:45seem totally incompatible.
42:51But Hawking has the strength
42:53to tackle the impossible.
42:55When Stephen Hawking was doing
42:57his pioneering work,
42:59there were two opposing sides
43:01that hated each other.
43:03They never talked to each other.
43:05On one side, there was the conservative side,
43:07the ones who keep Albert Einstein's flame
43:09burning with force.
43:11On the other side,
43:13there were the quantum theorists.
43:15They dealt with the world of particles,
43:17subatomic particles,
43:19thousands, thousands of them.
43:21They used different mathematics,
43:23different physics.
43:25And Stephen Hawking said
43:27he was going to try to unite the two sides.
43:29Nobody had thought of something like this
43:31until then.
43:35Hawking wonders
43:37what would happen if we looked
43:39at a black hole,
43:41an immense body,
43:43but we looked at its smallest particles.
43:45Hawking, like Einstein,
43:47is extremely perceptive.
43:49He has an incredible intuition
43:51to ask himself the key questions
43:53and do it in the most appropriate way.
43:57Black holes
43:59are the strangest
44:01and most radical prediction
44:03of Einstein's theory of gravity.
44:05Theoretically, when a mass
44:07is extremely concentrated,
44:09for example, a star compressed
44:11in a ball of only a few kilometers in diameter,
44:13the space around it
44:15deforms so much
44:17that gravity prevents something from escaping,
44:19including light.
44:25A black hole is a region of space
44:27where gravity is so strong
44:29that light cannot escape.
44:31It is like a membrane in one direction.
44:33Things can enter, but never leave.
44:35That's why it's called black.
44:41Now Hawking tries something
44:43that his colleagues assume is impossible.
44:45He uses the equations
44:47of quantum theory
44:49to analyze what happens
44:51to the particles trapped by gravity
44:53in the margins of black holes.
44:59By then, he can no longer write.
45:03If he were a laboratory scientist,
45:05his career would have ended a long time ago.
45:09But Hawking has hardly used
45:11even a telescope.
45:13And for theory,
45:15all he needs is his brain.
45:19Like Newton and Einstein,
45:21Hawking has a great power of concentration.
45:25He checks over and over again
45:27in his head long and reversed equations,
45:29checking and checking
45:31constantly his calculations.
45:33He tends to think through images
45:35and usually starts
45:37with some idea that he thinks is right.
45:39So he goes from there.
45:41He has to rely on
45:43key knowledge and logical leaps
45:45to compensate for the fact
45:47that he can't check line by line.
45:49He just has a tremendous drive,
45:51a tremendous determination
45:53to reach the bottom of things.
46:01The results he obtains
46:03leave Hawking astonished.
46:05The black holes are not completely isolated
46:07from the rest of the universe
46:09as it was thought until then.
46:11Their margins emit tiny particles
46:13now called Hawking radiation.
46:17The arguments are so convincing
46:19that now everyone agrees
46:21that the black holes
46:23have to emit Hawking radiation.
46:25The radiation carries energy and mass
46:27so that the black hole
46:29fades away little by little
46:31until it disappears.
46:33Hawking has demonstrated
46:35that, like boiling water,
46:37the black holes
46:39evaporate slowly.
46:43And no less important
46:45is his discovery
46:47that there is a particular case
46:49in which general relativity
46:51and quantum theory
46:53can be combined successfully.
46:57My discovery that black holes
46:59are not completely black
47:01but that they glow like incandescent bodies
47:03was the first example
47:05that depends so much
47:07on large-scale theories
47:09as on other smaller-scale theories.
47:13When the results were published
47:15it was beautiful.
47:17It was a very pleasant feeling.
47:19Just talking about them
47:21was like tasting a candy in your mouth.
47:27Finding a theory of everything,
47:29a theory that goes deeper
47:31and unifies Einstein's equations
47:33with quantum mechanics
47:35is now the holy grail of physics.
47:37That would explain
47:39the origin of the universe.
47:41And Hawking
47:43has created new hopes
47:45that the definitive puzzle
47:47can be solved.
47:49Hawking's discovery
47:51about the radiation of black holes
47:53has been an important piece
47:55of the puzzle,
47:57the definitive puzzle.
48:03Who have been the greatest physicists
48:05in history?
48:07Ugly little ducks,
48:09rebellious and distracted,
48:11consumed by a deep intuition
48:13and without fear of questioning
48:15the most accepted basic assumptions.
48:19You have to have a strong ego
48:21to say, it's not so difficult,
48:23I can solve it.
48:25Nothing guarantees you
48:27that you will find answers,
48:29that science works.
48:31You are risking a lot.
48:33His stubborn perseverance
48:35revealed hidden laws
48:37of nature.
48:39But his search
48:41is still unfinished.
48:43And such brilliant minds
48:45only appear
48:47every so often.
48:51But who knows?
48:53It is possible that the next
48:55brilliant rebel
48:57is already among us.