00:00How do you know what's happening in your world?
00:11The amount of information just a click away may be limitless,
00:15but the time and energy we have to absorb and evaluate it is not.
00:20All the information in the world won't be very useful
00:23unless you know how to read the news.
00:26To your grandparents, parents, or even older siblings,
00:29this idea would have sounded strange.
00:31Only a few decades ago, news was broad-based.
00:34Your choices were limited to a couple of general interest magazines
00:38and newspapers of record,
00:40and three or four TV networks
00:42where trusted newscasters delivered the day's news
00:45at the same reliable time every evening.
00:48But the problems with this system soon became apparent as mass media spread.
00:53While it was known that authoritarian countries controlled and censored information,
00:57a series of scandals showed that democratic governments were also misleading the public,
01:03often with media cooperation.
01:06Revelations of covert wars, secret assassinations, and political corruption
01:11undermined public faith in official narratives presented by mainstream sources.
01:17The breakdown of trust in media gatekeepers led to alternative newspapers, radio shows, and cable news
01:23competing with the major outlets and covering events from various perspectives.
01:28More recently, the Internet has multiplied the amount of information and viewpoints,
01:32with social media, blogs, and online video turning every citizen into a potential reporter.
01:38But if everyone is a reporter, nobody is,
01:41and different sources may disagree not only on opinions, but on the facts themselves.
01:46So how do you get the truth, or something close?
01:49One of the best ways is to get the original news unfiltered by middlemen.
01:54Instead of articles interpreting a scientific study or a politician's speech,
01:58you can often find the actual material and judge for yourself.
02:03For current events, follow reporters on social media.
02:06During major events such as the Arab Spring or the Ukrainian protests,
02:10newscasters and bloggers have posted updates and recordings from the midst of the chaos.
02:16Though many of these later appear in articles or broadcasts,
02:19keep in mind that these polished versions often combine the voice of the person who was there
02:24with the input of editors who weren't.
02:27At the same time, the more chaotic the story,
02:29the less you should try to follow it in real time.
02:32In events like terrorist attacks and natural disasters,
02:35today's media attempts continuous coverage,
02:38even when no reliable new information is available,
02:41sometimes leading to incorrect information,
02:44or false accusations of innocent people.
02:47It's easy to be anxious in such events,
02:49but try checking for the latest information at several points in the day,
02:53rather than every few minutes, allowing time for complete details to emerge
02:58and false reports to be refuted.
03:01While good journalism aims for objectivity, media bias is often unavoidable.
03:06When you can't get the direct story, read coverage in multiple outlets,
03:10which employ different reporters and interview different experts.
03:14Tuning into various sources and noting the differences
03:17lets you put the pieces together for a more complete picture.
03:21It's also crucial to separate fact from opinion.
03:24Words like think, likely, or probably mean that the outlet is being careful,
03:29or worse, taking a guess.
03:31And watch out for reports that rely on anonymous sources.
03:35These could be people who have little connection to the story,
03:38or have an interest in influencing coverage,
03:41their anonymity making them unaccountable for the information they provide.
03:45Finally, and most importantly, try to verify news before spreading it.
03:50While social media has enabled the truth to reach us faster,
03:53it's also allowed rumors to spread before they can be verified,
03:57and falsehoods to survive long after they've been refuted.
04:01So before you share that unbelievable or outrageous news item,
04:05do a web search to find any additional information or context you might have missed,
04:10and what others are saying about it.
04:13Today we are more free than ever from the old media gatekeepers
04:17who used to control the flow of information.
04:20But with freedom comes responsibility,
04:22the responsibility to curate our own experience
04:25and ensure that this flow does not become a flood,
04:28leaving us less informed than before we took the plunge.
04:35So even though it currently just seems to be used to like a conspiracy,
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04:40That is best.
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